Cities and Climate Change

328 Pages·2011·5.88 MB·English

by  World Bank Group

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Daniel Hoornweg, Mila Freire, Marcus J. Lee,
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CITIES
AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
Th e Urban Development Series discusses the challenge of urbanization and what it
will mean for developing countries in the decades ahead. Th e series delves substantively
into the core issues framed by the World Bank’s 2009 Urban Strategy, Systems of Cities:
Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation. Across the fi ve domains of
the Urban Strategy, the series provides a focal point for publications that seek to foster
a better understanding of the core elements of the city system, pro-poor policies, city
economies, urban land and housing markets, urban environments, and other issues
germane to the agenda of sustainable urban development.
Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda is the fi rst title in the
Urban Development Series.
CITIES
AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
Responding to an Urgent Agenda
Daniel Hoornweg, Mila Freire, Marcus J. Lee,
Perinaz Bhada-Tata, and Belinda Yuen, editors
Washington, D.C.
© 2011 Th e International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / Th e World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11

Th is volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / Th e World
Bank. Th e fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views
of the Executive Directors of Th e World Bank or the governments they represent.
Th e World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Th e boundaries, colors,
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boundaries.
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[email protected].
ISBN: 978-0-8213-8493-0
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8667-5
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8493-0
Cover photo: ©Atlantide Phototravel/Corbis
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cities and climate change : responding to an urgent agenda / edited by Daniel Hoornweg ... [et al.].
p. cm.—(Urban development series)
Collection of papers prepared and presented at the World Bank’s Fift h Urban Research Symposium.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-8493-0—ISBN 978-0-8213-8667-5 (electronic)
1. Urban ecology (Sociology—Congresses. 2. Greenhouse gases—Congresses. 3. Climatic changes—
Congresses. I. Hoornweg, Daniel A. (Daniel Arthur), 1961- II. Urban Research Symposium (5th Marseille,
France 2009)
HT241.C555 2011
307.76—dc22
2011007569
Contents
Foreword iii
Acknowledgments xi
Contributors xiii
Abbreviations xv
Chapter 1. I ntroduction: Cities and the Urgent Challenges
of Climate Change 1
Chapter 2. G reenhouse Gas Emission Baselines
for Global Cities and Metropolitan Regions 15
Christopher A. Kennedy, Anu Ramaswami, Sebastian Carney,
and Shobhakar Dhakal
Chapter 3. C omparing Mitigation Policies in Five Large
Cities: London, New York City, Milan,
Mexico City, and Bangkok 55
Edoardo Croci, Sabrina Melandri, and Tania Molteni
Chapter 4. G HG emissions, Urban Mobility, and Morphology:
A Hypothesis 87
Alain Bertaud, Benoit Lefèvre, and Belinda Yuen
Chapter 5. T he Role of Institutions, Governance, and
Urban Planning for Mitigation and Adaptation 125
Harriet Bulkeley, Heike Schroeder, Katy Janda,
Jimin Zhao, Andrea Armstrong, Shu Yi Chu,
and Shibani Ghosh
■ v
vi ■ CONTENTS
Chapter 6. V iral Governance and Mixed Motivations:
How and Why U.S. Cities Engaged
on the Climate Change Issue, 2005–2007 161
Toby Warden
Chapter 7. U rban Heat Islands: Sensitivity of Urban
Temperatures to Climate Change and
Heat Release in Four European Cities 175
Mark P. McCarthy and Michael G. Sanderson
Chapter 8. A dapting Cities to Climate Change:
Opportunities and Constraints 193
Dirk Heinrichs, Rimjhim Aggarwal, Jonathan Barton,
Erach Bharucha, Carsten Butsch, Michail Fragkias,
Peter Johnston, Frauke Kraas, Kerstin Krellenberg,
Andrea Lampis, Ooi Giok Ling, and Johanna Vogel
Chapter 9. A Conceptual and Operational Framework
for Pro-poor Asset Adaptation to Urban
Climate change 225
Caroline Moser
Chapter 10. E pilogue: Perspectives from the
5th Urban Research Symposium 255
Appendix. T itles and Abstracts of Papers Not Included
in Full in This Volume 271
Index. 289
Foreword
Th e 5th Urban Research Symposium on Cities and Climate Change—Responding
to an Urgent Agenda, held in Marseille in June 2009, sought to highlight how
climate change and urbanization are converging to create one of the greatest
challenges of our time. Responding to this challenge eff ectively and sustainably
is a key objective for governments, authorities, institutions, and other organi-
zations involved in urban development processes. Th e World Bank, the French
Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing, and
the French Development Agency were therefore particularly committed to the
co-organization of the symposium.
Cities consume much of the world’s energy, and thus produce much of the
world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Yet cities, to varying extents, are also vulner-
able to climate change impacts, with poor populations facing the greatest risk.
Th us, adaptation and increased resilience constitute priorities for every city,
and cities have a key role to play in mitigating climate change. Climate change
mitigation and adaptation in cities has emerged as a new theme on the global
agenda, creating a strong desire among governments, the private sector, and the
academic community worldwide to learn from experiences and good practice
examples.
Th e 5th Urban Research Symposium made an important contribution to
the growing body of knowledge and practice in the area of cities and climate
change. During the three-day symposium, approximately 200 papers were pre-
sented to more than 700 participants representing more than 70 countries. As
co-organizers, we found it very rewarding to have such an audience and to see
the wide range of topics discussed, from indicators and measurement to insti-
tutions and governance.
Th e symposium was made possible through the commitment and contri-
butions of a wide range of partners and cosponsors, as well as through the
■ vii
viii ■ FOREWORD
interest and participation of the wider community of urban researchers
and practitioners. We were encouraged by the symposium’s success, which
exceeded many expectations, and therefore wish to further disseminate its
results. Th is publication is comprised of an edited selection of the many
papers submitted to the symposium and gives a fl avor of the questions asked
and possible answers. (Th e entire collection of symposium papers is available
as an online resource for interested readers.) We look forward to the benefi ts
that the knowledge gained and the partnerships forged during the symposium
will have for global eff orts on cities and climate change.
Inger Andersen
Vice President
Sustainable Development Network
Th e World Bank
Michèle Pappalardo
General Commissioner for Sustainable Development
Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing
Rémi Genevey
Executive Director (Strategy)
French Development Agency