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Biology Questions and Answers PDF

472 Pages·2009·5.31 MB·English
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(cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers 1800+ Biology Questions written and organized in a logical way to make the learning of basic Biology easier www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 1 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 2 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers Foreword This is the simplest and the most useful Biology book ever made. Your brain doesn't need complex stuff to learn basic Biology. It needs logic, organized and well-written content. You don't need a sophisticated book to study Biology. You need pure information. We haven't even put any illustration in the ebook. You can easily find all the related drawings and pictures on the internet. Your brain learns better if you try to create abstract images in your mind instead of looking passively to given illustrations. By studying this ebook you will get a complete overview of all main Biology subjects. You can read this ebook at school, at home and everywhere you think that is suitable (even in the park or at the beach). Think of every question as a brick of knowledge you are cementing to build your Biology culture. And indeed these questions and answers were written to build your biological knowledge step-by-step. If you are a teacher, you can use this book as a study guide for your students and also to evaluate their learning. You are free to print one copy of this ebook and turn it into a paper book for your own use. Whenever another copy is needed, please, refer who needs a copy to our website www.biology-questions-and-answers.com for downloading it from there; the download is very cheap and keeps the entire process legal. We are very proud of offering this educational resource to you! The Biology Questions and Answers team Disclaimer Although the information contained within the ebook is periodically revised and updated, no guarantee is given that the information provided here is entirely correct, complete, and/or up-to-date. The texts contained on this ebook are provided for general information purposes only and do not constitute legal or other professional advice on any subject matter. This ebook and its contents are provided "AS IS" without warranty of any kind. www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 3 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 4 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers Table of Contents Foreword......................................................................................................................................... 3 Disclaimer........................................................................................................................................ 3 Biochemistry.................................................................................................................................... 9 Biochemistry Introduction.......................................................................................................... 11 Water and Mineral Salts............................................................................................................ 13 Carbohydrates........................................................................................................................... 18 Lipids......................................................................................................................................... 20 Proteins..................................................................................................................................... 22 Enzymes................................................................................................................................... 29 Nucleic Acids............................................................................................................................. 35 Cell Biology.................................................................................................................................... 43 Cell Structure............................................................................................................................ 45 Cell Membrane.......................................................................................................................... 54 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement.............................................................................................. 63 Cell Secretion............................................................................................................................ 65 Cell Digestion............................................................................................................................ 66 Cell Nucleus.............................................................................................................................. 68 Cell Division.............................................................................................................................. 73 Photosynthesis.......................................................................................................................... 84 Cell Respiration......................................................................................................................... 91 Protein Synthesis...................................................................................................................... 99 Microbiology................................................................................................................................ 107 Bacteria................................................................................................................................... 109 Protists.................................................................................................................................... 113 Fungi....................................................................................................................................... 117 Viruses.................................................................................................................................... 120 Zoology........................................................................................................................................ 123 Life Kingdoms......................................................................................................................... 125 Poriferans................................................................................................................................ 128 Cnidarians............................................................................................................................... 131 Platyhelminthes....................................................................................................................... 135 Nematodes.............................................................................................................................. 139 Annelids.................................................................................................................................. 142 Arthropods.............................................................................................................................. 147 Molluscs.................................................................................................................................. 154 Echinoderms........................................................................................................................... 158 Chordates............................................................................................................................... 161 Fishes..................................................................................................................................... 164 Amphibians............................................................................................................................. 167 Reptiles................................................................................................................................... 170 Birds........................................................................................................................................ 173 Mammals................................................................................................................................ 176 www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 5 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers Physiology................................................................................................................................... 179 Basic Histology........................................................................................................................ 181 Blood....................................................................................................................................... 185 Metabolism and Homeostasis................................................................................................. 191 Nutrition and Vitamins............................................................................................................. 193 Digestive System.................................................................................................................... 198 Respiratory System................................................................................................................. 211 Circulatory System.................................................................................................................. 219 Excretory System.................................................................................................................... 231 Epithelia.................................................................................................................................. 238 Musculoskeletal System.......................................................................................................... 241 Nervous System...................................................................................................................... 247 Visual System......................................................................................................................... 261 Hearing System....................................................................................................................... 264 Endocrine System................................................................................................................... 266 Immune System...................................................................................................................... 278 Gametogenesis....................................................................................................................... 286 Reproductive System.............................................................................................................. 291 Embryology.................................................................................................................................. 301 Embryonic Development......................................................................................................... 303 Extraembryonic Membranes................................................................................................... 308 Botany......................................................................................................................................... 311 Plant Classification.................................................................................................................. 313 Bryophytes.............................................................................................................................. 316 Pteridophytes.......................................................................................................................... 317 Gymnosperms......................................................................................................................... 320 Angiosperms........................................................................................................................... 323 Plant Tissues........................................................................................................................... 328 Plant Physiology...................................................................................................................... 334 Genetics...................................................................................................................................... 345 Genetic Concepts.................................................................................................................... 347 Mendel's Laws........................................................................................................................ 352 Non-mendelian Inheritance..................................................................................................... 357 Linkage and Crossing Over..................................................................................................... 362 Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance...................................................................... 365 Blood Types............................................................................................................................ 370 Karyotype and Genetic Diseases............................................................................................ 375 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle................................................................................................ 379 Genetic Engineering................................................................................................................ 382 Evolution...................................................................................................................................... 387 Origin of Life............................................................................................................................ 389 Theory of Evolution................................................................................................................. 395 Ecology........................................................................................................................................ 403 Concepts of Ecology............................................................................................................... 405 Earth's Biomes........................................................................................................................ 407 www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 6 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers Food Chains and Trophic Pyramids........................................................................................ 411 Biogeochemical Cycles........................................................................................................... 416 Biodiversity.............................................................................................................................. 419 Ecological Interactions............................................................................................................ 422 Ecological Succession............................................................................................................. 426 Population Ecology................................................................................................................. 428 Environmental Issues.............................................................................................................. 432 Diseases...................................................................................................................................... 439 Concepts of Parasitism........................................................................................................... 441 Bacterial Infections.................................................................................................................. 443 Protozoan Diseases............................................................................................................... 446 Fungal Infections..................................................................................................................... 452 Viral Infections......................................................................................................................... 453 Worm Diseases....................................................................................................................... 461 Prion Diseases........................................................................................................................ 467 www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 7 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 8 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers Biochemistry www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 9 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 10

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