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Zonal Jets Phenomenology, Genesis,andPhysics In recent decades, great progress has been made in our understanding of zonal jets across manydisciplines–atmosphericscience,oceanography,planetaryscience,geophysicalfluid dynamics, plasma physics, magnetohydrodynamics, turbulence theory – but communica- tion between researchers from different fields has been weak or non-existent. Even the terminology may be so disparate that researchers working on similar problems do not understand each other. This comprehensive, multidisciplinary volume will break cross- disciplinary barriers and aid the advancement of the subject. It presents a state-of-the-art summary of all relevant branches of the physics of zonal jets, from the leading experts. The phenomena and concepts are introduced at a level accessible to beginning graduate students and researchers from different fields. The book also includes a very extensive bibliography. BORIS GALPERIN isanassociateprofessorintheCollegeofMarineScienceattheUni- versity of South Florida, where he has received two Outstanding Research Achievement Awards.Hediscoveredadeepsimilaritybetweenzonaljetsinoceansandongiantplanets, conductslaboratoryinvestigationsemulatinggeophysicalandplanetaryflows,andisaco- developerofananalyticaltheoryofanisotropicturbulencethatexplainsobservedspectraup tonumericalcoefficients. PETER L. READ isaprofessorintheDepartmentofPhysicsattheUniversityofOxford. He is best known for research on laboratory analogues of atmospheric and oceanic circu- lation, and for studies of the dynamics of almost all Solar System planets (including the Earth).Hewasaco-investigatorontheCassiniandMarsReconnaissanceOrbitermissions. He was awarded the Adrian Gill Prize of the Royal Meteorological Society and the Lewis Fry Richardson Medal of the European Geosciences Union for interdisciplinary contribu- tionstothenonlineardynamicsofrotatingfluidsandplanetaryatmospheres. ZONAL JETS Phenomenology, Genesis, and Physics Editedby BORIS GALPERIN UniversityofSouthFlorida,St.Petersburg PETER L. READ UniversityofOxford,Oxford UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06-04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107043886 DOI:10.1017/9781107358225 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2019 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2019 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Galperin,Boris,editor.|Read,PeterL.,1953–editor. Title:Zonaljets:phenomenology,genesis,andphysics/editedbyBoris Galperin(UniversityofSouthFlorida,SaintPetersburg),PeterL.Read (UniversityofOxford,Oxford). Description:Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2019]| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2018039871|ISBN9781107043886(hardback)| ISBN9781107619562(pbk.) Subjects:LCSH:Jets.|Zonalwinds.|Jetstream.|Winds.|Waterjets.|Turbulence. Classification:LCCQC935.Z662019|DDC551.51/83–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018039871 ISBN978-1-107-04388-6Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS ListofContributors pageix Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv ListofAbbreviations xvii Dedications:RaymondHideandGarethP.Williams xix I Introduction 1 TheWorldofJets 3 BORIS GALPERIN AND PETER L. READ II ZonalJetsinNature 2 TerrestrialAtmospheres 9 JONATHAN L. MITCHELL, THOMAS BIRNER, GUILLAUME LAPEYRE, NOBORU NAKAMURA, PETER L. READ, GWENDAL RIVIÈRE, AGUSTÍN SÁNCHEZ-LAVEGA AND GEOFFREY K. VALLIS 3 Oceans 46 PETER C. CORNILLON, ERIC FIRING, ANDREW F. THOMPSON, LEONID M. IVANOV, IGOR KAMENKOVICH, CHRISTIAN E. BUCKINGHAM AND YAKOV D. AFANASYEV 4 GasGiants 72 AGUSTÍN SÁNCHEZ-LAVEGA, LAWRENCE A. SROMOVSKY, ADAM P. SHOWMAN, ANTHONY D. DEL GENIO, ROLAND M. B. YOUNG, RICARDO HUESO, ENRIQUE GARCÍA-MELENDO, YOHAI KASPI, GLENN S. ORTON, NAIARA BARRADO-IZAGIRRE, DAVID S. CHOI AND JOHN M. BARBARA 5 ExoplanetsandtheSun 104 JAMES Y-K. CHO, HEIDAR TH. THRASTARSON, TOMMI T. KOSKINEN, PETER L.READ, STEVEN M. TOBIAS, WOOSOK MOON AND JACK W. SKINNER III JetsinLaboratories 6 ZonalJetFlowsintheLaboratory:AnIntroduction 119 PETER L. READ 7 ConvectivelyDrivenTurbulence,RossbyWavesandZonalJets: ExperimentsontheCoriolisPlatform 135 PETER L. READ, JOEL SOMMERIA AND ROLAND M. B. YOUNG 8 Turbulence,RossbyWavesandZonalJetsonthePolar β-Plane: ExperimentswithLaboratoryAltimetry 152 YAKOV D. AFANASYEV vi Contents 9 ZonalJetsintheLaboratory:ExperimentswithElectromagnetically ForcedFlows 167 STEFANIA ESPA, GABRIELLA DI NITTO, BORIS GALPERIN AND JESSE HOEMANN IV ZonalFlowsinMagneticallyConfinedPlasmas 10 Theory 181 PAUL W. TERRY 11 Experiments 194 TERESA ESTRADA V GenesisandMaintenanceofZonalJets:Turbulence andInstabilities 12 GeneralResultsonZonationinRotatingSystemswitha β-Effect andtheElectromagneticForce 209 BIN CHENG AND ALEX MAHALOV 13 BarotropicandZonostrophicTurbulence 220 BORIS GALPERIN, SEMION SUKORIANSKY, ROLAND M. B. YOUNG, REI CHEMKE, YOHAI KASPI, PETER L. READ AND NADEJDA DIKOVSKAYA 14 ZonalJetFormationbyPotentialVorticityMixingatLargeand SmallScales 238 RICHARD K. SCOTT AND DAVID G. DRITSCHEL 15 RadiatingInstability 247 JINBO WANG, MICHAEL A. SPALL, JOSEPH PEDLOSKY AND IGOR KAMENKOVICH 16 ModulationalInstabilityinBasicPlasmaandGeophysicalModels 255 BRENDA E. QUINN, SERGEY V. NAZARENKO, COLM P. CONNAUGHTON, STEVEN GALLAGHER AND BOGDAN HNAT 17 β-PlumeMechanismofZonalJetCreationbyaSpatially LocalizedForcing 266 YAKOV D. AFANASYEV AND LEONID M. IVANOV 18 MeridionalPropagationofZonalJetsinOceanGyres 284 BALASUBRAMANYA T. NADIGA AND DAVID N. STRAUB 19 DynamicsofBaroclinicMultipleZonalJets 292 PAVEL BERLOFF AND IGOR KAMENKOVICH VI GenesisandMaintenanceofZonalJets:StatisticalTheories 20 StatisticalClosuresandZonalFlows 309 JOHN A. KROMMES AND JEFFREY B. PARKER 21 DirectStatisticalSimulationofaJet 332 J. BRAD MARSTON, WANMING QI AND STEVEN M. TOBIAS 22 ZonalFlowsasStatisticalEquilibria 347 FREDDY BOUCHET AND ANTOINE VENAILLE Contents vii 23 ZonostrophyandOtherQuadraticInvariantsinDriftand Quasi-GeostrophicWaveTurbulence 360 KATIE L. HARPER, BRENDA E. QUINN, SERGEY V. NAZARENKO AND MIGUEL D. BUSTAMANTE 24 KineticTheoryandQuasi-LinearTheoriesofJetDynamics 368 FREDDY BOUCHET, CESARE NARDINI AND TOMÁS TANGARIFE 25 StatisticalStateDynamics:ANewPerspectiveonTurbulencein ShearFlow 380 BRIAN F. FARRELL AND PETROS J. IOANNOU 26 ZonalFlowasPatternFormation 401 JEFFREY B. PARKER AND JOHN A. KROMMES 27 EmergenceofNonzonalCoherentStructures 419 NIKOLAOS A. BAKAS AND PETROS J. IOANNOU VII MaterialTransportinFlowswithJets 28 AnisotropicandInhomogeneousEddy-InducedTransport inFlowswithJets 437 IGOR KAMENKOVICH, PAVEL BERLOFF AND IRINA I. RYPINA 29 Turbulence,DiffusionandMixingBarriersinFlowswithZonalJets 450 BORIS GALPERIN, SEMION SUKORIANSKY, STEFANIA ESPA, GUGLIELMO LACORATA, NADEJDA DIKOVSKAYA AND JESSE HOEMANN References 461 Index 502 CONTRIBUTORS YAKOV D. AFANASYEV REI CHEMKE MemorialUniversityofNewfoundland DepartmentofAppliedPhysicsandApplied DepartmentofPhysicsandPhysicalOceanography Mathematics Canada ColumbiaUniversity USA NIKOLAOS A. BAKAS LaboratoryofMeteorologyandClimatology BIN CHENG DepartmentofPhysics DepartmentofMathematics UniversityofIoannina UniversityofSurrey Greece UnitedKingdom JOHN M. BARBARA JAMES Y-K. CHO NASA,GoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy USA QueenMaryUniversityofLondon UnitedKingdom NAIARA BARRADO-IZAGIRRE EscueladeIngenieríadeBilbao DAVID S. CHOI DepartmentofPlanetarySciences Dpt.FísicaAplicadaI UniversityofArizona UniversidaddelPaísVasco USA Spain COLM P. CONNAUGHTON PAVEL BERLOFF CentreforComplexityScience DepartmentofMathematics UniversityofWarwick ImperialCollegeLondon UnitedKingdom UnitedKingdom PETER C. CORNILLON THOMAS BIRNER GraduateSchoolofOceanography MeteorologicalInstitute UniversityofRhodeIsland Ludwig-Maximilians-University USA Germany ANTHONY D. DEL GENIO FREDDY BOUCHET NASA,GoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies ENSdeLyon,CNRS,UCBL USA LaboratoiredePhysique,UniversitédeLyon France NADEJDA DIKOVSKAYA DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering CHRISTIAN E. BUCKINGHAM Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev NationalOceanographyCentre Israel UniversityofSouthampton UnitedKingdom GABRIELLA DI NITTO DICEA MIGUEL D. BUSTAMANTE SapienzaUniversitàdiRoma ComplexandAdaptiveSystemsLaboratory Italy SchoolofMathematicsandStatistics UniversityCollegeDublin DAVID G. DRITSCHEL Ireland SchoolofMathematicsandStatistics UniversityofStAndrews UnitedKingdom x ListofContributors STEFANIA ESPA PETROS J. IOANNOU DICEA DepartmentofPhysics SapienzaUniversitàdiRoma NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens Italy Greece TERESA ESTRADA LEONID M. IVANOV LaboratorioNacionaldeFusion DepartmentofOceanography CIEMAT NavalPostgraduateSchool Spain USA BRIAN F. FARRELL IGOR KAMENKOVICH DepartmentofEarthandPlanetarySciences RosenstielSchoolofMarineandAtmosphericScience HarvardUniversity UniversityofMiami USA USA ERIC FIRING YOHAI KASPI DepartmentofOceanography DepartmentofEarthandPlanetarySciences UniversityofHawai’iatManoa WeizmannInstituteofScience USA Israel STEVEN GALLAGHER TOMMI T. KOSKINEN DepartmentofPhysics DepartmentofPlanetarySciences UniversityofWarwick LunarandPlanetaryLaboratory UnitedKingdom UniversityofArizona USA BORIS GALPERIN CollegeofMarineScience JOHN A. KROMMES UniversityofSouthFlorida PlasmaPhysicsLaboratory,MS28 USA PrincetonUniversity USA ENRIQUE GARCÍA-MELENDO EscueladeIngenieríadeBilbao GUGLIELMO LACORATA DepartamentoFísicaAplicadaI ISAC,NationalResearchCouncil UniversidaddelPaísVasco Italy Spain GUILLAUME LAPEYRE KATIE L. HARPER LaboratoiredeMétéorologieDynamique/IPSL MathematicsInstitute CNRS/EcoleNormaleSupérieure UniversityofWarwick France UnitedKingdom ALEX MAHALOV BOGDAN HNAT SchoolofMathematicalandStatisticalSciences DepartmentofPhysics ArizonaStateUniversity UniversityofWarwick USA UnitedKingdom J. BRAD MARSTON JESSE HOEMANN DepartmentofPhysics CollegeofMarineScience BrownUniversity UniversityofSouthFlorida USA USA JONATHAN L. MITCHELL RICARDO HUESO AtmosphericandOceanicSciences EscueladeIngenieríadeBilbao Earth,PlanetaryandSpaceSciences DepartamentoFísicaAplicadaI UniversityofCalifornia–LosAngeles UniversidaddelPaísVasco USA Spain