Table Of Content

Essentials of Ecology This page intentionally left blank Essentials of Ecology FIFTH EDITION G. TYLER MILLER, JR. SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Essentials of Ecology, 5e © 2009, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may Vice President, Editor-in-Chief: Michelle Julet be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, Publisher: Yolanda Cossio digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and Development Editor: Christopher Delgado retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Assistant Editor: Lauren Oliveira States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Brief Contents Detailed Contents vii 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control 100 Preface for Instructors xv 6 The Human Population and Its Impact 122 Learning Skills 1 7 Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity 140 8 Aquatic Biodiversity 162 HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY: AN OVERVIEW SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY 1 Environmental Problems, Their Causes, 9 Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species and Sustainability 5 Approach 183 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach 214 SCIENCE, ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES, 11 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity 249 AND SUSTAINABILITY Supplements S1 2 Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems 28 3 Ecosystems: What Are They Glossary G1 and How Do They Work? 50 Index I1 4 Biodiversity and Evolution 77 v About the Cover Photo my mages/Ala mstock I MAGES/Co © JUPITERI Scarlet Macaw This strikingly beautiful parrot species lives in the subtropical forests in Central and South America, including Costa Rica, southern Panama, and the Amazon Basin in Brazil and Peru. They have a lifespan of 30 to 50 years and eat mostly seeds and fruits. The squawks and screams of these noisy birds can be heard for long distances throughout the forests. The scarlet macaws are threatened by their popularity as pets, which is due to their beautiful plumage and affection- ate ways with humans. Under an international agreement, it is illegal to remove them from the wild without special permits. However, a number of these rare par- rots are illegally captured, smuggled from their native habitats to the United States and Canada, and sold on the black market for thousands of dollars a piece. During their trip north many of the smuggled birds die from stress and poor care. An even worse threat for the scarlet macaw is the clear-cutting and fragmentation of much of its forest habitat, which is taking place at a rapid and increasing rate. For these reasons, scarlet macaws and a number of other tropical bird species are threatened with extinction. Detailed Contents Learning Skills 1 HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY: AN OVERVIEW 1 Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 5 1-2 How Can Environmentally Sustainable Societies CORE CASE STUDY Living in an Exponential Age 5 Grow Economically? 10 KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 6 1-3 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting 1-1 What Is an Environmentally Sustainable the Earth? 12 Society? 6 CASE STUDY China’s New Affluent Consumers 15 1-4 What Is Pollution, and What Can We Do about It? 16 1-5 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems? 17 CASE STUDY The Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga, Tennessee 21 INDIVIDUALS MATTER Aldo Leopold’s Environmental Ethics 22 1-6 What Are Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability? 23 REVISITING Exponential Growth and Sustainability 24 SCIENCE, ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES, AND SUSTAINABILITY 2 Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems 28 CORE CASE STUDY Carrying Out a Controlled Scientific Experiment 28 KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 29 2-1 What is Science? 29 SCIENCE FOCUS Easter Island: Some Revisions to a Popular Environmental Story 31 SuperStock GSSCCloIIEEbNNalCC WEE aFFOOrmCCiUUnSSg TSth3a3et iSstciicesn atinfidc PCroonbsaebnisluitsy ov3e4r Photo 1 The endangered brown pelican was protected in the first 2-2 What Is Matter? 35 U.S. wildlife refuge in Florida. 2-3 How Can Matter Change? 39 vii 3 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work? 50 CORE CASE STUDY Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing 50 KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 51 3-1 What Is Ecology? 51 SCIENCE FOCUS Have You Thanked the Insects Today? 54 3-2 What Keeps Us and Other Organisms Alive? 54 3-3 What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem? 57 SCIENCE FOCUS Many of the World’s Most Important Species Are Invisible to Us 61 3-4 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem? 61 3-5 What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem? 65 wartzbach/Peter Arnold, Inc. 3-6 SRHSuCEosIVwtEIaNS inIDCTaEoIbN FiSGlOict CyiTe UrnoS7tp i4isWctasal tSRetaru’isnd U yFn oEirqecuosetss y Pasrntoedpm erst?ie s 7267 Hartmut Sch 4 BaCbOioRouEdt CtihAveSe EAr mSsTeiUtriyDcaY n a WAnlhldiyg aSEthoovru?ol dl 7uW7tei oCanre 77 Photo 2 Homeless people in Calcutta India KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 78 4-1 What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It Important? 78 2-4 What Is Energy and How Can It Be 4-2 Where Do Species Come From? 80 Changed? 40 CASE STUDY How Did Humans Become Such 2-5 What Are Systems and How Do They Respond a Powerful Species? 83 to Change? 44 4-3 How Do Geological Processes and Climate SCIENCE FOCUS The Usefulness of Models 44 Change Affect Evolution? 84 REVISITING The Hubbard Brook Experimental SCIENCE FOCUS Earth Is Just Right for Life Forest and Sustainability 47 to Thrive 86 SuperStock Photo 3 Endangered ring-tailed lemur in Madagascar viii 5-3 What Limits the Growth of Populations? 108 SCIENCE FOCUS Why Are Protected Sea Otters Making a Slow Comeback? 110 CASE STUDY Exploding White-Tailed Deer Populations in the United States 114 5-4 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions? 115 SCIENCE FOCUS How Do Species Replace One Another in Ecological Succession? 118 REVISITING Southern Sea Otters and Sustainability 119 6 The Human Population and Its Impact 122 W. Johnson/Biological Photo Service 66--12 oPKHWCSSoCfOuEo hpIYUpRwEua pEsNQl? t oaMC CUFtrEAiEtaao1 ?SSFcn2n TEOt2 yoIK OC S1rePUTsN2ee US3SIpon D pAHGfYllNoreu owD AewC nrCLeaincoO neTgnN h?gttC heh CEreeePa 1 TEnST2S oai4tz orhet e1h M o2H af3 untmhy ea n Paul Human Population? 125 Photo 4 Temperate deciduous forest, winter, Rhode Island (USA) CASE STUDY The U.S. Population Is Growing Rapidly 126 CASE STUDY The United States: A Nation of Immigrants 129 4-4 How Do Speciation, Extinction, and Human Activities Affect Biodiversity? 86 SCIENCE FOCUS We Have Developed Two Ways to Change the Genetic Traits of Populations 88 4-5 What Is Species Diversity and Why Is It Important? 89 SCIENCE FOCUS Species Richness on Islands 90 4-6 What Roles Do Species Play in Ecosystems? 91 CASE STUDY Cockroaches: Nature’s Ultimate Survivors 92 CASE STUDY Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? 93 CASE STUDY Why Should We Protect Sharks? 96 REVISITING The American Alligator and Sustainability 97 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, & Associates and Population Control 100 m Stack AEKCxOErteYRi n TEQch tCUeioAyEn SSB?TEa I OcSk1TN 0UfS0rD oAmYN DStho CeuO tBhNreiCnrEnkP SoTefS a O1t0t1ers: & Victoria Hurst/To 5-1 SHCoIwEN DCEo FSOpCeUciSe sW Inhyte Srhaocut?ld W1e0 1Care About mas Kitchin Kelp Forests? 104 Tho 5-2 How Can Natural Selection Reduce Photo 5 Sea star species helps to control mussel populations in Competition between Species? 107 intertidal zone communities in the U.S. Pacific northwest. ix