ebook img

Dynamics of Pond Aquaculture PDF

472 Pages·1997·22.3 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Dynamics of Pond Aquaculture

Dynamics of POND Aquaculture Edited by Hillary S. Egna Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Claude E. Boyd Auburn University Auburn, Alabama CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. The contents of this book are primarily an outcome of the Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Collaborative Research Support Program, sponsored in part by Grant No. DAN-4023-G-00-0031-00 of the United States Agency for International Devel- opment’s Office of Agriculture and Food Security. The program is intended to support collaborative aquaculture research between the United States and developing countries’ universities and research institutions. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development. The chapters in this book were written, submitted, reviewed and revised over the period from 1992 to 1996. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dynamics of pond aquaculture / edited by Hillary S. Egna and Claude E. Boyd. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-274-7 1. Pond aquaculture. I. Egna, Hillary S. II. Boyd, Claude E. SH137.4.D96 1997 639.3¢—dc21 96-52335 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56670-274-7/97/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishersis an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-274-7 Library of Congress Card Number 96-52335 Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper DEDICATION To Bucyanayandi Jean-Damascène, Gasana Félicien, Gatera Anaclet, Kajyibwami Emmanuel, Kamanzi Jean Bosco, Mukundwa Alvera, Murokore, Ndayisaba Jean, Ndoreyaho Valens, Nsanga- niye Onesphore, Uwizeyimana Eugénie, and others too numerous to name but not too numerous to forget. We remember that war claims unfairly those we respect, love, admire, and care for. All of us in the Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP hope for peace in Rwanda. CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Hillary S. Egna, Claude E. Boyd, and Deborah A. Burke Pond Aquaculture...............................................................................................................................1 The Role of Pond Aquaculture...................................................................................................1 Types of Pond Aquaculture........................................................................................................2 Pond Dynamics...........................................................................................................................3 Tilapia Culture............................................................................................................................4 Pond Management......................................................................................................................5 Research Needs in Aquaculture.........................................................................................................7 PD/A CRSP Contributions to Aquaculture.....................................................................................15 The Goal of the PD/A CRSP...................................................................................................15 Constraints and PD/A CRSP Contributions.............................................................................15 References........................................................................................................................................18 Chapter 2 HISTORY OF THE POND DYNAMICS/AQUACULTURE COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM Hillary S. Egna History of the Collaborative Research Support Programs..............................................................19 Historical Overview of the Social Sciences in the Collaborative Research Programs.............................................................................................21 CRSP Structure and Concept...................................................................................................22 Overview of Aquaculture in U.S. Foreign Assistance....................................................................23 Parallel Developments in Domestic and International Aquaculture........................................23 Brief History of International Aquaculture Development Activities in USAID.................................................................................................................26 Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP History and Early Identification of Research Priorities.......................................................................................................................35 Research Sites and Institutional Linkages...............................................................................40 The Global Experiment............................................................................................................41 Data Management, The Central Data Base, and Data Synthesis............................................45 Research Objectives..................................................................................................................45 Evolving Directions in Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Research, 1980 to 1995.............................................................................................................................48 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................49 References........................................................................................................................................49 Chapter 3 WATER QUALITY IN PONDS James S. Diana, James P. Szyper, Ted R. Batterson, Claude E. Boyd, and Raul H. Piedrahita Introduction......................................................................................................................................53 Light.................................................................................................................................................54 Nutrients and Metabolites................................................................................................................55 Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity, and pH.........................................................................................55 Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................57 Phosphorus................................................................................................................................58 Plankton Activity..............................................................................................................................59 Standing Crops..........................................................................................................................59 Photosynthesis Rate — Oxygen Production............................................................................60 Water Temperature...........................................................................................................................61 Dissolved Oxygen............................................................................................................................62 Daily Fluctuations.....................................................................................................................62 Depth Stratification...................................................................................................................63 Diffusion of Oxygen into Ponds..............................................................................................64 Mechanical Aeration.................................................................................................................64 Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration on Tilapia in Ponds..................................................64 Automated Data Collection Systems...............................................................................................65 Temperature Monitoring...........................................................................................................65 Dissolved Oxygen Monitoring.................................................................................................66 Monitoring of Other Parameters...............................................................................................67 Automated Control...................................................................................................................68 References........................................................................................................................................69 Chapter 4 FERTILIZATION REGIMES C. Kwei Lin, David R. Teichert-Coddington, Bartholomew W. Green, and Karen L. Veverica Introduction......................................................................................................................................73 Principles of Pond Fertilization.......................................................................................................73 Chemical Fertilization of Tilapia Ponds..........................................................................................75 Animal Manures...............................................................................................................................78 Manure Composition................................................................................................................78 Nutrient Content and Leaching................................................................................................78 Fish Yields.................................................................................................................................80 Animal Manures as a Carbon and Detrital Source..................................................................80 Fertilization with Waste from Intensive Fish Culture..............................................................81 Nitrogen Supplement................................................................................................................82 Green Fodders and Manures............................................................................................................82 Benefits from Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Ponds........................................................................85 Factors Affecting Responses to Fertilization...................................................................................85 Light and Temperature Regime................................................................................................85 Acidic Soils and Water.............................................................................................................86 Clay Turbidity...........................................................................................................................89 Low Alkalinity and Liming......................................................................................................89 Fertilization Effects on Water Quality.............................................................................................91 Nutrients....................................................................................................................................91 Alkalinity..................................................................................................................................91 Dissolved Oxygen.....................................................................................................................92 Ammonia...................................................................................................................................92 Comparative Evaluation of CRSP Fertilization Experiments.........................................................93 Phytoplankton Production.........................................................................................................93 Fish Yields.................................................................................................................................94 Recommendations for Fertilizing Tilapia Ponds...........................................................................100 Fertilization Strategies............................................................................................................100 Fertilization Rates...................................................................................................................101 Fertilization Frequency...........................................................................................................102 Summary of Recommendations..............................................................................................102 References......................................................................................................................................103 Chapter 5 CLIMATE, SITE, AND POND DESIGN Anita M. Kelly and Christopher C. Kohler Introduction....................................................................................................................................109 Climatic Factors.............................................................................................................................109 Solar Radiation.......................................................................................................................110 Saltwater Ponds.......................................................................................................................112 Rainfall....................................................................................................................................112 Evaporation.............................................................................................................................112 Soil Properties................................................................................................................................114 Topography.............................................................................................................................114 Texture and Organic Matter....................................................................................................114 Water Supply..................................................................................................................................117 Surface Water..........................................................................................................................117 Groundwater............................................................................................................................118 Water Supply Quality.............................................................................................................119 Guidelines for Site Selection and Pond Design............................................................................119 Barrage Ponds.........................................................................................................................121 Embankment Ponds................................................................................................................121 Watershed Ponds.....................................................................................................................122 Diversion Ponds......................................................................................................................122 Pond Management..........................................................................................................................122 Erosion....................................................................................................................................122 Aquatic Weeds........................................................................................................................123 Water Budgets................................................................................................................................124 Seepage Control......................................................................................................................125 Pond Design...................................................................................................................................127 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................131 References......................................................................................................................................132 Chapter 6 POND BOTTOM SOILS Claude E. Boyd and James R. Bowman Introduction....................................................................................................................................135 Pond Soils and Fish Production....................................................................................................135 Soil Texture.............................................................................................................................135 Organic Matter........................................................................................................................136 Soil Acidity.............................................................................................................................136 Soil Nutrients..........................................................................................................................137 Soil Classification...................................................................................................................137 Pond Soils at PD/A CRSP Sites....................................................................................................138 Physical Composition of Soils...............................................................................................138 Chemical Characteristics of Soils...........................................................................................141 Effects of Soil on Supply Water.............................................................................................142 Soil–Water Interactions...........................................................................................................145 Bottom Soil Respiration.................................................................................................................145 Bottom Soil Treatments.................................................................................................................146 Nitrogen Application...............................................................................................................148 Aeration...................................................................................................................................148 Draining..................................................................................................................................148 Drying.....................................................................................................................................149 Pond Soil Classification.................................................................................................................151 Textural Classification............................................................................................................151 The CRSP Soil Classification System....................................................................................153 Lime Requirement Methods..........................................................................................................155 Buffer Method for Ponds........................................................................................................158 Modified Buffer Method for Ponds........................................................................................158 Direct Calculation of Lime Requirements.............................................................................158 References......................................................................................................................................160 Chapter 7 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Wayne K. Seim, Claude E. Boyd, and James S. Diana Introduction....................................................................................................................................163 Pond Effluent..................................................................................................................................164 Volume....................................................................................................................................164 Chemical Characteristics........................................................................................................166 Treatment................................................................................................................................167 Contamination of Pond Systems...................................................................................................168 Heavy Metals..........................................................................................................................168 Pesticides.................................................................................................................................169 Drugs and Other Chemicals Used in Aquaculture........................................................................171 Landscape Alteration......................................................................................................................173 Wetland Destruction................................................................................................................173 Sustainability in Aquaculture.........................................................................................................174 Aquaculture and Human Diseases..........................................................................................175 Regulations..............................................................................................................................176 Biological Conservation.................................................................................................................178 Exotic Species or Strains........................................................................................................178 References......................................................................................................................................179 Chapter 8 ATTRIBUTES OF TROPICAL POND-CULTURED FISH David R. Teichert-Coddington, Thomas J. Popma, and Leonard L. Lovshin Introduction....................................................................................................................................183 Attributes of Pond Fish..................................................................................................................184 Handling Tolerance.................................................................................................................184 Crowding Tolerance................................................................................................................185 Low Susceptibility to Disease................................................................................................185 Toleration of Poor Water Quality...........................................................................................185 Efficient Conversion of Natural Foods and Feed...................................................................186 Controllable Reproduction......................................................................................................187 Marketable and Profitable.......................................................................................................187 Tilapia: A Model Culture Fish.......................................................................................................188 Nomenclature..........................................................................................................................188 Disease Tolerance...................................................................................................................189 Water Quality..........................................................................................................................189 Conversion of Natural Foods and Feed..................................................................................191 Reproduction Characteristics of Tilapia.................................................................................193 Marketability of Tilapia..........................................................................................................194 References......................................................................................................................................195 Chapter 9 FACTORS AFFECTING FISH GROWTH AND PRODUCTION Richard W. Soderberg Introduction....................................................................................................................................199 Description of Growth...................................................................................................................199 Factors Affecting Growth...............................................................................................................201 Endogenous Factors................................................................................................................202 Exogenous Factors..................................................................................................................202 Bioenergetic Budgets for Aquaculture...................................................................................205 Fish Growth in Tropical Aquaculture............................................................................................206 Reporting Fish Growth...........................................................................................................206 Low-Intensity Aquacultures....................................................................................................208 Intensive Aquacultures............................................................................................................209 References......................................................................................................................................211 Chapter 10 FRY AND FINGERLING PRODUCTION Bartholomew W. Green, Karen L. Veverica, and Martin S. Fitzpatrick Introduction....................................................................................................................................215 Tilapia Broodstock.........................................................................................................................216 Factors Affecting Tilapia Fry Production......................................................................................216 Age and Size...........................................................................................................................216 Breeding Intensity...................................................................................................................217 Water Temperature..................................................................................................................218 Salinity....................................................................................................................................219 Harvest Efficiency...................................................................................................................219 Incubation Success..................................................................................................................220 Tilapia Fingerling Production Systems.........................................................................................221 Fingerling Production in Grow-Out Ponds............................................................................224 Earthen Spawning Ponds........................................................................................................224 Hapas.......................................................................................................................................226 Concrete or Fiberglass Tanks.................................................................................................227 Production of Monosex Fingerlings..............................................................................................227

Description:
The culmination of over a decade's worth of research by the Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP), Dynamics of Pond Aquaculture not only explains the physical, chemical, and biological processes that interact in pond culture systems, but also presents real-world res
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.