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Automotive Ethernet PDF

313 Pages·2017·7.571 MB·English
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AutomotiveEthernet LearnaboutthelatestdevelopmentsinAutomotiveEthernettechnologyandimplemen- tationwiththisfullyrevisedsecondedition.Withapproximately25%newmaterialand greatertechnicaldetail,coverageisexpandedtoinclude (cid:2) Detailedexplanationsofhowthe100BASE-T1PHYand1000BASE-T1PHYtech- nologiesactuallywork (cid:2) Astep-by-stepdescriptionofhowthe1000BASE-T1channelwasderived (cid:2) AsummaryofthecontentandusesofthenewTSNstandards (cid:2) AframeworkforsecurityinAutomotiveEthernet (cid:2) DiscussionoftheinterrelationbetweenpowersupplyandAutomotiveEthernetcom- munication Industrypioneerssharethetechnicalandnontechnicaldecisionsthathaveledtothe success of Automotive Ethernet, covering everything from electromagnetic require- ments and physical layer technologies to Quality of Service, the use of VLANs, IP, service discovery, network architecture, and testing. This is the guide for engineers, technical managers, and researchers designing components for in-car electronics and forthoseinterestedinthestrategyofintroducinganewtechnology. Kirsten Matheus is a communications engineer who is currently responsible for the strategy of in-vehicle networking at BMW. She has established Ethernet-based com- municationasanin-vehiclenetworkingtechnologyatBMWandwithintheautomotive industry.ShehaspreviouslyworkedforVolkswagen,NXP,andEricsson. ThomasKönigseder is a communications engineer who manages the team for electro- magneticcompatibilityatBMW.HewasresponsibleforthefirsteverEthernetconnec- tioninaseriesproductioncarwithstartofproductionin2008. Automotive Ethernet KIRSTEN MATHEUS BMWMunich THOMAS KÖNIGSEDER BMWMunich UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 4843/24,2ndFloor,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,Delhi-110002,India 79AnsonRoad,#06-04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107183223 DOI:10.1017/9781316869543 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2017 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2015 Secondedition2017 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publicationdata Names:Matheus,Kirsten,author.|Königseder,Thomas,author. Title:Automotiveethernet/KirstenMatheus,BMWMunich,ThomasKönigseder,BMWMunich. Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversityPress, [2017]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016059791|ISBN9781107183223(hardback:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Automobiles–Computernetworks.|Ethernet(Localareanetworksystem) Classification:LCCTL272.53.M382017|DDC629.2/72–dc23LCrecordavailable athttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016059791 ISBN978-1-107-18322-3Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents PrefacetotheSecondEdition pageviii PrefacetotheFirstEdition xi ListofAbbreviations xiii Timeline xxiv 1 ABriefHistoryof“Ethernet”(fromaCarManufacturer’sPerspective) 1 1.1 FromtheBeginning 1 1.2 TheMeaningof“Ethernet” 4 1.2.1 EthernetinIEEE 5 1.2.2 EthernetinIndustrialAutomation 8 1.2.3 EthernetinAviation 12 1.2.4 EthernetinTelecommunications 14 1.2.5 “AutomotiveEthernet” 17 1.3 ComparisonofMarkets 18 Notes 21 References 23 2 ABriefHistoryofIn-VehicleNetworking 30 2.1 RoleofIn-VehicleNetworking 30 2.2 TraditionalIn-VehicleNetworking 33 2.2.1 TheEarlyDaysofIn-VehicleNetworking 33 2.2.2 ControllerAreaNetwork(CAN) 34 2.2.3 LocalInterconnectNetwork(LIN) 39 2.2.4 MediaOrientedSystemsTransport(MOST) 42 2.2.5 FlexRay 46 2.2.6 PixelLinks 50 2.2.7 ConsumerLinks 53 2.2.8 TrendsandConsequences 54 2.3 ResponsibilitiesinIn-VehicleNetworking 56 2.3.1 RoleoftheRelationshipbetweenCarManufacturerandSuppliers 56 2.3.2 RoleoftheRelationshipsamongCarManufacturers 59 Notes 63 References 64 vi Contents 3 ABriefHistoryofAutomotiveEthernet 69 3.1 TheFirstUseCase:ProgrammingandSoftwareUpdates 69 3.1.1 ArchitecturalChallenges 69 3.1.2 PotentialCarInterfaceTechnologies 70 3.1.3 TheSolution:100BASE-TXEthernet 72 3.2 TheSecondUseCase:A“Private”ApplicationLink 77 3.3 TheBreakthrough:UTSPEthernetforAutomotive 79 3.4 BMWInternalAcceptanceofUTSPEthernet 80 3.4.1 YetAnotherIn-VehicleNetworkingTechnology 80 3.4.2 ASuitablePilotApplication 82 3.4.3 TheFutureofAutomotiveEthernetatBMW 84 3.5 TheIndustryFrameworkforaNewTechnology 86 3.5.1 FromaProprietarySolutiontoanOpenStandard 86 3.5.2 ShapingtheFutureatIEEE 88 3.5.3 SupportiveStructuresandOrganizations 90 3.6 Industry-WideAcceptanceofEthernet 92 Notes 94 References 96 4 ThePhysicalTransmissionofAutomotiveEthernet 102 4.1 ElectroMagneticCompatibility(EMC) 102 4.1.1 CouplingMechanismsofElectromagnetic Interference 104 4.1.2 StandardsforEMC 106 4.1.3 MeasuringEMC 106 4.1.4 ElectroStaticDischarge(ESD) 113 4.2 TheAutomotiveCommunicationChannel 115 4.2.1 ChannelFramework 116 4.2.2 ChannelParameters 117 4.2.3 The100BASE-T1/OABRChannel 119 4.2.4 The1000BASE-T1/RTPGEChannel 120 4.3 ThePhysicalLayer(PHY)Technologies 123 4.3.1 100MbpsEthernet 124 4.3.2 1GbpsEthernet 151 4.3.3 OtherDataRates 162 4.4 AutomotiveEthernetandPowerSupply 165 4.4.1 ElementsofthePowerSupplyNetwork 166 4.4.2 TheInterconnectionbetweenPowerSupplyandCommunication Technologies 168 4.4.3 PoweroverDataLine(PoDL) 169 4.4.4 DataoverthePowerSupplyNetwork 170 4.4.5 UsingEnergy-EfficientEthernet(EEE)inCars 171 4.4.6 Wake-Up 172 Contents vii 4.5 TheQualityStrain 174 4.5.1 AutomotiveSemiconductorQualityStandards 175 4.5.2 TheCMC(Quality)forAutomotiveEthernet 178 Notes 179 References 182 5 ProtocolsforAutomotiveEthernet 189 5.1 QualityofService(QoS),AudioVideoBridging(AVB),and Time-SensitiveNetworking(TSN) 189 5.1.1 HowAudioVideoBridging(AVB)CametoEthernet 190 5.1.2 TheAudioVideoBridging(AVB)UseCases 192 5.1.3 TheAVBProtocolsandTheirUseinAutomotive 197 5.1.4 Time-SensitiveNetworking(TSN)forSafetyCriticalControlData 207 5.2 SecurityandVirtualLANs(VLANs) 211 5.2.1 SecurityinAutomotive 211 5.2.2 Ethernet-SpecificSecurityAspects 215 5.3 TheInternetProtocol(IP) 219 5.3.1 DynamicversusStaticAddressing 221 5.3.2 IPv4versusIPv6 222 5.4 MiddlewareandSOME/IP 223 5.4.1 Definitionof“Middleware” 223 5.4.2 TheHistoryofSOME/IP 223 5.4.3 SOME/IPFeatures 224 5.4.4 ServiceDiscovery(SD) 227 Notes 230 References 234 6 EthernetinAutomotiveSystemDevelopment 241 6.1 ABriefOverviewoftheSystemDevelopmentProcess 241 6.2 TheSoftwareDesign 244 6.3 TheNetworkingArchitecture 245 6.3.1 EEArchitectureinPerspective 245 6.3.2 TheIn-VehicleCommunicationNetwork 248 6.3.3 TheSupplyNetwork 256 6.4 TestandQualification 258 Notes 261 References 263 7 Outlook 264 Notes 267 References 268 Index 271 Preface to the Second Edition InSeptember2011,AutomotiveEthernetwasstillatitsverybeginning.BMWwasfar and wide the only car manufacturer seriously interested. In 2011, BMW had been in productionwith100BASE-TXfordiagnosticsandflashupdatesforthreeyearsandhad decidedtogointoproductionin2013withwhatisnowcalled100BASE-T1initsnew surroundviewsystem. InSeptember2011,strongdoubtsstillhadtheupperhand.Themainconcernwasthat transmittingEthernetpacketsat100MbpsoverasingleUnshieldedTwistedPair(UTP) cable would not be possible under the harsh automotive electromagnetic conditions. Anotherconcernwasthemissingecosystem.Atthetime,therewasonlyonesupplierof thetransceivertechnology,Broadcom,whichhadnopriorexperiencewiththewritten and unwritten requirements of the automotive industry. Additionally, BMW was only juststartingtoinvolvethesupportingindustryoftestinstitutions,toolvendors,software houses,andsoon. For an outsider, September 2011 was thus a time of uncertainty. From the inside, however,itwasatimeinwhichthefoundationsforthesuccessofAutomotiveEthernet were being laid and during which we ensured that the right structural support was in place. In the background, we were finalizing the framework of the OPEN Alliance; NXP was in full speed, evaluating its chances as a second transceiver supplier; and BMW was preparing to congregate the industry at the firstEthernet&IP@Automotive TechnologyDay;whilefirstdiscussionsonstartingthenext-generationstandardization project,1000BASE-T1,concurred. Oneofmy,KirstenMatheus’s,manyjobsatthetimewastointerestmoresemicon- ductor vendors in Automotive Ethernet. In September 2011, this meant getting them tonegotiatealicensingagreementwithBroadcom,oneoftheircompetitors,whilethe market prospects were still foggy. In one of the discussions I had, an executive man- ager explained to me in detail why this was out of question, based on the following experience. Inthepast,hehadworkedforanothersemiconductorcompanythatwasaddressedby a powerful customer to be the second supplier for a proprietary Ethernet version (just like100BASE-T1wasproprietaryinSeptember2011,whenitwasstillBroadR-Reach andneitherpublishedintheOPENAllianceorbyIEEE).Thiscustomeroftheirsoffered significantly higher volumes than BMW ever could, and it was even in the position to technically support them with interoperability and other technical questions, which PrefacetotheSecondEdition ix the executive manager did not expect BMW to be capable of. They invested in and developedarespectiveEthernetPHYproduct. However,shortlyafter,theIEEEreleasedanEthernetspecificationforthesameuse case.ThisIEEEversionwasseenastechnologicallyinferior.However,ithadonetech- nicaladvantageovertheproprietarytechnologytheexecutivemanager’scompanyhad investedin:ItwasbackwardcompatibletopreviouslydesignedIEEEEthernettechnolo- gies. The IEEE technology prevailed, whereas the solution they had invested in never gainedanyserioustraction.Inconsequence,theywouldnotagaininvestinatechnology that was not a public standard. The prospect of the OPEN Alliance acting as an orga- nizationensuringtransparencywithrespecttolicensingandtechnicalquestionsdidnot makeanydifferencetothem. Today, five years later, in 2016, we know that if that semiconductor company had investedin100BASE-T1/BroadR-Reachin2011,itsbusinessprospectstodaywouldbe excellent – not only because the technology persevered but also because the company wouldhavebeenearlyinthemarket.Wastheexecutiveallwronginsayingthatitneeds tobeapublicstandard?Idonotknow. Many things happened in the meantime. Based on experiences with BroadR- Reach/100BASE-T1,whatBMWhadwantedtobeginwithbecamedoable:transmitting 100MbpsEthernetoverunshieldedcablesduringruntimeusing100BASE-TXPHYs. This solution, sometimes called Fast Ethernet for Automotive (FEFA), was based on a public IEEE standard. For BMW, it came too late. But most other car manufactur- ers had not yet made any decisions. For a while, it was not certain whether the “pro- prietary” (but licensed) BroadR-Reach would succeed in the market or the tweaked “public”100BASE-TX. Well, today we know: BroadR-Reach made it. But, in the meantime, it has also become a public standard, called IEEE 802.3bw or 100BASE-T1. Only three weeks after handing in the manuscript of the first edition for this book, a respective Call For Interest(CFI)successfullypassedatIEEE802.3.TheIEEEreleaseda“BroadR-Reach compliant”specification asanIEEE802.3standardinOctober2015.MaybeBroadR- Reach would have succeeded even without IEEE’s blessing. Who knows? The fact is, theIEEEstandardizationmadelifeeasier.Iterasedthetopicoftechnologyownership fromdiscussion. Anditwasamainmotivatortowritethissecondedition.Thenowpubliclyavailable 100BASE-T1andBroadR-Reachspecificationsallowedustogointodetail.Thereader will thus find a significantly extended PHY chapter, which now includes a detailed explanation of the 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 technologies, whose standardiza- tionhasalsobeencompletedinthemeantime.Whilethedescriptionofthe100BASE- T1technologyincludesexperienceswhileimplementingandusingthetechnology,the 1000BASE-T1descriptionincludesthemethodologyusedbehinddevelopingatechnol- ogyincaseofanunknownchannel–somethingnewandusefulalsoforfuturedevel- opmentprojects. Furthermore, the PHY chapter now has a distinct power supply section. Specifica- tionsonwake-upandPoweroverDataline(PoDL)beenreleasedinthemeantime,and areinneedofcontext.Additionally,powersupplyimpactstheEMCbehavior.Howthis

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