Zinc in Soils and Plants: Proceedings of the International Symposium on ‘Zinc in Soils and Plants’ held at The University of Western Australia, 27–28 September, 1993

210 Pages·1993·6.52 MB·English

by  Phillip Barak, Philip A. Helmke (auth.), A. D. Robson (eds.)

ZINC IN SOILS AND PLANTS
Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences
VOLUME 55
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume
Zinc in Soils and Plants
Proceedings of the International Symposium on
'Zinc in Soils and Plants'
held at The University ofWestern Australia,
27-28 September, 1993
Edited by
A.D. Robson
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
School of Agriculture
The University ofWestern Australia
Perth
Western Australia
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
ISBN 978-94-010-4380-9 ISBN 978-94-011-0878-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0878-2
All Rights Reserved
© 1993 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form of by means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors ix
Preface xi
1. The Chemistry of Zinc
Phillip Barak and Philip A. Helmke
1. Abstract 1
2. Atomic and physical properties 2
3. Zinc minerals 3
4. Aqueous zinc complexes 4
5. Forms and distribution of zinc in solid and solution phases of soils 4
6. Biochemical aspects of zinc chemistry 6
7. Analytical chemistry of zinc 8
2. Mechanisms of Reaction of Zinc with Soil and Soil Components
N.J. Barrow
1. Abstract 15
2. Introduction 15
3. Zinc in solution 15
4. The soil components which react with zinc 17
5. Models of reaction with metal oxides 18
6. The problem of charge 19
7. The effects of time on metal adsorption by oxides 19
8. Modelling of adsorption of metals by oxides 20
9. Zinc sorption by soils - effects of concentration, pH and time 23
10. Modelling the reaction between zinc and soil 25
II. Competition and cooperation 26
12. Forms of zinc in soil 27
3. Zinc Fertilizers
J.J. Mortvedt and R.J. Gilkes
I. Abstract 33
2. Introduction 33
3. Zinc sources 33
4. Production and use 35
5. Methods of application 36
6. Agronomic effectiveness of Zn fertilizers 38
7. Reactions of Zn fertilizers in soils 40
8. Chemical evaluation of solid Zn fertilizers 41
9. Use of industrial by-products as Zn fertilizers 42
10. Fertilizer regulations 42
vi
4. Zinc Absorption from Hydroponic Solutions by Plant Roots
Leon V. Kochian
1. Abstract 4S
2. Introduction 45
3. Solution culture techniques 46
4. Kinetics of Zn2+ uptake 47
5. Zinc Uptake from Soils
H. Marschner
1. Abstract 59
2. Zinc availability in soils 59
3. Bioavailability of zinc 60
4. Concentration and dynamics of zinc in the rhizosphere 64
5. Zinc availability in flooded soils 71
6. Distribution and Transport of Zinc in Plants
Nancy E. Longnecker and Alan D. Robson
1. Abstract 79
2. Introduction 79
3. Pools of zinc 79
4. Transport of zinc 87
5. Conclusions 89
7. Form and Function of Zinc Plants
Patrick H. Brown, Ismael Cakmak and Qinglong Zhang
1. Abstract 93
2. Introduction 93
3. Forms of zinc in plants 94
4. The functions of zinc in physiological processes 96
5. Concluding remarks 102
8. Genotypic Variation in Zinc Uptake and Utilization by Plants
Robin D. Graham and Zdenko Rengel
1. Abstract 107
2. Introduction 107
3. Evidence for genetic variation 108
4. Genetics of Zn efficiency 109
5. Mechanisms of Zn efficiency 110
6. Screening techniques for identifying Zn efficiency in breeding programs 112
7. Agronomic considerations 114
vii
9. Interactions between Zinc and Other Nutrients Affecting the Growth of Plants
Jack F Loneragan and Michael J. Webb
1. Abstract 119
2. Introduction 119
3. P-Zn interactions 121
4. N-Zn interactions 125
5. Macronutrient cation-Zn interactions 126
6. Micronutrient -Zn interactions 127
7. Conclusions 131
10. Zinc Phytotoxicity
R.L. Chaney
1. Abstract 135
2. Introduction 135
3. Sources and significance of Zn contamination 136
4. Effect of soil pH and other soil properties on Zn phytotoxicity 137
5. Physiological aspects of Zn phytotoxicity 139
6. Crop differences in susceptibility to Zn phytotoxicity 139
7. Tolerance of high soil Zn 141
8. Use of chelator buffering to study Zn at phytotoxic levels 142
9. Prognosis for avoiding or preventing Zn phytotoxocity 144
11. The Distribution and Correction of Zinc Deficiency
P.N. Takkar and Colin D. Walker
1. Abstract 151
2. Introduction 151
3. Distribution of zinc deficiency 151
4. Correction of zinc deficiency 154
5. Conclusion 160
12. Diagnosis of Zinc Deficiency
R.F. Brennan, J.D. Armour and DJ Reuter
1. Abstract 167
2. Introduction 167
3. Diagnosis of Zn deficiency by field observations 167
4. Prediction of Zn deficiency by soil analysis 169
5. Diagnosis of Zn deficiency by plant analysis 171
13. Zinc Concentrations and Forms in Plants for Humans and Animals
Ross M. Welch
1. Abstract 183
2. Overview 183
viii
3. Dietary requirements 184
4. Plant foods as sources of Zn for humans 185
5. Plant factors affecting Zn bioavailability to humans 187
6. Major chemical forms of Zn in plants 189
7. Improving food crops as sources of Zn for humans 191
8. Summary 192
14. The Zinc Requirements of Grazing Ruminants
C.L. White
1. Introduction 197
2. Methods for estimating Zn requirements 197
3. Relationships between Zn requirements for plant and animal growth 204
4. Conclusion 204
List of Contributors
Annour, J, DPI, PO Box 1054, Mareeba, Queensland 4880, Australia
Barak:, P, Soil Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706, USA
Barrow, N J, CSIRO, Private Mail Bag, Post Office, Wembley WA 6014, Australia
Brennan, R F, Dept of Agriculture, Albany WA 6330, Australia
Brown, P H, Plant Nutrition, Pomology Department, University of California at Davis,
USA
Cakmak:, I, University Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,
Adana, Turkey
Chaney, R L, USDA-ARS Environmental Chemistry Lab, Bldg 318 BARC-East,
Beltsville Maryland 20705, USA
Gilkes, R J, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Agriculture, The University of
Western Australia, W A 6009, Australia
Graham, R D, Dept of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond
SA 5064, Australia
Helmke, P, Soil Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706, USA
Kochian, L, US Plant Soil and Nutrition Lab, Tower Road Ithaca NY 14853-0331, USA
Loneragan, J F, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
Longnecker, N E, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Agriculture, The University
of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
Marschner, H, Universitat Hohenheim, Institut fur Pflanzenernahrung, 7000 Stuttgart 70
Hohenheim, Germany
Mortvedt, J J, Agronomy Dept, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA
Rengel, Z, Dept of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond SA
5064, Australia
Reuter, D J, CSIRO Division of Soils, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
Robson, A D, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Agriculture, The University of
Western Australia, W A 6009, Australia
Takkar, P N, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Z-6 Zone-I Maharana Pratap Nagar, Bhopal
462011 Madhya Pradesh, India
Walker, CD, Dept Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA
6150, Australia
Webb, M, Dept of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond SA
5064, Australia
Welch, R M, US Plant Soil and Nutrition Lab, Tower Road, Ithaca NY 14853-0331, USA
White, C L, CSIRO, Post Office, Private Mail Bag, Wembley WA 6014, Australia
Zhang, Q, Department of Pomology, University of California at Davis, USA
Preface
The symposium on "Zinc in Soils and Plants" is the third in a series which began
with "Copper in Soils and Plants" in Perth in 1981 and continued with "Manganese in
Soils and Plants" in Adelaide in 1988.
The symP9sium brings together a series of valuable accounts of many aspects of the
reactions of zinc in soils, the uptake, transport and utilization of zinc in plants, the
diagnosis and correction of zinc deficiency in plants and the role of zinc in animal and
human nutrition.
I am grateful for the financial support provided by Grains Research and
Development Corporation, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation,
Wool Research and Development Corporation, Ansett Australia, and Qantas Australian.
I am most appreciative of the willingness of many scientists to act as referees: G S P
Ritchie, R J Gilkes, N C Uren, K Tiller, BLeach, H Greenway, N E Longnecker, J F
Loneragan, Z Rengel, C A Atkins, J W Gartrell, P J Randall, D G Edwards, R J Hannam,
R J Moir, J E Dreosti, N Suttle, C L White, H Marschner, N Wilhelm, M McBride. All
provided valuable comments on the manuscripts.
Finally, I thank Mrs M Davison who provided excellent secretarial assistance.
A.D. Robson September 1993