Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia - SZB PDF
Preview Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia - SZB
Gary West, Darryl Heard, & Nigel Caulkett Zoo Animal & Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page i ZOO ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page iii ZOO ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA Gary West, DVM, Dipl ACZM Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden Oklahoma State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine Darryl Heard, BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Nigel Caulkett, DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA University of Calgary College of Veterinary Medicine 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page iv Gary West, DVM, Dipl ACZM is the Director of Veterinary Disclaimer Services at the Oklahoma City Zoo and an Adjunct Assistant The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific Professor at Oklahoma State University. research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a Darryl Heard, BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM is an Associate specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by practitioners for any Professor and Service Chief of Zoological Medicine at the particular patient. The publisher and the author make no represen- University of Florida. tations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all war- Nigel Caulkett, DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA is a Professor of ranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of Anesthesiology at the University of Calgary. fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equip- ment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and ©2007 Blackwell Publishing the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, Chapters 23, 33, and 43 remain with the U.S. Government equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate All rights reserved the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any Blackwell Publishing Professional changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. 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Blackwell Publishing Asia 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tel.: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a pho- tocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2566-3/2007. First edition, 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia / [edited by] Gary West, Darryl J. Heard, Nigel Caulkett.—1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-2566-3 (alk. paper) 1. Veterinary anesthesia. 2. Animal immobilization. I. West, Gary (Gary Don), 1969- II. Heard, Darryl J. III. Caulkett, Nigel. [DNLM: 1. Anesthesia—veterinary. 2. Animals, Wild. 3. Animals, Zoo. 4. Immobilization—veterinary. SF 914 Z87 2007] SF914.Z66 2007 636.089(cid:2)796ódc22 2007006836 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page v Contents Contributors vii III. Physical Restraint Preface xiii 12. Capture and Physical Restraint of 131 Zoo and Wild Animals Acknowledgments xv Todd Shury I. Pharmacology and Drug Delivery IV. Invertebrate, Fish, Amphibian, 1. Clinical Pharmacology 3 and Reptile Anesthesia Kurt A. Grimm and Leigh A. Lamont 13. Invertebrates 147 2. Euthanasia 37 Cornelia Gunkel and Gregory A. Lewbart Murray Woodbury 14. Boney Fish (Lungfish, Sturgeon, and 159 3. Wildlife Analgesia 43 Teleosts) Karen L. Machin Donald L. Neiffer 4. Remote Drug Delivery 61 15. Elasmobranchs (Sharks, Rays, and Skates) 197 Ramiro Isaza M. Andrew Stamper 5. Mobile Inhalant Anesthesia 75 16. Amphibians 205 Techniques Mark Stetter Bruce Heath 17. Crocodilian Capture and Restraint 211 Kent A. Vliet II. Supportive Care, Monitoring, and Complications 18. Crocodilians (Crocodiles, Alligators, 223 Caimans, Gharial) 6. Monitoring 83 Gregory J. Fleming Darryl J. Heard 19. Squamates (Snakes and Lizards) 233 7. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Support 93 Mads F. Bertelsen Craig Mosley and Cornelia Gunkel 20. Venomous Reptile Restraint and Handling 245 8. Stress 103 Frederick B. Antonio Jon M. Arnemo and Nigel Caulkett 21. Chelonians (Turtles, Tortoises, and 259 9. Thermoregulation 111 Terrapins) Jeff C.H. Ko and Gary West Juergen Schumacher 10. Capture Myopathy 115 Jessica Paterson V. Bird Anesthesia 11. Human Safety during Wildlife Capture 123 22. Cagebirds 269 Nigel Caulkett and Todd Shury Michelle G. Hawkins and Peter J. Pascoe N v 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page vi vi CONTENTS 23. Free-Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds 299 42. Walrus 479 Daniel M. Mulcahy David B. Brunson 24. Ratites 325 43. Cetaceans 485 Jessica Siegal-Willott Chris Dold and Sam Ridgway 44. Sirenians (Manatees and Dugongs) 497 VI. Mammal Anesthesia Elizabeth J. Chittick and Michael T. Walsh 25. Monotremes (Echidnas and Platypus) 337 45. Elephants and Hyrax 507 Peter Holz William A. Horne and Michael R. Loomis 26. Marsupials 341 46. Non-domestic Equids 523 Peter Holz Chris Walzer 27. Insectivores (Hedgehogs, Moles, and 347 47. Tapirs 533 Tenrecs) Sonia M. Hernandez-Divers and James Bailey Darryl J. Heard 48. Rhinoceroses 543 28. Edentates (Xenartha) 349 Robin W. Radcliffe and Peter vdB. Morkel Gary West, Tracy Carter, and Jim Shaw 49. Non-domestic Suids 567 29. Tubulidentata and Pholidota 355 Luis R. Padilla and Jeff C.H. Ko Jennifer N. Langan 50. Hippopotami 579 30. Chiropterans (Bats) 359 Michele Miller Darryl J. Heard 51. Camelids 585 31. Prosimians 367 Khursheed R. Mama Cathy V. Williams and Randall E. Junge 52. Giraffidae 595 32. Monkeys and Gibbons 375 Scott B. Citino and Mitchell Bush Rolf-Arne Ølberg 53. Deer (Cervids) 607 33. Great Apes 387 Nigel Caulkett and Jerry C. Haigh Jonathan Sleeman 54. Antelope 613 34. Canids 395 Ray L. Ball R. Scott Larsen and Terry J. Kreeger 55. Gazelles 623 35. Bears 409 Gary West Nigel Caulkett 56. Wild Sheep and Goats 629 36. Procyonids and Mustelids 417 Nigel Caulkett and Jerry C. Haigh George Kollias and Noha Abou-Madi 57. Non-domestic Cattle 635 37. Viverrids 429 Thomas G. Curro Anneke Moresco and Scott Larsen 58. Bison 643 38. Hyenas 437 Nigel Caulkett and Jerry C. Haigh Nina Hahn, John M. Parker, Gregory Timmel, Mary Weldele, and Gary West 59. Lagomorphs (Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas) 647 Darryl J. Heard 39. Felids 443 Conny Gunkel and Maud Lafortune 60. Rodents 655 Darryl J. Heard 40. Phocid Seals 459 Michael Lynch and Kate Bodley Index 665 41. Otariid Seals 469 Martin Haulena N 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page vii Contributors Noha Abou-Madi, DVM, MSc, Dipl ACZM Mads F. Bertelsen, DVM, DVSc Section of Wildlife Health Staff Veterinarian Department of Clinical Sciences Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine Copenhagen Zoo Cornell University Roskildevej 38 Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark Phone: 607-253-3371 Phone/office: +45-72200227 Fax: 607-253-3271 Phone/cell: +45-30167327 E-mail: [email protected];[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fred Antonio Kate Bodley General Curator Veterinarian, Melbourne Zoo Central Florida Zoological Park P.O. Box 74 P.O. Box 470309 Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia Lake Monroe, Florida 32747-0309 Phone: +61 3-9285-9431 Phone: 407-323-4450 ext 140 Fax: +61 3-9285-9349 Fax: 407-321-0900 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Jon M. Arnemo, DVM, PhD David B. Brunson, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA Professor and Wildlife Veterinarian Veterinary Specialty Team, Pfizer Animal Health Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine 2780 Waubesa Avenue Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology Madison, Wisconsin 53711 Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Tromsø, Norway Mitchell Bush, DVM, Dipl ACZM Senior Veterinarian James Bailey, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA Conservation and Research Center University of Florida Smithsonian’s National Zoo College of Veterinary Medicine 1500 Remount Road Service Chief Front Royal, Virginia 22630 Anesthesia and Pain Management Phone: 540-635-6551 P.O. Box 100136 Fax: 540-635-6551 Gainesville, Florida 32610-0136 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 352-258-6600 E-mail: [email protected] Tracy Carer, BS, MS, PhD Ray L. Ball, DVM, MRCVS Adjunct Professor Associate Veterinarian Oklahoma State University Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Department of Zoology 3605 Bougainvillea Avenue 415 LSW Tampa, Florida 33612 Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 Phone: 813-987-5562 Phone: 405-744-9675 Fax: 813-987-5548 Fax: 405-744-7824 N E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] vii 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page viii viii CONTRIBUTORS Nigel. A Caulkett, DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA Nina Hahn, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACLAM Professor of Anaesthesiology Associate Director University of Calgary Office of Laboratory Animal Care Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Northwest Animal Facility, Room 203 3330 Hospital Drive NW University of California Berkeley Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1 Berkeley, California 94720-7150 Phone: 510-643-9667 Elizabeth Chittick, DVM, Dipl ACZM Fax: 510-643-9929 Disney’s Animal Programs E-mail: [email protected] 1200 Savannah Circle East Bay Lake, Florida 32830 Sonia Hernandez-Divers, DVM, Dipl ACZM E-mail: [email protected] PhD Candidate and Adjunct Assistant Professor Institute of Ecology and College of Veterinary Medicine Scott B. Citino, DVM, Dipl ACZM University of Georgia White Oak Conservation Center Athens, Georgia 30605 581705 White Oak Road Phone: 706-542-2968 Yulee, Florida 32097 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 904-225-3387 Fax: 904-225-3337 Jerry C. Haigh, BVMS, MSc, FRCVS, Dipl ACZM E-mail: [email protected] Professor, Dept of Large Animal Clinical Sciences University of Saskatchewan Thomas G. Curro, DVM, MS 52 Campus Drive Staff Veterinarian Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 Six Flags Great Adventure Wild Safari Highway 537 Martin Haulena, DVM, MSc Jackson, New Jersey 08527 Staff Veterinarian Phone: 732-928-2000 ext. 2077 Vancouver Aquarium E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 3232 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3X8 Chris Dold Phone: 604-659-3468 SeaWorld of Florida Fax: 604-659-3469 Veterinary Services Department E-mail: [email protected] 7007 SeaWorld Drive Orlando, Florida 32821 Michelle G. Hawkins, DVM, Dipl ABVP Assistant Professor, Companion Exotic Animal Gregory J. Fleming, DVM, Dipl ACZM Medicine and Surgery Veterinarian, Disney’s Animal Programs Department of Medicine and Epidemiology Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Animal Programs School of Veterinary Medicine Administration Building University of California, Davis Veterinary Services Davis, California 95616 1200 Savannah Circle, East Phone: 530-752-1393 Bay Lake, Florida 32830 Fax: 530-752-0414 Phone: 407-938-1925 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 407-938-3266 E-mail: [email protected] Darryl J. Heard BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM Associate Professor Zoological Medicine Kurt Grimm, DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACVA and ACVCP Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Veterinary Specialist Services PC College of Veterinary Medicine P.O. Box 504 University of Florida Conifer, Colorado 80433 Gainesville, Florida 32610-0126 Phone: 303-918-1321 Phone: 352-392-4700 ext. 4708 Fax: 303-816-4404 Fax: 352-392-6125 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Cornelia (Conny) Gunkel, Dr MedVet, Dipl ACVA Bruce Heath, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Seven Seven Anesthesia/Consulting Oregon State University 4290 Crest Road College of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-4006 219 Magruder Street Corvallis, OR 97331 Peter Holz, BVSc, DVSc, MACUSc, Dipl ACZM Phone: 541-737-6859 Associate Veterinarian N Fax: 541-737-6879 Healesville Sanctuary E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 248 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page ix CONTRIBUTORS ix Healesville, Victoria 3777 Atlantic Veterinary College Australia 550 University Avenue Phone: 613-5957-2864 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Fax: 613-5957-2860 Canada C1A 4P3 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 902-628-4316 E-mail: [email protected] William H. Horne, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVA Professor, Section of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Jennifer N. Langan, DVM, Dipl ACZM Department of Clinical Sciences Clinical Assistant Professor Zoological Medicine Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Ithaca, New York 14853 College of Veterinary Medicine Phone: 607-253-4145 Associate Zoo Veterinarian Fax: 607-253-3497 Brookfield Zoo E-mail: [email protected] 3300 Golf Road Brookfield, Illinois 60513 Ramiro Isaza, MSc, DVM, Dipl ACZM Phone: 708-485-0263 ext. 596 Associate Professor Zoological Medicine Fax: 708-485-0269 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences E-mail: [email protected] College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida R. Scott Larsen, DVM, MS, Dipl ACZM Gainesville, Florida 32610-0126 Assistant Professor of Captive and Phone: 352-392-4700 ext. 5743 Free-ranging Wildlife E-mail: [email protected] University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Randall Junge, MS, DVM, Dipl ACZM One Shields Avenue Director of Animal Health Davis, California 95616 St. Louis Zoo Phone: 530-752-2985 1 Government Drive Fax: 530-752-3318 Saint Louis, Missouri 63110 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 314-781-0900 ext. 487 Fax: 314-647-7969 Gregory A. Lewbart, MS, VMD, Dipl ACZM E-mail: [email protected] Professor of Aquatic Animal Medicine North Carolina State University Jeff Ko, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA College of Veterinary Medicine Professor Veterinary Anesthesia 4700 Hillsborough Street Department of Clinical Sciences Raleigh, North Carolina 27606 School of Veterinary Medicine Phone: 919-513-6439 Purdue University Fax: 919-513-6336 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2026 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 765-496-2026 Fax: 3756-496-1108 Michael Loomis, DVM, Dipl ACZM E-mail: [email protected] Chief Veterinarian North Carolina Zoological Park George V. Kollias, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACZM 4401 Zoo Parkway J. Hyman Professor of Wildlife Medicine Asheboro, North Carolina 27205 College of Veterinary Medicine Phone: 336-879-2891 Cornell University Fax: 336-879-7631 Ithaca, New York 14853 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 607-253-3049 Fax: 607-253-3271 Michael Lynch E-mail: [email protected] Veterinarian, Melbourne Zoo P.O. Box 74 Maud Lafortune, DMV, MSc, Dipl ACZM Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia Associate Veterinarian Phone: +61 3-9285-9431 Houston Zoo, Inc. Fax: +61 3-9285-9349 1513 North MacGregor Drive E-mail: [email protected] Houston, Texas 77030 Phone: 713-533-6706 Karen Machin, DVM, MSc, PhD E-mail: [email protected] Associate Professor Department of Biomedical Sciences Leigh A. Lamont, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVA University of Saskatchewan Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology 52 Campus Drive N Department of Companion Animals Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 40498 FM 00i-xvi r1.qxd 7/2/07 5:53 PM Page x x CONTRIBUTORS Khursheed Mama, BVSC, DVM, Dipl ACVA Rolf-Arne Ølberg, DVM, DVSc Associate Professor Director of Animal Care Department of Clinical Sciences Kristiansand Dyrepark Colorado State University 4609 Kardemomme By Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Norway Phone: 970-297-4124 Phone: +47 97059860 Fax: 970-297-1275 Fax: +47 38043367 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Michele Miller, DVM, PhD Luis R. Padilla, DVM Veterinary Services Operation Manager Veterinary Medical Officer Disney’s Animal Kingdom Smithsonian National Zoological Park 1200 North Savannah Circle East 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW Bay Lake, Florida 32830 Washington, D.C. 20008 Phone: 407-939-7316 Phone: 202-633-2747 Fax: 407-939-6240 Fax: 202-673-4733 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Anneke Moresco, DVM, MS, PhD Candidate John M. Parker, DVM University of California, Davis Campus Veterinarian Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Office of Laboratory Animal Care Immunology Northwest Animal Facility, Room 203 1126 Haring Hall University of California Berkeley One Shields Avenue Berkeley, California 94720-7150 Davis, California 95616 Phone: 510-672-0044 Phone: 530-754-7963 Fax: 510-643-9929 Fax: 530-752-3349 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Peter J. Pascoe, BVSc, Dipl ACVA Professor of Veterinary Anesthesiology and Pete vdB Morkel, BVSc Critical Patient Care Rhino Coordinator Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences Frankfurt Zoological Society School of Veterinary Medicine Ngorongoro Conservation Area University of California, Davis P.O. Box 1 Davis, California 95616 Ngorongoro, Tanzania Phone: 530-752-3151 Phone: 255-27-2537134 Fax: 530-752-6042 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Craig Mosley, DVM, MSc, Dipl ACVA Jessica M. Paterson, DVM, MVetSc Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Associate Professor of Anaesthesiology Oregon State University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences 229 Magruder University of Saskatchewan Corvallis, OR 97331 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 Daniel M. Mulcahy, PhD, DVM, Dipl ACZM Wildlife Veterinarian Robin W. Radcliffe, DVM, Dipl ACZM U.S. Geological Survey Rhinoceros Conservation Medicine Program Alaska Science Center International Rhino Foundation/Cornell University 1011 East Tudor Road 525 Spencer Road Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Ithaca, New York 14850 Phone: 907-786-3451 Phone: 607-253-4314 Fax: 907-786-3636 Fax: 607-253-3271 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Donald L. Neiffer, VMD, Dipl ACZM Sam Ridgway, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACZM Veterinary Operations Manager UCSD Veterinary Services Disney’s Animal Programs SSC SD 235 PLBS 53560 Hull Street P.O. Box 10,000 San Diego, California 92152-5001 Lake Buena Vista, Florida 32830 Phone: 619-553-1374 Phone: 407-938-2719 Fax: 619-553-1346 N Fax: 407-939-6391 E-mail: [email protected]
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