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A Communicative Grammar Geoffrey leech of English Jan Seartvik ‘Contents Pare One Voticties of English 9 | Part Two intonation 21 ant These Grammar in use iat nn a cron pees Fane sae acer am ese Sa2 yaa “Sit edutaiy IN Bernsce of Heansot iT ene Malteniae engie 1 Panis vow wearer 13, Yo st et Fone Ciowimaticak Compasses se cen hs, “ia ge ae Pie aS Dui, keer negra Briar ncgs SU ahege a Biren oH Susan vey dasten 249 Preface. To the student 4 Commune Grane af Bagh is anew kind of mma In ing ‘Weave asco hat tg gens, fee onc sadn, Soe semi one sunt snk Cha gvertue “How ean | we gama lo coreauicle”™ "Thur hermin pt of he oak indevoeseathes. 28 gramme ether han > amma ruc ‘The book is inet ssimarily for the Sit advanced stent, for exrnple ‘he sear unineraysusenr, IF you ae soc aster! you wll have stot ops gramnar un one foro or another already. boc hese Ws ofr vo0 9 nes perpstve om sobs, hi laos erat al tice systematic ‘beac wt ae stuatio Iieay we hups yh npr sad leh therange yr esmmictive lin the language. lc ck a app he ree, an can therefore Be usd asa general erence fo suseehank on Tels errs. “The pnp ofthe whe hook ta fol: art OneYarltionM Papin Lose me espn ei yen Vinge a varetie of nn such foal lsh, eile Faith al American Ful We mae extosve we of sch tele inthe eter pars of he Bonk, bea is impure, Hc Easinn, fo Row im wba coon poole For of language wil he we Pact or ead ith tof cefernoes f9variety Iie, bck eunblec 300 16 follow up the range of geae:ancalcoastruaens sed Wes azocited With a ren var, such 2 cine ERB. arTwe_anation [Much oF the book ees wih sper Tngih, and elative cmmaiseion ot speech depend to arent eet om oronution Bn hi i, weed e ‘ost jupertant fates of English eotooaion. cogetber sth te imtanaion Sfavgk whic ave ued in Pare The Past Tnee Greener fesse “Trice the central part ofthe hook which yuu wil nao 1 ws nest Za the iferent pen of teasing et aiierent wap uf onganeite nse ace 4 ewwed in gutenatic oer “Ths port 4 reference goide to Engh ervamatiza fonne and scenes, ranged in epabeial order. Mis «nse conpimant to Patt Thee, Uc aspuios the perance! etn sed thet, “Thee ws a wompebinsve ile x he emf the fk which ml give yo “Fo the teacher A Commorerute Grammar of agi rath departae in aramnae wing ia ‘hott employs simmunictve rather than 9 rreloal approuch Thee are seve] easns or emphasing he commescaion apes of ening Engh racer. He, bt os conser Fs O90. "The Wye of sudant we have Aad! in vad when weg chs ok tale desgced, fo. oxaple w Hates stud sf a nivesiy ve eins cole. val, be simdy hus tous in he pana of Ue ae tle 7 ears of ool Egtish Yt he pty iv actualy ae agate 2 be Geappsatin, his, we Hoos, nay be parly seve Loacantt ‘OFSUe “Te atudet ay tls ene fan ung rv, ‘tre gronaratia stenclure ne stematicaly rele Uo rewni, wsee and ‘Toe contentions! method of presenting Enlsh pamnar perms of sruse kg asa crt drawback isa Forexamps such sgranmar notions of fase eng be dest wits a 95 Foe Seca places under aes fe sexb, under neadvees, dot pina phen dente tie sed vod Teupora Guuncuone ait eats hs sue Yeo & pnsily tered ing eo he agree hn orga tte (a ee (eupfor the majety af forcgn aden. kay td aha sea arcu help The enguntalion of A Caoununiaie Grammar ofA, fe earl pap of whch dt wilh emir nue ke phe ching sinas noon, sch ar those involving cine, roster in abe pce, “The book casi of four jac acl One Vato f Eagle spss, the erent grammar eter ssl ie fen 01 sot, "acts belong lleren ssa crwunalig’ We tev te appreptas ‘hie ia impertinent oe ave fn ra ‘Throuphe the boc, therfore we mek use of arity abs sehas een, “informed, <erten, <epaksay. Part One desoes wat mee vary abs ‘HER, 494 suppics a 27-30 deta tof ice ss in the feo hs Hook Piet Ton Toten Iesonaion i el important fa communicative tesimantvrening poke Engl. In Part Two rene pei stndent wh Uh as nimi ‘ion stent English aconation tat ne nceds in orto understand the tonaton rmatkog weed in Part Thue. Pat Lives Grammars CGnutanercnnin nl asamp pees eal fir wu parseng io Bink ae Thrice, at feng he ee regresenting the ders ype of asm ond 1 Seton: Din Pat howe Typestroeasing Type oon Seon ACE Wonk aha | rele fon. 26 9) Seelion Bs ofectarsn, Sentence realigand Gp 83-130 vie Seton "MAUL Si Ehatan iowa REE ‘The igang cole. soing ca “pes of Fr vat assed ih each scl. Snot eee 130 Sey i afl (© 569 te relation Terese csi’ kgs 6 mma ata meen of PRO. 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Yur ey dese ee in ec na ee.ca in GA aD ie aba dre ousty angs aa none e438 OA tha a BP. ‘fab sweats tre open saan im Re sn Ga itech ky iy Dua onan ho one! ot 2A the int elemen ote ty el ith the omg ftpre™ agains the encf of tme men. sf ferenctonie GA ul porn BE, “ere ae nny hot dezsces of hs be sis for oUF Dem" Purposes RP end 6 Jace eee ener of tunes, WISE BP Rae the Fo Propores ‘sto sd GA ls un a a ad 9. Thee enidtsbe citvn nas wah Us vowel Poy xa RD i nan ct gh dy Pers i. In fe fe, wes the dove Beto epecate RE and GA promerciions ‘there ect Ten Bor he double Se eM wth floeins Gk The earete ote a 9, 1 ctor ses wo seus UP Gb ange anata 4a ht fw Aon edna ace yb eit nt oer, Puen, RP dost St pranounces wer» bore cone: Jae scons, sn tn (09 A Oe of wor, pore MOTB Bok ord epi th ingl titod 8 ae " “_ esi more aa a) a 2 Part One Varieties of English Ta me lngpasepenperty we of curse have 1 kno the a wae! sr= ‘soft tnguone ara eit nesmogs “Thc ave he sabjets of ans Lees fn Four of ms back) MOL ne age ave Lo have wa Foes o anges 8 oprerie fo ever stations, and fx this pow. You wl id Both 3052 Dit a in uy leona) wotenes of nity abe wth a9 Ara ‘aves Eas Bk oe Bats Eas, RP Gs Rese Proma on}, GAS lr General Acerca. Canals, Gr, <p, fia langrava hl many ngage eich of ich Elegie geome sea orie 4 pocuir king af uae, The Lag wot unde Cte ae Servet dicen Fsty eno Bags odin Geat rai. the Enel wo in fevnal sunoe somntaneaton an soo ways exe io Ube Eat sed i tocol eosreretion. Obuouny in a cot ute fae and we Doreen eth sk aise ete, THe purporcal Bae 10 ee (yuna nea by he vr hat tu al ac a tt ofthe Pat (1 33 ‘The cman ne Liki ore lester, ty sol nish ni all OF RS vce. We aay that genera eal af Wis kd blog Lot sore ox afte igvoge. Tas, for ntaon, ce ards cen arin, nd i Cire msn cor eras, aig mee el Cand used of ran 1 se fon, BET par f ensuing bee sb is Knowing in what or rmsances woul be sesso use wiring of Rls eco ein Fs Take arate sak. th tine fesn gaan ong tie Holness nn tus ed ely base he et a ee Sok ele re 0 heer fo Ba ly 1 Sens [ea cominon coe constction. He could for example be used in bl sp aad tng] tebe acl cons tuto, tical of wt nest; 2 formal i lly tour ina eeu canis, Ta this honk you com aes Th! fesrres of Eglsh whch ae Even no ‘aise telone 1 he "commen oor graben a8 atonal varies (BcE CAF (0er29-20) Fglh spoken os native language by nery thre hundved min people inthe United Seats o¢ Averca,Canade, Bai, Heand, Attala, the Cad leat, and matt oes places. Bu soe Ro vane wf Kgl tied in the {ted Slace sed fs Beta rahe nope it teres of popaltlon at iene taouly otal vaste shall tings 9 abode Aon Fag a eth Engine geal win hi Bo nie evally o> <AmMF> ang <BVE, The eam dierenans betwen he ree varies in companion th feenes of proroneintion and voabulac) Here are sme bit exampss of how cAmE, and BEES can ites, 4 (8) Ame has seo pus: nai foro et: goten ad ee, theses BED tas cay ae ot ae 41 (Te pate fora go a bath Sai) (RA: He you gar ee kt forte mats (6) There is leo 3 arene inthe rept! eater one Gn 692, tm cher) we ean ‘One cannot sore ures sos hard a <BrED we he to ae ‘One canoe ised oes ome La a. (C) he sonnel womgament fer aiferene than ip CAME: bat fom (or sunt 0 DRE. {Thai ane ile lm uy (0) Ve wc of he supunaie ater verbs He demand ens, apse feat lo rther frm mints Ge 25) “Thay sees (ht Smith be Bopped rom the eam hiety Amar “Thy sare hu Sei tld te doped from the am AED an EE? Within euch Fnash peaking entry Der ne many deren repo ac for earpi, eneen the English spoken in Net Tandem nthe