Facts on File Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine

1829 Pages·2006·17.51 MB·English

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The Eyes i
THE FACTS ON FILE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
IN FOUR VOLUMES:
VOLUME 1
ii The Eyes
Medical Advisory Review Panel
Kyra J. Becker, M.D.
James C. Blair, III, PA-C
Alexa Fleckenstein, M.D.
Nancy A. Lewis, Pharm.D.
Gary R. McClain, Ph.D.
Maureen Ann Mooney, M.D.
Margaret J. Neff, M.D., M.Sc.
Maureen Pelletier, M.D., C.C.N., F.A.C.O.G.
Otelio S. Randall, M.D., F.A.C.C.
Susan D. Reed, M.D., M.P.H.
Jerry Richard Shields, M.D.
Christina M. Surawicz, M.D.
Denise L. Wych, R.N., C.M.
Editorial Staff
James Chambers, General Editor
Lee Ann Chearney, Book Producer
Deborah S. Romaine, Senior Writer
Candace B. Levy, Ph.D., ELS, Copyeditor
Cathy Jewell, Proofreader
Wendy Frost, Medical Illustrator
The Eyes iii
THE FACTS ON FILE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
IN FOUR VOLUMES:
VOLUME 1
An Amaranth Book
iv The Eyes
To your health!
The information presented in The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Health and Medicineis provided for research
purposes only and is not intended to replace consultation with or diagnosis and treatment by medical doctors
or other qualified experts. Readers who may be experiencing a condition or disease described herein
should seek medical attention and not rely on the information found here as medical advice.
The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine in Four Volumes: Volume 1
Copyright © 2007 by Amaranth Illuminare
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Produced by
Amaranth Illuminare
PO Box 573
Port Townsend WA 98368
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Facts on File encyclopedia of health and medicine / Amaranth Illuminare and Deborah S. Romaine.
p. ; cm.
“An Amaranth book.”
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8160-6063-0 (hc : alk. paper)
1. Medicine—Encyclopedias. 2. Health—Encyclopedias.
[DNLM: 1. Medicine—Encyclopedias—English. 2. Physiological
Processes—Encyclopedias—English. WB 13 R842f 2006] I. Title:
Encyclopedia of health and medicine. II. Romaine, Deborah S., 1956- III.
Facts on File, Inc. IV. Title.
R125.R68 2006
610.3—dc22
2005027679
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York
at [phone] or [phone].
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design and typesetting by Rhea Braunstein, RB Design
Cover design by Dorothy Preston
Printed in the United States of America
VP RB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
The Eyes v
CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
Foreword by Maureen Pelletier, M.D., C.C.N., F.A.C.O.G. vii
How to Use The Facts On File Encyclopedia
of Health and Medicine ix
Preface to Volume 1 xiii
The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat 1
The Eyes 65
The Integumentary System 125
The Nervous System 212
The Musculoskeletal System 290
Pain and Pain Management 361
Medical Advisory Review Panel 391
Index 395
v
vi The Eyes
FOREWORD
A big part of my role as a physician is educating your body in isolation from other body structures
my patients about their health. I take as much and functions. Your body attempts to compensate
time as each person needs to explain prevention and adjust, often without your awareness, until it
measures, test results, and treatment options. I can no longer accommodate the injury or illness.
encourage questions. But in the moment, sitting The symptoms you bring to your doctor may
there in my office, most people do not yet know reflect this compensation, for example frequent
what to ask me. By the time questions flood headaches that point not to brain tumor (as many
their thoughts, they may be back at work or at people fear but is very rare) but to eye strain or
home. muscle tension or sometimes to hypertension
Numerous events and circumstances can chal- (high blood pressure).
lenge health, and we all need to know what In my medical practice I emphasize integrative
actions we can take to keep ourselves healthy as health care, embracing the philosophy that health
well as to obtain appropriate treatment for health exists as the intricate intertwining of the body’s
conditions that do affect us. Knowledge empow- many systems, structures, and functions. So, too,
ers all of us to make informed and appropriate does the care of health. I received my medical
decisions about health care. Certainly there is no degree from Tufts University School of Medicine
shortage of reference material. Yet there is so in Boston, an institution noted for remaining at
much information available today! Even for the forefront of the medical profession. I also
physicians, it is challenging to keep up. How can completed clinical programs in Mind-Body Medi-
you get to the core of what you want to know, cine at Harvard University, Integrative Medicine at
reliably and to the level of detail you need? the University of Arizona School of Medicine, and
The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Health and Medi- Medical Acupuncture at the University of Califor-
cineis a great resource for up-to-date health infor- nia-Los Angeles (UCLA). I am a board-certified
mation presented in a manner that is both obstetrician-gynecologist, a board-certified clinical
comprehensive and easy to understand no matter nutritionist, and a licensed acupuncturist. I see
what your level of medical knowledge. The ency- patients in my practice in Cincinnati, Ohio; I
clopedia organizes entries by body system. The teach, I lecture, and I frequently go on television
progression of body systems—and entries— and radio to talk about health topics. In each of
throughout the encyclopedia presents topics the these areas, I encourage people to think about
way you think about them. their health and health concerns from an integra-
Going beyond this basic structure, however, is tive perspective. When you understand your
another layer of organization that particularly health from multiple dimensions, you can better
appeals to me, which is a comprehensive structure understand what to do to keep yourself as healthy
of cross references that integrates entries across as possible.
body systems. After all, your body functions in an I wish you the best of health for all of a long,
integrated way; so, too, should a reference series satisfying life. But when the time comes that you
that discusses your body’s health. Not very much must make decisions about medical care, I want
that happens with your health affects one part of you to have the knowledge to make informed
vii
viii Foreword
choices that are right for you. Whether you start Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine to be a most
here and move on to more specialized resources valuable reference resource.
or locate all the information you need within —Maureen M. Pelletier, M.D., C.C.N.,
these four volumes, you will find The Facts On File F.A.C.O.G.