Table Of Content

ZONDERVAN Zondervan Handbook of Biblical Archaeology Copyright © 2017 by World of the Bible Ministries, Inc. and H. Wayne House Requests for information should be addressed to: Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546 ePub Edition © November 2017: ISBN 978-0-310-52764-0 Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.Zondervan.com. The “NIV” and “New International Version” are trademarks registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Biblica, Inc.® Any Internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers in this book are offered as a resource. They are not intended in any way to be or imply an endorsement by Zondervan, nor does Zondervan vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the life of this book. Photos, charts, and diagrams owned by Randall Price or H. Wayne House unless otherwise noted. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design: Studio Gearbox Cover imagery: © tunart/www.istock.com, © H. Wayne House, © Mark Connally/www.holylandphotos.com, © Oren Gutfeld Interior design: Kait Lamphere Part pages imagery: © Markus Pfaff/Shutterstock, © WitR/Shutterstock, © Karel Gallas/Shutterstock, Image Farm 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 DHV 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Information about External Hyperlinks in this ebook Please note that footnotes in this ebook may contain hyperlinks to external websites as part of bibliographic citations. These hyperlinks have not been activated by the publisher, who cannot verify the accuracy of these links beyond the date of publication. Dedication To my wife Beverlee, who has shared with me in the pre-dawn risings, long days of digging, and thrilling discoveries. You are my greatest treasure! Proverbs 25:2 RANDALL PRICE To my wife, Irina, whose love for Christ, the Bible, theology, and archaeology inspires me in my own life and work. “He who finds a wife finds a good thing, and obtains favor from the L .” ORD Proverbs 18:22 (NRSV) H. WAYNE HOUSE Table of Contents Acknowledgments List of Images Abbreviations Preface Introduction to Biblical Archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE OLD TESTAMENT 1. Introduction to Archaeology and the Old Testament 2. The Pentateuch 3. The Historical Books 4. Wisdom Literature 5. The Prophets 6. Archaeological Discoveries and the Old Testament ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE INTERTESTAMENTAL PERIOD 7. Introduction to the Intertestamental Period 8. The Second (Zerubbabel) Temple 9. The Second (Herodian) Temple 10. The Dead Sea Scrolls ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE NEW TESTAMENT 11. Introduction to Archaeology and the New Testament 12. The Gospels and Acts 13. The Letters of Paul 14. The General Letters and Revelation 15. Archaeological Discoveries and the New Testament Maps Glossary Endnotes Bibliography Scripture and Extra-Biblical Index Subject Index Acknowledgments Without the assistance of many people a handbook of this nature could not be accomplished. The authors first and foremost express deep appreciation to their wives (Beverlee Price and Irina House) for their encouragement and loving support throughout the project. The authors also thank their respective schools (Liberty University, Faith International University, and Faith Seminary) for the use of their research facilities. Dr. Price is grateful for the research and photographic assistance of Ms. Ayelet Shapira, Mrs. Michele Cowell, Mr. David Beauregard, Mr. Britt Paramore, and Mr. Dan Stuart (for assistance in the preparation of several charts). He also expresses appreciation to Mr. Stephen Rost for preparing the indices, Dr. David Graves for assistance in preparing the glossary, and Dr. Oren Gutfeld of the Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology. Dr. House likewise wishes to thank his assistant Mrs. Elizabeth Summers for her help. The authors express sincere gratitude to the museums and institutions in the US, Germany, England, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Greece, Turkey, and Italy that permitted them to research and photograph their collections. We also express thanks to Mr. Alexander Schick of the bibelausstellung in Sylt, Mr. Martin Severin of Inner-cube Publications for his expertise and use of photographs, Ayelet Shapira, Casey Olson and Alexandra Toy for photographic assistance, and many others as noted in the photo credits. Finally, we thank Zondervan Publisher Dr. Stan Gundry and Mr. Madison Trammel for allowing us to bring this work to the public, Dr. Nancy Erickson for her fine editorial work, Mrs. Kim Tanner for her design skill, and the entire Zondervan production team for their excellent craftsmanship in publishing which has made this handbook both a useful and beautiful complement for students and teachers of the Bible. List of Images 1. Chart, Formation Processes 2. Comparison of biblical and archaeological data 3. Rosetta Stone 4. Archaeological strata 5. Taking level at Tel es-Safi 6. Jar with bone deposit 7. lmlk seal jar handle 8. Handle of wine amphora 9. Oil lamp ceramic typology 10. Chart, Archaeological Periods 11. Enuma Elish 12. Chart, Enuma Elisha Creation Account 13. Comparison of Adapa Story and Genesis 14. Chlorite cylinder seal 15. Iron Age plaques with griffins 16. Göbekli Tepe 17. T-shaped pillars at Göbekli Tepe 18. Human figure at Göbekli Tepe 19. Chart, Patriarchal Ages 20. Sumerian King List 21. Eridu Genesis 22. Ark Tablet 23. Gilgamesh Epic 24. Chart, Gilgamesh Flood Epic 25. Atrahasis Epic 26. Chart, Atrahasis and Flood 27. Ark Construction in biblical and ANE Accounts 28. Babylonian World Map 29. Mt. Ararat 30. Bust of Sargon 31. Model, Eanna temple Ziggurat 32. Tower of Babel Stele 33. Chart, dating the Patriarchs