ZnO nanostructures : fabrication and applications

306 Pages·2017·15.438 MB·English

by  Yue Zhang, Paul O'Brien CBE FREng FRS

ZnO Nanostructures
Fabrication and Applications
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Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series
Editor-in-Chief:
Paul O’Brien CBE FREng FRS, University of Manchester, UK
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F Xiaogang Liu, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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3 Ralph Nuzzo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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1 Joao Rocha, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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sc. Applications
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23: Nanoparticles in Anti-Microbial Materials: Use and Characterisation
24: Manipulation of Nanoscale Materials: An Introduction to
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25:TowardsEfficientDesigningofSafeNanomaterials:InnovativeMerge of
Computational Approaches and Experimental Techniques
26: Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites
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doi: 42: Nanotechnologies in Food, 2nd Edition
g | 43: ZnO Nanostructures: Fabrication and Applications
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ZnO Nanostructures
Fabrication and Applications
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F Yue Zhang
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1 Email: [email protected]
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78 Nanoscience&NanotechnologySeriesNo.43
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F Preface
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0.1 Nanoscience andnanotechnology have aroused tremendous and worldwide
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oi: concerns in recent decades. In the early 1990s, developments in physics
g | d made it possible to realise revolutionary progress on characterization
or approaches in nanoscale, which refreshed researchers’ understanding
c.
s.rs towards nanomaterials. Along with in-depth exploration of nanomaterial
ub properties,andextensiveattemptsontheirsynthesismethods,nanoscience
p
p:// and nanotechnology were gradually developed into a cutting-edge inter-
htt disciplinary research field.
n
o Among the various material candidates for the construction of nano-
7
01 structures,thegrowthofresearchinterestin3rdgenerationsemiconducting
2
e materials, such as SiC, GaN, AlN and ZnO has brought a tremendous
n
u
1 J impetus to the high-tech industry from both a scientific technology and
2
n industry strategies perspective. A series of physical superiorities to the 1st
o
d (Ge,Si)and2nd(GaAs,InSb)generationsemiconductingmaterials,suchas
e
h
s electricalpropertiesandopticalpropertieshavebeenhighlighted,especially
bli
u the wide band gap which is suitable for high-frequency, high-power elec-
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tronic devices and circuits. Recently, studies on ZnO, which is one of the
most important3rd generation semiconductors, has entered a new stage of
comprehensive use due to its multi-functional characteristics.
Since 2000, my group has been devoted to ZnO nanomaterials. Recently,
along with the highly developed multi-disciplinary fusion and integration,
considerableprogresshasbeenachievedinbothfundamentalresearchand
technique applications of ZnO nanostructures. To date, we have published
nearly400peer-reviewedjournalpapersandauthoredmorethan40patents
in this field, which has significantly broadened the research and
application areas.
This book is mainly based on the published works in my group. It covers
our research results for ZnO nanostructures ranging from fabrication to
Nanoscience&NanotechnologySeriesNo.43
ZnONanostructures:FabricationandApplications
ByYueZhang
rYueZhang2017
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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viii Preface
characterisation and from prototype applications to practical applications.
Certainly,theworldwidemilestoneachievementsinthefieldhavealsobeen
introduced. Therefore, this book could serve as a reference book for stu-
dents, researchers or other relevant personnel to promote the development
of this field. This book is divided into ten chapters, and overall guided by
07 Prof. Yue Zhang. The detailedchapter theme and co-authorsare as follows:
0
P Chapter 1, Overview; Chapter 2, Designing and Controllable Fabrication
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38- (Qingliang Liao); Chapter 3, Property Characterisation and Optimisation
2
10 (Xu Sun, Yanwei Shen, Pei Lin, Zhuo Kang); Chapter 4, Electromechanical
0
88 Devices (Zheng Zhang); Chapter 5, Photoelectrical Devices (Zhiming Bai,
7
81 Yanwei Shen, Pei Lin, Guangjie Zhang); Chapter 6, Photoelectrochemical
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9/9 Devices(ZhuoKang,ZhimingBai);Chapter7,BiosensingDevices(YuSong,
3
0 Zhuo Kang); Chapter 8, Self-powered Devices (Zheng Zhang, Zhiming Bai);
1
10. Chapter 9, Service Behaviour (Peifeng Li, Qi Zhang); Chapter 10, Field
oi: Emission and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption (Qingliang Liao).
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g | I would like to thank my current and former group members, as well as
or
c. collaborators who have dedicated themselves to the development of ZnO
s
s.r nanoscienceaswellasitsapplications.Iwouldalsoliketoacknowledgethe
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p strongfinancialsupportfromtheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofThe
http:// People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Education of The People’s
n Republic of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the
o
7 StateAdministrationofForeignExpertsAffairs,thePeople’sGovernmentof
1
0
2 Beijing Municipality.
e
n
u Lastly and most importantly, I thank my family for their continuous
J
21 understanding and support. The research could not be carried out without
on their strong support.
d
e
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bli Yue Zhang
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P University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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F Contents
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d 1.1 Introduction of Nanomaterials 1
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7 o Qingliang Liao and Yue Zhang
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ne 2.1 Vapour Phase Deposition Methods 8
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1 2.1.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition by Thermal
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on Evaporation 9
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Reduction 17
2.1.3 Metal–organic Chemical Vapour Deposition 20
2.1.4 Thermal Evaporation Physical Vapour
Deposition 21
2.1.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition 23
2.1.6 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 24
2.1.7 Magnetron Sputtering 25
2.2 Liquid-phase Reaction Methods 26
2.2.1 Liquid-phase Direct Reaction Method 27
2.2.2 Electrochemical Deposition 33
Nanoscience&NanotechnologySeriesNo.43
ZnONanostructures:FabricationandApplications
ByYueZhang
rYueZhang2017
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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x Contents
2.2.3 Template Method 34
2.2.4 Sol–gel Method 35
2.3 Patterned Growth of ZnO Nanostructures 38
References 48
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htt 3.4.1 Elastic Properties 85
on 3.4.2 High-pressure Induced Phase
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01 Transition 89
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ed Properties 93
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3.6.1 Origin of Piezoelectricity in ZnO 96
3.6.2 Piezoresponse Force Microscopy 98
3.6.3 Piezoelectric Property Enhancement 100
3.6.4 Dielectric Properties 102
3.7 Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Nanostructures 103
References 107
Chapter 4 Electromechanical Devices 124
Zheng Zhang and Yue Zhang
4.1 Individual Nanostructure-based Electromechanical
Devices 124
4.1.1 Individual Nanowire-based Mess Sensor 124
4.1.2 Individual Nanostructure-based Strain
Sensor 125
4.1.3 Individual Doped Nanostructure-based
Strain Sensors 129