Biomaterials

268 Pages·2010·7.62 MB·English

by  Ankur S. Kulshrestha

1 Biomaterials
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In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
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In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
1054
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Biomaterials
Ankur S. Kulshrestha, Editor
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01 Anil Mahapatro, Editor
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Sponsored by the
ACSDivisionofPolymericMaterials: ScienceandEngineering
AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC
In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
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s.or105 Biomaterials/[editedby]AnkurS.Kulshrestha,AnilMahapatro,LoriA.Henderson.
ac0- p.cm.-- (ACSsymposiumseries;1054)
bs.01 Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
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4.136 on mber 18, ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNational
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oaded Date ( DistributedbyOxfordUniversityPress
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PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA
In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of
the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS
sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare
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00 developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of
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bs.01 forappropriateandcomprehensivecoverageandforinteresttotheaudience. Some
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ne 210 | As a rule, only original research papers and original review papers are
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In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Preface
The field of biomaterials has seen an exponential growth over the last few
yearsleadingtonewstrategiesandfrontiersinthebiomedicalarena. Thisgrowth
has been catalyzed by the need to accelerate the discovery and translation of
emergingtechnologiesinanumberofareassuchastissueengineeringwherethe
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s.or105 from the convergence of principles from various disciplines such as materials
p://pubs.ac1/bk-2010- cscoinesnMucmeo,etbirvsioataeinnodgnisninetseourirniemgrs,pmrhoaovsleecfuuhelealaerldtbhicooalonngtdiyn,ulbooiwuoscehrienlmnoonisvgtar-ytteioramnndtotnrwaenaaotrmdtesecnhdtneovcleoolsogtpys.intgo
htt02 novelpolymericcompositionswhichcanbeusedtomanufacturemedicaldevices
12 | 10.1 with markedly lower risk of failure and adverse immune reactions. Polymers
ne 23, 2010 | doi: rinepbreiosemnetdtihcaelmapopslticvaetirosnatsilreancglainssg ofrfombiosmuragtiecraiallsa,ndbeoicnuglaerxdteenvsiicveesl,yimappplalinetds
Ju20 and supporting materials, drug delivery systems and drug device combinations,
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3e in different compositions with a wide variety of structures and appropriate
163.Nov physicochemical, interfacial and biomimetic properties to meet specific end
89.b): applications.
ed by e (We The purpose of this book is to publish, in one volume, the latest findings
oadDat of the leading researchers in the field of polymeric biomaterials. It consists of
nln 13 chapters which provide examples and reviews of recent developments in the
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bli This book is based on a successful international symposium “Biomaterials
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Society(ACS)inWashingtonDCfromAugust16-20,2009. Thepurposeofthe
symposiumwastocreateaforumtofosterdialogueandexchangeofinformation
between researchers, educators and developers of medical devices who are
seekingtocreatenewknowledgeandtechnologybyusingpolymericbiomaterials
forvariousbiomedicalapplications. Leadersinthisfieldgatheredtopresenttheir
interestingandnoteworthyfindings. Theparticipantsrepresentedmanycountries
and included scientists from academics, industry, and government laboratories.
Hopefully this book serves to transmit the latest information to the readers and
alsocapturessomeoftheexcitementofthesymposiumintheprocess.
We thank the authors for their contributions and wish them success in their
ongoingpursuitfornovelbiomaterialsandadvancedtechnologiesthatcontribute
to improvement in healthcare and quality of life. A special thanks to the ACS
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In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering for sponsoring the
symposium and to the ACS books department for being patient through the
compilationofthissymposiumseriesbook.
AnkurS.Kulshrestha
BD
1BectonDrive
FranklinLakes, NJ07417
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s.org 1054. AnilMahapatro
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In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Chapter 1
Review: Polymeric Scaffold Materials for
Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional in
Vitro Culture of Hepatocytes
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Ju20 culture system. Despite a volume of research, the effective
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163.Nov In this article, a summary of the currently available polymeric
89.b): biomaterials for long term hepatocyte culture is presented.
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Introduction
Liver plays a central role in both endocrine and exocrine physiological
functionsincludingformationandsecretionofbile,albumin,andurea,metabolism
of cholesterol and fat, and detoxification. According to the annual report of the
American Liver Foundation in 2000, hepatitis and other liver diseases affect
25 million Americans. Liver failure is the 8th most frequent cause of death
in the United States, accounting for roughly 43,000 deaths each year. Liver
transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for medically refractory
liver failure. Liver transplantation has some shortfalls, however, including a
shortage of donor organs, restrictions on potential recipients, and side effects of
©2010AmericanChemicalSociety
In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
drugs used to prevent rejection after transplantation (1). The problem of organ
scarcityisshownbythefactthatnearly2000candidatesforlivertransplantation
died on the waiting list in 2003. Over 500 of these patients were listed with a
diagnosisoffulminanthepaticfailure.
Poor diet and sedentary lifestyle, contributing factors of obesity, are
responsibleformorethan300,000deathsperyear, makingitthesecondleading
cause of preventable death after smoking (2). Obesity is now considered an
epidemicasmorethan65%ofAmericanadultpopulationisclassifiedasobeseor
overweight(3,4). Obesitypredisposesindividualstoanincreasedriskformany
diseases (5–14) including cardiovascular disease (5), hypertension (6), type-2
diabetes(7)andnonalcoholicfattyliverdisease(NAFLD)(9–14). Inparticular,
theprevalenceofNAFLDrangesfrom10%to39%invariouspopulationsaround
1 the world, and is likely to increase due to the ever increasing number of obese
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89.b): the pathophysiology of liver diseases and discover new therapeutics. Polymer
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lobule,hepatocytesarearrangedintocordsseparatedbyadjacentsinusoids(Fig.
1b). Anendotheliumliesadjacenttothehepaticcordwithaseparationdistance
ofabout500nmcalledthespaceofDisse. Withinthehepaticcords,hepatocytes
appeartobecloselypackedcells(Fig. 1c)(18).
In vitro culture of hepatocytes (liver cells) is a challenging culture system.
Over the last couple of decades, great strides have been made to determine the
effectivebiomaterialsforhepatocyteculturethatsustainahighlevelofbiological
functionoveranextendedcultureperiodandinducea3-dimensional(3-D)liver-
liketissuestructure. Inthisarticle,asummaryofthecurrentlyavailablepolymeric
biomaterialsforlongtermhepatocytecultureispresented. Thisreviewparticularly
focusesonthesyntheticandnaturalbiomaterialsproposedduringthelastdecade
(2000-2009)forinvitrolivercellcultureinstaticcondition. Readersarereferredto
anexcellentreviewofthedesignprinciplesinbiomaterialsfortissueengineering
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In Biomaterials; Kulshrestha, A., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.