Chemical Engineers Handbook- Perry

521 Pages·2008·9.8 MB·English

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DOI: 10.1036/0071511253
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Section 2
Physical and Chemical Data*
Bruce E. Poling Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo (Physical and
Chemical Data)
George H. Thomson AIChE Design Institute for Physical Properties (Physical and Chem-
ical Data)
Daniel G. Friend National Institute of Standards and Technology (Physical and Chemical
Data)
Richard L. Rowley Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University
(Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
W. Vincent Wilding Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University
(Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
GENERAL REFERENCES 2-10 Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to
1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Tables VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Tables
2-2 Physical Properties of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
2-11 Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions
of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 2-12 Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48 of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48 Vapor Pressures of H3PO4Aqueous: Partial Pressure of
Tab2-le3s Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from 0 to −40 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48 VHap2oOr VParepsosru (rFesig o. f2 H-13)P.O . .4 .A .q .u . e. o. u. s.: .W . .e .i g. h. t. o. f. H. . 2.O . . . . . . . . 2-81
2-4 Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Liquid Water in Saturated Air (Fig. 2-2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-81
from 0 to −40 °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48 2-13 Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2over Aqueous
2-5 Vapor Pressure (MPa) of Liquid Water Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-81
from 0 to 100 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48 2-14 Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric
2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-82
2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-15 Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous
2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49 Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-84
2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-16 Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous
2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-86
2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-52 2-17 Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions. . . . . . 2-87
2-8 VlanpPor= PCr1es+suCr2e/ Tof+ InCo3r glna nTic+ aCn4dT OCr5,gPaniinc PLai q.u .i d. s. ,. . . . . . . . . 2-55 2-18 PSaortliuatli oPnres sosfu HreNs oOf 3H.N . O. .3 . a.n .d . .H . 2.O . .o .v .e .r .A . q. u. e. o. u. s. . . . . . . . . 2-88
2-9 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, 2-19 Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous
up to 1 atm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-61 Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-89
*Contribution in part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States.
2-1
Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
2-2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
2-20 Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions 2-73 Potassium Carbonate (KCO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2 3
of HI at 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-89 2-74 Potassium Chromate (KCrO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2 4
2-21 Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric 2-75 Potassium Chlorate (KClO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
3
Acid-Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-89 2-76 Potassium Chloride (KCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2-22 Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions 2-77 Potassium Chrome Alum [KCr(SO)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2 2 44
of CHCOOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-89 2-78 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
3
Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol 2-79 Potassium Nitrate (KNO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
3
Solutions (Fig. 2-3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-89 2-80 Potassium Dichromate (KCrO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2 2 7
2-23 Partial Pressure of HO over Aqueous Solutions of 2-81 Potassium Sulfate (KSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2 2 4
NH (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-90 2-82 Potassium Sulfite (KSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
3 2 3
2-24 Mole Percentages of HO over Aqueous Solutions 2-83 Sodium Acetate (NaCHO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2 2 3 2
of NH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-91 2-84 Sodium Arsenate (NaAsO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
3 3 4
2-25 Partial Pressures of NH over Aqueous Solutions of 2-85 Sodium Bichromate (NaCrO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
3 2 2 7
NH (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-92 2-86 Sodium Bromide (NaBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
3
2-26 Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of 2-87 Sodium Formate (HCOONa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109
NH (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-93 2-88 Sodium Carbonate (NaCO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
3 2 3
2-27 Partial Pressures of HO over Aqueous Solutions of 2-89 Sodium Chlorate (NaClO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
2 3
Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-94 2-90 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
2-28 Partial Pressures of HO and CHOH over Aqueous 2-91 Sodium Chromate (NaCrO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
2 3 2 4
Solutions of Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-94 2-92 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
2-29 Partial Pressures of HO over Aqueous Solutions 2-93 Sodium Nitrate (NaNO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
2 3
of Sodium Hydroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-94 2-94 Sodium Nitrite (NaNO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
2
2-95 Sodium Silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES 2-96 Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111
2-97 Sodium Sulfide (NaS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111
2
2-98 Sodium Sulfite (NaSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111
Chart for Gases at High Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-95 2 3
2-99 Sodium Thiosulfate (NaSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111
Water Content of Air (Fig. 2-4) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-95 2-100 Sodium Thiosulfate Pen2tah2yd3rate (NaSO⋅5HO) . . . . . . 2-111
2 2 3 2
2-101 Stannic Chloride (SnCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 2-102 Stannous Chloride (SnC4l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111
2
Tables 2-103 Sulfuric Acid (HSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-112
2 4
2-30 Density (kg/m3) of Saturated Liquid Water from 2-104 Zinc Bromide (ZnBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114
2
the Triple Point to the Critical Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-96 2-105 Zinc Chloride (ZnCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114
2
2-31 Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-97 2-106 Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114
32
2-32 Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) . . . . . 2-98 2-107 Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114
4
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 Tables
Tables 2-108 Formic Acid (HCOOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114
2-33 Aluminum Sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-109 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-115
2-34 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-110 Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-116
2-35 Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-111 Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-116
2-36 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-112 Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-117
2-37 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-113 Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20°C . . . . . 2-118
2-38 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-114 Specific Gravity {60°/60°F [(15.56°/15.56°C)]} of
2-39 Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-119
2-40 Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-115 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-120
2-41 Arsenic Acid (H3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-116 Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-120
2-42 Barium Chloride (BaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-117 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-121
2-43 Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-118 Hydrazine (N2H4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-121
2-44 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-119 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous
2-45 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-122
2-46 Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2
2-47 Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
32 DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
2-48 Chromic Acid (CrO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-49 Chromium Chloride3 (CrCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 Tables
2-50 Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO)]3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-120 Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of
2-51 Copper Sulfate (CuSO) 3. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-124
2-52 Cuprous Chloride (CuC4l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-121 Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a
2-53 Ferric Chloride (FeCl) 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 Function of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-125
3
2-54 Ferric Sulfate [Fe(SO)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2 43
2-55 Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-56 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO3)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 SOLUBILITIES
4
2-57 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-125
2-58 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 Tables
2-59 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-122 Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at
2-60 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-126
2-61 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-123 Solubility as a Function of Temperature and
2-62 Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 Henry’s Constant at 25°C for Gases in Water . . . . . . . . . . 2-130
2-63 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-124 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in
2-64 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 Water at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-130
2-65 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-125 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water
2-66 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 at 25°C from Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients . . . . . . 2-131
2-67 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-126 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131
2-68 Nitric Acid (HNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-107 2-127 Ammonia-Water at 10 and 20°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131
2-69 Perchloric Acid (HClO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-128 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131
2-70 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-129 Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131
2-71 Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-130 Chlorine (Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-132
2-72 Potassium Bromide (KBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-131 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-132
2
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 2-3
2-132 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-132 2-162 Ethyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2-133 Hydrogen Sulfide (HS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-132 2-163 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2
2-134 Partial Vapor Pressure of Sulfur Dioxide over 2-164 Hydrochloric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
Water, mmHg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-133 2-165 Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2-166 Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
THERMAL EXPANSION 2-167 Phosphoric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2-168 Potassium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-133 2-169 Potassium Hydroxide (at 19°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-133 2-170 Normal Propyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
Thermal Expansion of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-133 2-171 Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
Tables 2-172 Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
2-135 Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-134 2-173 Sodium Hydroxide (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
2-136 Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances . . . . . . . . . 2-135 2-174 Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
2-137 Volume Expansion of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-136 2-175 Zinc Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
2-138 Volume Expansion of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-136
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
Tables
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-137
2-176 Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids . . . . . . 2-185
Tables
2-177 Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-185
2-139 Additional References Available for the
Joule-Thomson Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-137
2-140 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND
Coordinates (Tr=T/Tc; Pr =P/Pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-137 COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-185
CRITICAL CONSTANTS Table
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-138 2-178 Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic
Table Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-186
2-141 Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic 2-179 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies,
and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-138 and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and
Organic Compounds at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-195
COMPRESSIBILITIES 2-180 Idoef aCl oGmasb uSsetniosnib Pler oEdnutchtasl p. i.e .s ., .h .T .− . h. 2. 9.8 .( k. J. /.k .m . o. l.) ,. . . . . . . . 2-201
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-143 2-181 Ideal Gas Entropies s°, kJ/(kmol⋅K), of
Units conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-143 Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-202
Tables
2-142 Composition of Selected Refrigerant Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . 2-143
HEATS OF SOLUTION
2-143 Compressibility Factors for R 407A (Klea 60) . . . . . . . . . . 2-143
2-144 Compressibility Factors for R 407B (Klea 61) . . . . . . . . . . 2-143 Tables
2-145 Compressibilities of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-144 2-182 Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water . . . . . 2-203
2-146 Compressibilities of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-144 2-183 Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water
(at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room
Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-206
LATENT HEATS
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-144
Tables THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-147 Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements Explanation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-207
and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-145 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-207
2-148 Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-147 Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-207
2-149 Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-148 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-207
2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Tables
Liquids (J/kmol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-150 2-184 List of Substances for Which Thermodynamic
Property Tables Were Generated from NIST
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS Standard Reference Database 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-208
2-185 Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-209
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-156 2-186 Saturated Acetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-210
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-156 2-187 Thermodynamic Properties of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-211
Tables Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Dry Air (Fig. 2-5). . . . . . . 2-215
2-151 Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic 2-188 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-216
2-152 CSpoemcipfoicu Hndesa t. .[ k. J./ (. k. g. ⋅.K .) .] .o .f .S .e .l e. c. t.e .d . E. .l e. m. .e .n . t.s . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22--115664 2-189 ATihr,e Mrmooisdty n. .a m. . i.c .P . r.o .p .e .r .t i.e .s . o. f. A. m. . m. .o .n .i a. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22--221167
2-153 H[eJ/a(tk mCaopl⋅aKc)it]i e. s. o. f. .I n. o. r. g. a. n. i.c . a.n .d . .O . r.g .a .n .i c. .L .i q. .u .i d. s. . . . . . . . 2-165 PErnetshsaulrpey--ECnotnhcaelpnytr Datiiaognr aDmia fgorra mAm fomr oAnqiua e(oFuigs . 2-6) . . . . . 2-219
2-154 Specific Heats of Organic Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-171 Ammonia (Fig. 2-7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-220
2-155 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and 2-190 Thermodynamic Properties of Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-221
OPorlgyannoimc Ciaol mCppo [uJ/n(kdms ionl ⋅tKh)e] I.d .e .a l. G. . a.s . S. t.a .t e. .F . i.t .t o. .a . . . . . . 2-174 2-191 NLiiqtruoigde-Vna-Opoxry gEeqnu Silyibstreiumm D. .a .t a. .f o. r. t. h. e. .A .r .g .o .n .- . . . . . . . . . . 2-224
2-156 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and 2-192 Thermodynamic Properties of the International
Otor Hgaynpice rCboomlicp Fouunndctsi oinn st hCep I d[Je/(akl mGoals⋅ KS)ta] te. .F . i.t . . . . . . . . . 2-176 2-193 STthaenrdmarodd yAntammoiscp Phreorpe e.r .t i.e .s . o. f. B. e. n. .z e. n. e. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22--222289
2-157 Cp/Cv:Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 2-194 Saturated Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-231
1 atm Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-182 2-195 Thermodynamic Properties of Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-232
2-196 Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-234
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 2-197 Thermodynamic Properties of cis-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-236
2-198 Thermodynamic Properties of trans-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . . 2-238
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2-199 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . 2-240
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2-200 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . 2-242
Tables
Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon
2-158 Acetic Acid (at 38°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
Monoxide (Fig. 2-8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-244
2-159 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2-201 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon
2-160 Aniline (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-245
2-161 Copper Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183
2-4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Tables 2-258 Thermodynamic Properties of R-41, Fluoromethane . . . . . 2-348
2-202 Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-245 2-259 Saturated R-401A (SUVA MP39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-350
2-203 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonyl Sulfide . . . . . . . . 2-246 2-260 R-401A (SUVA MP 39) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . 2-350
2-204 Saturated Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-248 2-261 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407A(Klea60) 2-351
2-205 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine . . . . . . . 2-249 2-262 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407B (Klea 61) 2-351
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Chlorine (Fig. 2-9). . 2-250 Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407A (Klea 60)
2-206 Saturated Chloroform (R20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-251 (Fig. 2-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-352
2-207 Thermodynamic Properties of Cyclohexane . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-252 Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407B (Klea 61)
2-208 Thermodynamic Properties of Decane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-254 (Fig. 2-23).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-353
2-209 Thermodynamic Properties of Deuterium Oxide 2-263 Saturated R-404A (SUVA HP 62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-354
(Heavy Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-256 2-264 R-404A (SUVA HP 62) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . 2-354
2-210 Thermodynamic Properties of 2,2-Dimethylpropane Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123
(Neopentane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-258 2-265 Saturated R-401B (SUVA MP 66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-355
2-211 Saturated Diphenyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-260 2-266 R-401B (SUVA MP 66) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . 2-355
2-212 Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-261 2-267 Saturated R-402A (SUVA HP 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-355
2-213 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-263 2-268 R-402A (SUVA HP 80) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . 2-356
2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-265 2-269 Saturated R-402B(SUVA HP 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-356
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ethyl 2-270 R-402B (SUVA HP 81) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . 2-356
Alcohol (Fig. 2-10). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-267 2-271 Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1,
2-215 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-268 2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-357
2-216 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-270 2-272 Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1,
2-217 Flutec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-271 2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-359
2-218 Halon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-271 2-273 Saturated Refrigerant 115, Chloropentafluoroethane . . . . . 2-361
2-219 Thermodynamic Properties of Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-272 2-274 Thermodynamic Properties of R-116, Hexafluoroethane . . 2-362
2-220 Thermodynamic Properties of Heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-274 2-275 Thermodynamic Properties of R-123,
2-221 Thermodynamic Properties of Hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-276 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-365
2-222 Saturated Hydrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-278 Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123
2-223 Thermodynamic Properties of Normal Hydrogen . . . . . . . 2-279 (Fig. 2-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-366
2-224 Thermodynamic Properties of para-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . 2-281 2-276 Thermodynamic Properties of R-124,
2-225 Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-282 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-367
2-226 Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide. . . . . . . . 2-283 2-277 Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane . . 2-369
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Hydrogen Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant
Chloride at 1 atm (Fig. 2-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-285 125 (Fig. 2-25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-371
2-227 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-286 2-278 Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 1,1,1,2-
2-228 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutene Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-372
(2-Methyl 1-Propene) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-288 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a (Fig. 2-26) 2-374
2-229 Thermodynamic Properties of Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-290 2-279 Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1-
2-230 Saturated Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-292 Fluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-375
2-231 Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-292 2-280 Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1-
2-232 Saturated Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-293 Difluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-377
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Mercury (Fig. 2-12). 2-295 2-281 Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 2-379
2-233 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-296 2-282 Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane . 2-381
2-234 Thermodynamic Properties of Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-298 2-283 Saturated Refrigerant 216a, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-
2-235 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Butane (Isopentane) 2-300 Hexafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-383
2-236 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Pentane 2-284 Thermodynamic Properties of R-218, Octafluoropropane . . 2-384
(Isohexane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-302 2-285 Thermodynamic Properties of R-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
2-237 Saturated Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-304 Heptafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-386
2-238 Thermodynamic Properties of Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-305 2-286 Saturated Refrigerant 245cb 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane . 2-388
2-239 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-307 2-287 Refrigerant RC 318, Octafluorocyclobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-388
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Nitrogen (Fig. 2-13). . . . . 2-309 2-288 Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-389
2-240 Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-310 2-289 Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-391
2-241 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride . . . . . 2-311 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C (Fig. 2-27) 2-393
2-242 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . 2-313 2-290 Thermodynamic Properties of R-410A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-394
Mollier Diagram for Nitrous Oxide (Fig. 2-14). . . . . . . . . . 2-315 2-291 Saturated Refrigerant 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-396
2-243 Thermodynamic Properties of Nonane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-316 2-292 Saturated Refrigerant 502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-396
2-244 Thermodynamic Properties of Octane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-318 2-293 Saturated Refrigerant 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-397
2-245 Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-320 2-294 Saturated Refrigerant 504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-397
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Oxygen (Fig. 2-15) . . . . . . 2-322 2-295 Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507 . . . . . . . . . . 2-397
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Oxygen-Nitrogen 2-296 Thermodynamic Properties of R-507A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-398
Mixture at 1 atm (Fig. 2-16). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-323 2-297 Saturated Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-400
2-246 Thermodynamic Properties of Pentane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-324 2-298 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater . . . . . . . . 2-400
2-247 Saturated Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-326 2-299 Saturated Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-401
Mollier Diagram for Potassium (Fig. 2-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-326 Mollier Diagram for Sodium (Fig. 2-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-402
2-248 Thermodynamic Properties of Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-327 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sodium
2-249 Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-329 Hydroxide at 1 atm (Fig. 2-29). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-403
2-250 Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane 2-331 2-300 Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . 2-404
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 11 (Fig. 2-18) 2-333 2-301 Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Hexafluoride . . . . . . . 2-406
2-251 Thermodynamic Properties of R-12, Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF)
6
Dichlorodifluoromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-334 (Fig. 2-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-408
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12 (Fig. 2-19) 2-336 2-302 Saturated SUVA AC 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-409
2-252 Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane 2-337 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sulfuric Acid
Refrigerant 20 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-339 at 1 atm (Fig. 2-31). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-409
Refrigerant 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-339 2-303 Thermodynamic Properties of Toluene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-410
2-253 Saturated Refrigerant 13B1, Bromotrifluoromethane . . . . . 2-339 2-304 Saturated Solid/Vapor Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-412
2-254 Saturated Refrigerant 21, Dichlorofluoromethane . . . . . . . . 2-339 2-305 Thermodynamic Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-413
2-255 Thermodynamic Properties of R-22, Chlorodifluoromethane 2-340 2-306 Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22 (Fig. 2-20) . 2-342 along the Melting Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-416
2-256 Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane . . . . 2-343 2-307 Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-417
2-257 Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane . . . . 2-345 2-308 Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . 2-419
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32 (Fig. 2-21) . 2-347 2-309 Surface Tension σ(dyn/cm) of Various Liquids . . . . . . . . . . 2-419
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 2-5
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 2-341 Group Contributions for the Nannoolal Method for
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-420 Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-474
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-420 2-342 Intermolecular Interaction Corrections for the
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-420 Nannoolal et al. Method for Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . 2-476
Tables Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-477
2-310 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-477
at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-420 Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-478
2-311 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . 2-420 Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-478
2-312 Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pa(cid:7)s) 2-421 Enthalpy of Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-478
2-313 Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa(cid:7)s) . . . . . . . . 2-427 2-343 Domalski-Hearing Group Contribution Values for
2-314 Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Standard State Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-479
Substances [W/(m(cid:7)K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-433 Entropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-485
2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids Gibbs’ Energy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-486
[W/(m(cid:7)K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-439 Latent Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-486
2-316 Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Enthalpy of Vaporization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-486
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-445 Enthalpy of Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-487
2-317 Lower and Upper Flammability Limits, Enthalpy of Sublimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-488
FSelaleshct Pedo iHnty, darnodc aArubtoonigsn. i.t .i o. n. .T .e .m . p. e. r. a.t .u .r e. .f .o .r . . . . . . . . . . 2-446 22--334454 CCts ((FCu(cid:5)ncHti)o Gnarlo)u Gpr Voualpu eVsa lfuoer sC fhoirc Ckohsi cEksotsi mEasttiiomna otifo ∆n Hoffu s∆H. fus 22--448888
2-318 Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-32 . . 2-448 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-489
Nomograph for Viscosities of Liquids at 1 atm (Fig. 2-32). . 2-449 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-489
Tables 2-346 Group Contributions and Corrections for ∆Hsub . . . . . . . . . 2-489
2-319 Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-450 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-490
Nomograph for Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids 2-347 Benson and CHETAH Group Contributions for Ideal Gas
(Fig. 2-33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-450 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-491
2-320 Thermal Conductivity Nomograph Coordinates. . . . . . . . . . 2-450 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-495
2-321 Prandtl Number of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-451 2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for
2-322 Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-451 Ruzicka-Domalski Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-496
2-323 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-497
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-452 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-497
2-324 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) . . . . . . . . 2-454 Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-497
2-325 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-456 2-349 Group Values and Nonlinear Correction Terms for
2-326 Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating Estimation of Solid Heat Capacity with the Goodman et al.
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-459 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-498
2-327 Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature for Metals . . . . . . . . . . 2-460 2-350 Element Contributions to Solid Heat Capacity for the
2-328 Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-461 Modified Kopp’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-498
2-329 Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High Temperature 2-461 2-351 Simple Fluid Compressibility Factors Z(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-500
2-330 Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for 2-352 Acentric Deviations Z(1)from the Simple Fluid
Refrigeration and Building Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-461 Compressibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-501
2-331 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High 2-353 Constants for the Two Reference Fluids Used in Lee-Kesler
Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-461 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-502
2-332 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at 2-354 Relationships for Eq. (2-66) for Common Cubic EoS . . . . . 2-502
Moderate Temperatures (Nusselt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-462 Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-503
2-333 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-503
at Low Temperatures (Gröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-462 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-504
2-334 Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . 2-462 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-504
2-335 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid 2-355 Reichenberg Group Contribution Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-505
Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-463 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-506
Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-506
2-356 Group Contributions for the Hsu et al. Method . . . . . . . . . . 2-507
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2-357 UNIFAC-VISCO Group Interaction Parameters αmn. . . . . . 2-509
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-463 Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-509
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-464 Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-510
Classification of Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-510
Theory and Empirical Extension of Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 2-358 Correlation Parameters for Baroncini et al. Method for
Corresponding States (CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Estimation of Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-511
Group Contributions (GC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 2-359 Sastri-Rao Group Contributions for Liquid Thermal
Computational Chemistry (CC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Conductivity at the Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-511
Empirical QSPR Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-512
Molecular Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-513
Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Pure Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-513
Critical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-514
Tables 2-360 Knotts Group Contributions for the Parachor in Estimating
2-336 Ambrose Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . 2-469 Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-514
2-337 Joback Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . . . 2-470 Flammability Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-515
Normal Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471 2-361 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits
Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471 Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-516
2-338 Fedors Method Atomic and Structural Contributions . . . . . 2-471 2-362 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits
2-339 First-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Method for Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-516
Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472 2-363 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature
2-340 Second-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-517
Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472 2-364 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature
Characterizing and Correlating Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-473 Method for Inorganic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-517
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Science, 1987; NIST-IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Pergamon Press, Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation,
http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/1999/march/solubility.html; Ohse, extant 1995, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, Pa., 1995; Database 11, NIST,
R. W., and H. von Tippelskirch, High Temp.—High Press.,9:367–385, Gaithersburg, Md. U.S. Bureau of Mines publications include Bulletins
1977; Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Prop- 584, 1960 (232 pp.); 592, 1961 (149 pp.); 595, 1961 (68 pp.); 654, 1970
erties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Science Pubs., Oxford, England, 1985; (26 pp.); Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3d ed., J.
Pedley, J. B., R. D. Naylor, and S. P. Kirby, Thermochemical Data of Phys. Chem. Ref. Data14 suppl 1., 1986 (1896 pp.); Journal of Physical
Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986; Physical and Chemical Reference Data is available online at http://listserv.
Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989; nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0501&L=pamnet&F=&S=&P=8490 and at
Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, The Properties of http://www.nist.gov/srd/reprints.htm
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds*
Abbreviations Used in the Table
a., acid atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of d. 50, decomposes at 50°C; 50 hyg., hygroscopic pl., plates trig., trigonal
A., specific gravity with refer- mercury pressure d., melts at 50°C with i., insoluble pr., prisms or prismatic v., very
ence to air =1 bk., black decomposition ign., ignites pyr., pyridine vac., in vacuo
abs., absolute brn., brown delq., deliquescent lq., liquid rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic) vl., violet
ac., acetic acid bz., benzene dil., dilute lt., light s., soluble volt., volatile or volatilizes
act., acetone c., cold dk., dark m. al., methyl alcohol satd., saturated wh., white
al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol cb., cubic eff., effloresces or efflorescent mn., monoclinic sl., slightly yel., yellow
alk, alkali (i.e.,aq. NaOH or cc, cubic centimeter et., ethyl ether nd., needles soln., solution ∞, soluble in all proportions
KOH) chl., chloroform expl., explodes NH, liquid ammonia subl., sublimes <, less than
am., amyl (CH ) col., colorless or white gel., gelatinous NH3OH, ammonium hydroxide sulf., sulfides >, greater than
amor., amorp5ho1u1s conc., concentrated gly., glycerol (glycerin) so4lution tart. a., tartaric acid 42(cid:6), about or near 42
anh., anhydrous cr., crystals or crystalline gn., green oct., octahedral tet., tetragonal −3HO, 100, loses 3 moles of
2
aq., aqueous or water d., decomposes h., hot or., orange tr., transition water per formula weight at
aq. reg., aqua regia D., specific gravity with refer- hex., hexagonal pd., powder tri., triclinic 100°C
ence to hydrogen =1
Formula weightsare based upon the International Atomic Weights in “Atomic Weights of the Ele- Solubilityis given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by
ments 2001,” PureAppl. Chem.,75,1107, 2003, and are computed to the nearest hundredth. weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility
Refractive index,where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biax- is often expressed in some manner as “510°cc” which indicates that at 10 °C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in
ial crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for 100 g of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: HSO, HNO, HCl, etc., represent
the sodium D-line (λ=589.3 mµ). dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solu2bilit4y. 3
Specific gravityvalues are given at room temperatures (15 to 20 °C) unless otherwise indicated by REFERENCES:The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources:
atht e1 8sm °Cal lr feigfeurrreesd w tho iwcha tfeorll oatw 4 t°hCe .v Ianlu teh:i sth tuasb,l e“5 t.h6e1 48v°a”l uineds ifcoart etsh ea ssppeecciiffiicc ggrraavviittyy ooff 5g.a6s feosr a trhee g siuvbenst awnicthe MAbeellgogr,, HAa Cndobmupcrhe hdeenr sainveo rTgraenaitsicshe eonn C Ihneomrgiae,nSic. Hanirdz eTl,h Leoeripetziicga, l1 C90h5e.m Gismtreyl,inL-oKnrgamuta, nHsa, nNdebwu cYho drker, 1an92o2r-.
reference to air (A) =1, or hydrogen (D) =1. ganischen Chemie,7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1924. Friend, Textbook
Melting pointis recorded in a certain case as “82 d.” and in some other case as “d. 82,” the distinc- of Inorganic Chemistry,Griffin, London, 1914. Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic
tion being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82°C, Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals,Wiley, New York, 1931. International Critical Tables,McGraw-Hill,
while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82 °C. Where a value such as “−2HO, 82” is given it indi- New York, 1926. Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques,McGraw-Hill, New
cates loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperatur2e of 82 °C. York. Annual Tables of Physical Constants and Numerical Data,National Research Council, Princeton,
Boiling pointis given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated; N.J., 1943. Comey and Hahn, A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities,Macmillan, New York, 1921. Seidell,
thus, “8215 mm.” indicates the boiling point is 82°C when the pressure is 15 mm. Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds,Van Nostrand, New York, 1940.
Solubility in 100 parts
Formula Color, crystalline form Specific Melting Boiling
Name Formula weight and refractive index gravity point, °C point, °C Cold water Hot water Other reagents
Aluminum Al 26.98 silv., cb. 2.7020° 660 2056 i. i. s. HCl, HSO, alk.
2 4
acetate, normal Al(CHO) 204.11 wh. pd. d. 200 s. d.
2 3 23
acetate, basic Al(OH)(CHO) 162.08 wh., amor. d. i. s.a.; i. NH salts
bbrroommiiddee AAllBBrr3(cid:7)6H2O3 22 236764..6798 tcroigl.., delq. cr. 3.01245° 9d7. .1500 268 ss.. s. ss..a all.,. ,a CctS., C4S2
carbide AlC3 2 143.96 yel., hex., 2.70 2.95 d. >2200 d. to CH s. a.; i. ac2t.
chloride Al4Cl33 133.34 wh., delq., hex. 2.44 245° 1945.2atm. 182.7752mm; 69.8715° 4 s. d. s. et., chl., CCl4; i. bz.
subl. 178
chloride AlCl·6HO 241.43 col., delq., trig., 1.560 400 v. s. 50 al.; s. et.
fluoride (fluellite) AlF(cid:7)3HO2 101.99 col., rhb., 1.490 2.17 d. sl. s.
fluoride AlF3(cid:7)7H2 O 294.06 wh., cr. pd. −4HO, 120 −6HO, 250 i. sl. s.
hydroxide Al2(O6H) 2 78.00 wh., mn. 2.42 −2H2O, 300 2 0.00010418° i. s. a., alk.; i. a.
nitrate Al(NO)3(cid:7)9HO 375.13 rhb., delq. 73 2 d. 134 v. s. v. s. d. s. al., CS
nitride Al2N2 33 2 81.98 yel., hex. 3.05 245° 21504atm. d.>1400 d. slowly s. alk. d.2
oxide AlO 101.96 col., hex., 1.67–8 3.99 1999 to 2032 i. i. v. sl. s. a., alk.
2 3
oxide (corundum) AlO 101.96 wh., trig., 1.768 4.00 1999 to 2032 2210 i. i. v. sl. s. a., alk.
2 3
phosphate AlPO 121.95 col., hex. 2.59 i. i. s. a., alk.; i. ac.
4
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange’sHandbook of Chemistry.
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