Zoology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

164 Pages·2008·3.86 MB·English

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YAMAZATO, Kiyoshi, 1930-
CALCIFICATION IN A SOLITARY CORAL,
li''ONGIA SCUTARIA LAMARCK IN RELATION
TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
University of Hawaii, Ph.D., 1966
Zoology
UniversityMicrofilms, Inc., AnnArbor, Michigan
CALCIFICATION IN A SOLITARY CORAL, FUNGIA SCUTARIA
LAMARCK IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN ZOOLOGY
JUNE 1966
By
Kiyoshi Yamazato
Thesis Committee:
Sidney C. Hsiao, Chairman
David E. Contois
Ernst S. Reese
Sidney J. Townsley
Pieter B. van Weel
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
-The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation
to the members of his thesis committee and to the faculty
members of the Zoology Department, .University of Hawaii,
for their special guidance and encouragement. The author
is particularly grateful to Dr. S. J. Townsley whose
suggestion initiated this work and whose continuous aspira
tion led to the completion of the research.
The author is also grateful to Dr. D. C. Matthews who
served as a member of the thesis committee until his
departure on sabbatical leave, to Dr. F. I. Kamemoto for
his continuous encouragement, and to Dr. B. T. Sather for
his valuable suggestions during the initial phase of this
work.
The author's gratitude also goes to the East ·West .Center,
University of Hawaii for financial support, and to Dr. S.
Ikehara and the members of the Biology Department of the
University of the Ryukyus for their generous cooperation
which enabled the author to take a long-term leave of.absence
from that institution.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• •. • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • ••• iii
LIST OF TABLES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
LIST OF FIGURES. . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
ABSTRA.CT. • . • . . . . • . • •• . . • • • . •. • . . . . • . • • . • • . . • • •. . . • . • . xii
INTRODUCTION
CALCIFICATION IN CORALS......................... 1
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENT WORK..................... 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL............................. 10
MEDIA AND PROCEDURES USED FOR IUCUBATION.. •.•• ••• 11
PREPARATION AND MEASUREMENT OF RADIOCALCIUM AND
RADIOPHOSPHORUS. • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• •• • •• • • • • • • • •• • 14
CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND
NtTROGEN•••••••••••.••••••••.•.••••..••• -. . • • • •• • 17
RADIOAUTOG'RA.PHY. . • • • • . . . . • • . . . • . • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• . 20
RESULTS
THE EFFECT OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON
CALCIUM UPTAKE. • • •• • • • . . . . • • •• . . • • • • • • • • • . • . • . . • 20
Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Salinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Calcium Concentration....................... 33
Phosphate Concentration..................... 42
THE EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OF ZOOXANTHELLAE ON
CALCIUM UPTAKE. • . • • • • . . . • . • • •• • • • • . • • . • • • . • • • • • • 52
THE EFFECT OF DINITROPHENOL ON CALCIUM UPTAKE... 58
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF
PHOSPHORUS. . . . . . • . . . • . • • . . • . . . . . . • . • • . . • . . . . . . . . 61
Phosphorus Uptake........................... 61
Distribution of P-32 in tissues............. 78
Phosphorus Release.......................... 86
THi EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE.. 93
THE EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OF ZOOXANTHELLAE ON
PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE............................... 97
v
Page
DIS~SSION
FACTORS CONTROLLING CALCIFICATION..•.•.•.•••••.• 103
Temperature . lOB
Salinity . 106
Calcium Concentration••••••.•••••••••••••••• 107
Phosphate Concentration••••••..••••••••••••• 109
Other ·Factors . 113
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF !.. SCUTARIA IN
RELATION TO CALCIFICATION••••••••••••••••••••••• 117
SlJMMAR.Y•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 120
LlTERA.TtJ'BE, CITED.•.•..•••••••••.•....•......••••••••• 124
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Osmotic concentration, calcium concentra-
_ tion, and pH of the incubating media in
three experiments (1 - 3) in which the
effect of salinity on the rate of
calcium uptake by I.. scutaria was studied... 29
2 The rate of calcium uptake by living polyps
of F. scutaria and the rate of diffusion
exchange of calcium by the dead polyps and
coralla of the same animal in normal (100'1)
and SOt. sea water and 501 sea water with
added calcium under continuous illumination
(3,300 lux) for 25 hours ••••.••.•••.•.••.•• 33
3 Some properties of the artificial sea water
used in an experiment in which the effect
of calcium concentration on the rate of
calcium uptake by I . .scutaria was studied... 36
4 The effect of the removal of zooxanthellae
from tissues on the rate of calcium uptake
by I.. scutaria in light and darkness........ 57
5 The effect of the removal of zooxanthellae
from tissues on the rate of phosphorus
I.
uptake by scutaria in light and darkness. 98
6 An illustration of the overall effect of
phosphate on calcification as a function
of phosphate concentration both in the
light.and in the dark.••••••••••••.••••••••• 114
vii
LIST .OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 The rate of calcium uptake as a function
of temperature by the living polyp of F.
scutaria in the light (3,300 lux) and
in the dark, during 26-hour incubation in
sea water containing 11.45 ug-at. p/l (A)
and 2~70 ug-at.·p/1 (B) of dissolved
inorganic phosphate......................... 24
I.
2 The rate of calcium uptake by scutaria
and the rate of exchange of calcium by the
dead corallum of the same animal in the
light (6,000 lux) and in the dark as a
function of .salinity. ••••••••••••••••••••••• 30
3 The ratio of wet weight to dry weig};lt of
the living polyp of I .. scutaria as a
function of salinity........................ 30
4 The rate of calcium uptake by the living
polyp of!. scutaria in the light (6,000
lux) and in the dark as a function of the
ambient calcium concentration during 24-
hour incubation in artificial sea water..... 38
5 The relative concentration ratio of calcium
in F. scutaria to that in the medium (ug Calg
dry7ug Ca7m~) as a function of the ambient
calcium concentrationafter:24-hour incubation
in the light and in the dark in the medium
with changing salinity (A) and with constant
salinity (B) -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6 The rate of calcium uptake by 1... scutaria
as a function of phosphate concentration
of sea water during 12-hour incubation
in the light (3,300 lux) and in the dark.... 45
viii
Figure Page
7 The phosphate concentration of F. scutaria
(expressed as protein ratio) as-a function
of phosphate conentration of sea water at
the end of 12-hour incubation in the light
(3,300 lux) and in the dark•••••••••••.••.•• 45
8 The rate of calcium. uptake by F. scutaria
as a function of pho~phate content (expressed
as protein ratio) during 12-hour incubation
in the light (3,300 lux) and in the dark in
sea water containing different concentration
of phosphate.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
9 The rate of calcium. uptake by!. compressa
as a function of phosphate concentration
of sea water during 24-hour incubation in
the l~ght (3,300 lux) and in the dark•.••••• 50
10 The effect of dinitrophenol on the rate of
calcium. uptake by 1:•. scutaria in the light
(3,300 lux) and in the dark••••.•••••••••••• 60
11 The effect of light onP-32 uptake by F.
scutaria from sea water co~taining 2.10
Mg-at. pll dissolved inorganic phosphate,
shown by the change in concentration ratio
(cm .u -at. pI wet) .
cpm ug-at. P ml with time•••••••••••••• 68
12 Uptake of phosphorus byF.scutaria from sea
water containing 2.70 ,ug':at. PII of dissolved
inorganic phosphate in the light (3,300 lux)
and in the dark, as estimated from the P-32
recovered in the polyps (solid line) and
from the P-32 removed from the medium
(broken line)............................... 71
13 Uptake of dissolved inorgnic phosphate (+)
and release of phosphorus (-) by!. scutaria
in the light (3,300 lux) and in the dark•••• 71
.i~
Figure Page
14 The relative changes with time in DIP-32,
DOP-32, and PP-32 of.sea water during the
incubation with F•. scutaria for a given
time interval in-the light (3,300 lux)
and in the dark............................. 74
15 The relative changes with t~e in the
specific activities of TP-32 (SA:TP-32) and
DIP-32 (SA:DIP-32) of sea water during
incubation with F. ,scutaria for a given
time interval in-thelightand in the dark... 74
16 The P-32 uptake by F. scutaria, expressed
as concentration ratio, as a function of
time; F.· scutaria was kept in sea water
conta1:Ding8.9 ~g-at. P/l of initial
phosphate concentration under con::»tant
illumination (6,000 lux) ••••••••••••••••••••. 77
X.
17 The phosphorus uptake and release by
scutaria kept in sea water contining
0.27 ~g-at. P/l of dissolved inorganic
phosphate for 13 and 24 hours, and the
changes in the specific activity of sea
water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
18 Historadioautograph showing accumulation of
P-32 in the gland cells and mucous glands
of theme8!nterial filament, and in zooxan
thellae contained in the gastrodermis of
the o1:'al body wall of!. scutaria kept for
24 hours in sea water containingP-32 in
the light................................... 83
19 Historadioautograph showing a failure to
accumulate P-32 in the septal filaments
of :1.. scutaria kept .in sea water contain
ing P-32 for 13 hours in the light•••••••••• 83
· -:x
Figure Page
20 The changes with time in the relative quan
tities of DIP-32, DOP-32, and PP-32 in sea
water after incubation in the light (6,000
lux) and in the dark with!. scutaria
labelled with P-32.......................... 89
21 The changes with time in the specific acti
vities of TP-32 (SA:TP-32) and DIP-32 (SA:
DIP-32) of sea water incubated with F.
scutaria labelled with P-32, in the light
{6,000 lux) and in the dark................. 89
22 Release of DIP-32 expressed.as concentration
ratio
~CDIP-32 released/~ -at. P DIP released)
TP-32 in anima1.ug-at. P TP in animal
:AlC
BY 1:. scutaria in the light (6,000 lux)
and in the dark into sea water containing
0.14~g-at. pl1 of DIP but no P-32.......... 91
I.
23 Release of DIP by scutaria in the light
(6,000 lux) and in the dark as a function
of time..................................... 91
24 The rate of phosphorus uptake by I .. scutaria
as a function of temperature in the light
(3,300 lux) and in the dark in sea water
containing 11.45 ,ug-at•. p/l (A) and 2.70
~g.-at. pl1 (B) of dissolved inorganic
phosphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
25 The rate of uptake and release of dissolved
inorganic phosphate by F•. ~cutaria as a
function of·temperature-during 26-hour
incubation in sea water containing 11.45
~g-at. p/l (HighP04) and 2.70~g-at. pll
(Low P04). in the light (3,300 lux) and in
the dark . 96