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Cell death in biology and pathology PDF

499 Pages·1981·12.41 MB·English
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Cell death in biology and pathology Cell death in biology and pathology edited by I. D. BOWEN Department of Zoology, University College, Cardiff and R. A. LOCKSHIN Department ofB iological Sciences, St John's University, New York CHAPMAN AND HALL LONDON NEW YORK First published 1981 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall in association with Methuen, Inc. 733 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 © 1981 Chapman and Hall Ltd Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1981 America ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6923-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6921-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-6921-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cell death in biology and pathology. 1. Pathology, Cellular 2. Cytology I. Bowen, I D II. Lockshin, R A 574.876'5 QH671 80-41769 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6923-3 Contents List of Contributors xiii Preface xvi Acknowledgements xviii Introduction 1 Cell death: a new classification separating apoptosis from necrosis A. H. Wyllie 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Necrosis 10 1.2.1 Incidence 10 1.2.2 Morphology 11 1.2.3 Mechanism 13 1.3 Apoptosis 16 1.3.1 Incidence 16 1.3.2 Morphology 16 1.3.3 Mechanism 20 1.4 Validity of the classification 25 1.4.1 Relevance 25 1.4.2 Scope 26 1.4.3 Practicability 27 1.5 Summary and conclusions 27 References 29 2 Cell death in embryogenesis J. R. Hinchliffe 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Limb development and cell death 36 2.2.1 The areas of cell death 36 2.2.2 The role of cell death 41 2.2.3 Phylogenetic aspects 44 2.2.4 The programming of cell death 45 2.2.5 Genetic control of cell death in the limb bud 48 2.2.6 Teratogenic modification of cell death patterns in limb morphogenesis 52 vi Contents 2.3 Development of the nervous system 55 2.3.1 Neural tube closure 55 2.3.2 The role of the periphery in limb innervation 56 2.4 Differentiation of the reproductive system 58 2.5 Epithelial cell death during fusion of the secondary palate in mammalian development 60 2.6 Lysosomes and the control of embryonic cell death at the cellular level 62 References 70 3 Cell death in metamorphosis Richard A. Lockshin 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Amphibian metamorphosis 80 3.2.1 Anuran tail fins 80 3.2.2 Anuran tail muscle 82 3.2.3 Other tail tissues 82 3.2.4 Anuran tissues other than tail 84 3.2.5 Cell death in amphibian metamorphosis: summary 88 3.3 Metamorphosis in invertebrates 89 3.3.1 General comments 89 3.3.2 Insect muscle 89 3.3.3 Other invertebrate tissues 99 3.4 A model of cell death in metamorphosis 103 3.5 Cell death in metamorphosis: the future 109 References 110 4 Tissue homeostasis and cell death S.M. Hinsull and D. Bellamy 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Growth patterns 124 4.3 Organ growth control 125 4.3.1 Cell number and turnover 126 4.3.2 Control of cell loss and cell death 126 4.4 Model systems - the thymus 128 4.4.1 Autonomy of the thymus 129 4.4.2 Cell death and cell loss in the thymus 130 4.5 Homeostasis in malignant tissue 134 4.5.1 Tumour necrosis 134 4.5.2 Immunological cytolysis and differentiation 134 4.5.3 Autoregulation in tumours 135 4.5.4 Microenvironment of tumours 136 4.5.5 Cancer chemotherapy 138 References 140 5 Cell senescence and death in plants P. B. Gahan 145 Contents vii 5.1 Introduction 145 5.1.1 Terminology 146 5.1.2 Mechanisms leading to cell death 146 5.1.3 Cell senescence and possible mechanisms 147 5.1.4 Cell senescence and death 148 5.2 Examination of senescent and dying cells 148 5.2.1 Vital dye studies 149 5.2.2 Ultrastructural studies 150 5.3 Biochemical and cytochemical consideration 153 5.4 Possibile interpretations of the biochemical, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies 157 5.4.1 Respiratory control 157 5.4.2 Dispersal of hydro lases 158 5.5 Mechanisms of cell senescence and death revisited 160 5.5.1 The soma tic mu ta tion theory 160 5.5.2 Error catastrophe theory 160 5.5.3 Pathological and mechanical damage 162 5.5.4 The timing and markers of the onset of cell death 162 References 164 6 The tissue kinetics of cell loss N. A. Wright 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 The cell cycle 172 6.3 The organization of cell populations 174 6.4 The measurement of the kinetics of cell loss 175 6.4.1 Theoretical aspects of the kinetics of cell loss 175 6.4.2 Age-dependent death process 177 6.4.3 Methods for the estimation of loss parar ,ers 178 6.4.4 The assessment of age-dependent loss iJ Jmour cell populations 180 6.4.5 Pitfalls in the assessment of cell loss f n growth curves 183 6.4.6 Estimation of cell loss rates from me Irements of the turnover of labelled thymidine or t/1 lidine analogues 185 6.4.7 The assessment of clonogenic celli, 188 6.5 Some examples involving the measurerr It of cell loss kinetics in normal tissues 190 6.5.1 Differentiation-induced cell loss 190 6.5.2 Cell loss parameters in the adrenal cortex 191 6.5.3 Cell loss in the human epidermis 194 6.5.4 Cell death in the intestinal mucosa 195 6.5.5 Cell death in the prostrate complex 196 6.5.6 The kinetics of cell death in lymphoid tissue 197 6.5.7 Assessment of cell loss in vitro 198 6.6 The kinetics of cell loss in tumours 198 viii Contents 6.6.1 Cell loss in experimental tumours 198 6.6.2 Loss of clonogenic cells in tumours 201 6.7 Tissue responses 201 6.8 Conclusions 202 References 203 7 Cell death and the disease process. The role of calcium Benjamin F. Trump, Irene K. Berezesky and Alvaro R. Osornio-Vargas 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Stages of cell injury 209 7.2.1 Comments on the stages 216 7.3 Mechanisms of progression 221 7.4 The role of ion shifts in cell injury 222 7.5 Calcium and cell injury 223 7.5.1 Mechanisms 228 7.5.2 Phospholipases 228 7.5.3 Cell shape modifications 230 7.6 Hypothesis 233 7.7 Summary 234 References 237 8 Cell death in vitro Leonard Hayflick 243 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Cell aging and death in vitro 245 8.3 Donor age versus cell doubling potential 247 8.4 Species lifespan versus cell doubling potential 248 8.5 The finite lifetime of normal cells transplanted in vivo 249 8.6 Population doublings in vivo 252 8.7 Organ clocks 253 8.8 Clonal variation 253 8.9 Irradiation, DNA repair and effects of visible light 254 8.10 Cytogenetic studies 256 8.11 Error accumulation 257 8.12 The proliferating pool 257 8.l3 Efforts to increase population doubling potential 258 8.14 Phase III in cultured mouse fibroblasts 258 8.15 Phase III theories 259 8.16 Can cell death be normal? 260 8.17 Dividing, slowly dividing and non-dividing cells 261 8.18 Aging or differentiation? 262 8.19 Functional and biochemical changes that occur in cultured normal human cells 262 8.20 Immortal cells 270 Contents ix References 273 9 Nucleic acids in cell death Richard A. Lockshin, Moira Royston, Michael Joesten and Timothy Carter 287 9.1 The basic problem 287 9.2 Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells 288 9.3 Nucleic acids in silk glands 289 9.4 Limitations of present data 290 9.5 Future developments 290 References 292 10 Mechanism(s) of action of nerve growth factor in intact and lethally injured sympathetic nerve cells in neonatal rodents Rita Levi-Montalcini and Luigi Aloe 295 10.1 Introduction 295 10.2 Historical survey 296 10.3 The salivary NGF: morphological and biochemical effects induced in its target cells 297 10.3.1 The 2.5S and 7S NGFs 297 10.3.2 Morphological effects of NGF 297 10.3.3 Metabolic effects of NGF 302 10.3.4 Effects of NGF on catecholamine synthesis 303 10.3.5 Interaction of NGF and contractile fibrillar proteins 303 10.4 Dual access and mechanisms of action of NGF in its target cells 304 10.5 Destruction of immature sympathetic nerve cells by immuno- chemical, pharmacological and surgical procedures 307 10.5.1 Immunosympathectomy 307 10.5.2 Chemical sympathectomy 308 10.6 Surgical axotomy 313 10.7 Protective effects of NGF against 6-0HDA, guanethidine, vinblastine, AS-NGF and surgical axotomy 313 10.7.1 NGF and 6-0HDA 313 10.7.2 NG F and guanethidine 314 10.7.3 NGF and vinblastine 316 10.7.4 NGF and AS-NGF 316 10.7.5 NGF and surgicalaxotomy 317 10.8 Some considerations and concluding remarks 317 References 321 11 Glucocorticoid-induced lymphocyte death Allan Munck and Gerald R. Crabtree 329 11.1 Introduction 329 11.2 Glucocorticoid receptors and metabolic effects in lymphocytes 330 11.2 .1 Rat thymu s cells 330 x Contents 11.2.2 Normal and leukaemic human lymphocytes 334 11.3.3 Lymphoid cell lines 336 11.3 Lethal effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocytes 337 11.3.1 Morphological changes 337 11.3.2 Species variation in sensitivity to killing by glucocorticoids 338 11.3.3 Variation in sensitivity among sub populations of lymphocytes 339 11.3.4 Effects on malignant lymphocytes 340 11.4 Genetic analysis of glucocorticoid-induced cell death 340 11.4.1 Models for studying the lethal actions of glucocorticoids 340 11.4.2 Glucocorticoid receptors in mutants and other cells resistant to glucocorticoid-induced cell death 342 11.5 Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced cell death 344 11.5.1 Relations among early glucocorticoid effects and cell death 345 11.5.2 Indirect effects of glucocvrticoids on lymphocytes 348 11.6 Conclusions 349 References 354 12 The role of the LT system in cell destruction in vitro Monica W. Ross, Robert S. Yamamoto and Gale A. Granger 363 12.1 Introduction 361 12.2 Molecular characteristics of the LT systems of cytotoxic effector molecules 363 12.3 Cellular processes involved in LT release by unstimulated (primary) and stimulated (secondary) human lymphocytes 367 12.4 Types of lytic reactions induced by lytic molecules of various weights in vitro 370 12.5 Conclusions 372 References 374 13 Techniques for demonstrating cell death I.D. Bowen 381 13.1 Introduction 379 13.1.1 Programmed cell death 379 13.1.2 Acute cell death 382 13.2 Microscopical 382 13.2.1 Histological 382 13.2.2 Fine-structural 387 13.3 Cytochemical and biochemical 396 13.3.1 Markers of phagocytosis 396 13.3.2 Markers of hydrolysis 415 13.3.4 Other enzymes 418 13.3.5 DNA 419 13.3.6 RNA and synthetic changes 423

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