Zakim and Boyer's Hepatology. A Textbook of Liver Disease PDF
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Zakim and Boyer’s Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease Zakim and Boyer’s Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease Seventh Edition Arun J. Sanyal, MBBS, MD Keith D. Lindor, MD Charles Caravati Professor and Chair Executive Vice Provost and Dean Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and College of Health Solutions Nutrition Arizona State University Department of Internal Medicine Professor of Medicine School of Medicine Gastroenterology and Hepatology Virginia Commonwealth University Mayo Clinic Hospital Richmond, Virginia Phoenix, Arizona Thomas D. Boyer, MD Norah A. Terrault, MD, MPH Director, Liver Research Institute Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco University of Arizona San Francisco, California Tucson, Arizona 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 ZAKIM AND BOYER’S HEPATOLOGY: A TEXTBOOK OF LIVER DISEASE ISBN: 978-0-323-37591-7 SEVENTH EDITION Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies, and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods, they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence, or otherwise or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2012, 2006, 2003, 1996, 1990, 1982 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sanyal, Arun J., editor. | Boyer, Thomas D., editor. | Terrault, Norah, editor. | Lindor, Keith D., editor. Title: Zakim and Boyer’s hepatology : a textbook of liver disease / [edited by] Arun J. Sanyal, Thomas D. Boyer, Norah A. Terrault, Keith D. Lindor. Other titles: Hepatology Description: 7th edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2018] | Preceded by Zakim and Boyer’s hepatology : a textbook of liver disease / [edited by] Thomas D. Boyer, Michael P. Manns, Arun J. Sanyal. 6th ed. c2012. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016053023 | ISBN 9780323375917 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Liver Diseases Classification: LCC RC845 | NLM WI 700 | DDC 616.3/62–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053023 Senior Content Strategist: Sarah Barth Senior Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Ehlers Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Albright Jackson Senior Project Manager: Doug Turner Designer: Paula Catalano Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Nezam H. Afdhal, MD William F. Balistreri, MD Senior Physician in Hepatology Dorothy M.M. Kersten Professor of Pediatrics Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Director Emeritus, Pediatric Liver Care Center Boston, Massachusetts; Medical Director Emeritus, Liver Transplantation Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Harvard Medical School Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Cambridge, Massachusetts The Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Alina M. Allen, MD Cincinnati, Ohio Assistant Professor of Medicine Gastroenterology and Hepatology Jesus M. Banales, PhD Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Head, Liver Diseases Group Rochester, Minnesota Biodonostia Research Health Institute Donostia University Hospital Aditya Ambade, PhD Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain Associate Scientist Assistant Professor Department of Medicine University of Navarra, Spain University of Massachusetts Medical School Pamplona, Spain Worcester, Massachusetts Assistant Professor of Medicine Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Quentin M. Anstee, BSc, MB BS, PhD, MRCP(UK), FRCP Rochester, Minnesota Professor of Experimental Hepatology Institute of Cellular Medicine Richard Bendall, MD Newcastle University and Freeman Hospital Liver Unit Royal Cornwall Hospital and University of Exeter Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom Truro, United Kingdom Sumeet K. Asrani, MD, MSc Ariel Benson, MD Physician Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Division of Hepatology Department of Medicine Baylor University Medical Center Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem Waco, Texas Jerusalem, Israel Davis N. Assis, MD Antonio Bertoletti, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Emerging Infectious Diseases Section of Digestive Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School Yale University School of Medicine Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences New Haven, Connecticut A*STAR, Singapore Singapore Jasmohan Singh Bajaj, MBBS, MD Associate Professor Jorge A. Bezerra, MD Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Professor of Pediatrics Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical The William and Rebecca Balistreri Chair in Pediatric Center Hepatology Richmond, Virginia Medical Director, Pediatric Liver Care Center Director, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and The Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio v vi Contributors Scott W. Biggins, MD, MAS Massimo Colombo Anschutz Medical Campus Professor University of Colorado, Denver Divison of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Anschutz Outpatient Pavilion Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Aurora, Colorado University of Milan Milan, Italy Herbert L. Bonkovsky, MD Professor of Medicine Min Cong, MD Chief of Hepatology Liver Research Center Sections on Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Molecular Beijing Friendship Hospital Medicine &Translational Science Capital Medical University Wake Forest University School of Medicine Beijing, China Winston-Salem, North Carolina David W. Crabb, MD Christopher Bowlus, MD Professor of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Professor and Chief Biology Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of California, Davis Department of Medicine Sacramento, California Indiana University School of Medicine Eskenazi Health Thomas D. Boyer, MD Indianapolis, Indiana Director, Liver Research Institute Professor of Medicine James M. Crawford, MD, PhD Department of Medicine Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Arizona Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Tucson, Arizona Hempstead, New York David A. Brenner, MD Harry R. Dalton, MD Department of Medicine Royal Cornwall Hospital and University of Exeter School of Medicine Truro, United Kingdom University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California Srinivasan Dasarathy, MD Staff Elizabeth M. Brunt, MD Department of Gastrenterology, Hepatology, and Pathobiology Emeritus Professor Cleveland Clinic Pathology and Immunology Cleveland, Ohio Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Christopher P. Day, BA, MB, B.Chir, MA (Cambridge), PhD, MD, FRCP Stephen H. Caldwell, MD Pro-Vice Chancellor Professor Provost of Medical Sciences Director of Hepatology Institute of Cellular Medicine University of Virginia Medical Center Newcastle University and Freeman Hospital Liver Unit Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Charlottesville, Virginia Laurie D. DeLeve, MD, PhD Naga Chalasani, MD Professor of Medicine David W. Professor and Director USC Research Center for Liver Diseases Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Indiana University School of Medicine Keck School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Los Angeles, California Jonathan R. Cogley, MD Kalpana M. Devaraj, MD, MHS Radiologist Assistant Professor VA Western New York Healthcare System Department of Pathology Department of Radiology University of Colorado, Denver Buffalo, New York Denver, Colorado Contributors vii Harshad Devarbhavi, MD, DM Sandy Feng, MD, PhD Professor of Gastroenterology Professor of Surgery Head, Department of Gastroenterology Division of Transplant Surgery St. John’s Medical College University of California, San Francisco Bangalore, India San Francisco, California Anna Mae Diehl, MD Stuart Forbes, MD, PhD Division of Gastroenterology MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine Department of Medicine The University of Edinburgh Duke University Medical Center Edinburgh, United Kingdom Durham, North Carolina Bin Gao, MD Joost P.H. Drenth, MD, PhD Laboratory of Liver Diseases Professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Head, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology National Institutes of Health Radboud University Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland Nijmegen, The Netherlands Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, MD Razan El Ramahi, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Internal Medicine/Digestive Diseases Department of Medicine Yale University University of Arizona New Haven, Connecticut Banner University Medical Center Chief of Digestive Diseases Tucson, Arizona Internal Medicine VA Connecticut Healthcare System Tamer Mahmoud Elbaz, MD West Haven, Connecticut Associate Professor of Endemic Hepatogastroenterology Faculty of Medicine Aiman Ghufran, MD Cairo University Fellow Cairo, Egypt Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Laure Elkrief, MD Madison, Wisconsin Service d’Hépatogastroentérologie Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève Patrick Martin Gillevet, PhD Geneva, Switzerland Director Microbiome Analysis Center Gamal Esmat, MD Professor Professor of Hepatology Department of Biology Faculty of Medicine George Mason University Cairo University Manassas, Virginia Cairo, Egypt Jeffrey S. Glenn, MD PhD Gregory Thomas Everson, MD Associate Professor Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology Denver, Colorado Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, California Phillip Factor, DO, MHL, FCCM Professor and Vice-Chairman of Medicine David Goldberg, MD University of Arizona College of Medicine Assistant Professor of Medicine Tucson, Arizona Division of Gastroenterology University of Pennsylvania Michael B. Fallon, MD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor of Medicine Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Stuart C. Gordon, MD The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Houston, Texas Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, Michigan viii Contributors Gregory J. Gores, MD Harry L.A. Janssen, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine and Physiology Francis Family Chair in Liver Research Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Director, Toronto Center for Liver Disease Rochester, Minnesota Professor of Medicine University of Toronto Shahid Habib, MD, FCPS, MRCP Toronto Centre for Liver Disease Associate Professor Toronto Western & General Hospital University of Arizona College of Medicine University Health Network Medical Director Toronto, Ontario, Canada Liver Institute PLLC Tucson, Arizona Jidong Jia, MD Liver Research Center Stephen A. Harrison, MD Beijing Friendship Hospital Physician Capital Medical University Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beijing, China Department of Medicine Brooke Army Medical Center Bobby T. Kalb, MD Fort Sam Houston Associate Professor of Radiology San Antonio, Texas University of Arizona Department of Medical Imaging Theo Heller, MD College of Medicine Translational Hepatology Unit Tucson, Arizona Liver Diseases Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Patrick S. Kamath, MD Diseases Professor of Medicine National Institutes of Health Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Bethesda, Maryland Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota Steve M. Helmke, PhD Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Saul J. Karpen, MD, PhD Department of Medicine Professor of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Raymond F. Schinazi Distinguished Biomedical Chair Denver, Colorado Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine/Children’s Healthcare of Deborah Holtzman, PhD Atlanta Associate Director for Science Atlanta, Georgia Division of Viral Hepatitis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Constantine J. Karvellas, MD, SM, FRCPC Atlanta, Georgia Associate Professor of Medicine and Critical Care Department of Critical Care Nicolas M. Intagliata, MD Division of Hepatology Assistant Professor University of Alberta University of Virginia Medical Center Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Charlottesville, Virginia Tatiana Kisseleva, MD Department of Surgery Jacques Izopet, MD School of Medicine Department of Virology University of California, San Diego National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus La Jolla, California CHU Purpan Université Paul Sabatier Stephen A. Klotz, MD Toulouse, France Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Syed-Mohammed Jafri, MD Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Arizona Henry Ford Hospital Banner University Medical Center Detroit, Michigan Tucson, Arizona Contributors ix Christopher Koh, MD, MHSc Cynthia Levy Translational Hepatology Unit Associate Professor of Medicine Liver Diseases Branch Division of Hepatology National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney University of Miami Diseases Miami, Florida National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Hongxia Li, MBBS, MS Senior Research Coordinator Rohit Kohli, MBBS, MS Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Associate Professor of Pediatrics Baltimore, Maryland Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio Suthat Liangpunsakul, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Monica A. Konerman, MD Molecular Biology Transplant Hepatology Fellow Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Indiana University School of Medicine University of Michigan Health System R.L. Roudebush VA Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan Indianapolis, Indiana Shyamasundaran Kottilil, MD, PhD Ansgar W. Lohse, MD Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases University Medical Centre Hamburg–Eppendorf Division of Clinical Care and Research Hamburg, Germany Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland School of Medicine Anna S. Lok, MD Baltimore, Maryland Professor University of Michigan Health System Laura Kulik, MD Department of Internal Medicine Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation Division of Gastroenterology Chicago, Illinois Ann Arbor, Michigan Asha C. Kuruvilla, MD Georgios Loudianos, MD Clinical Instructor Laboratory Genetic Liver Disease Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Ospedale Regionale per le Microcitemie Houston, Texas Cagliari, Italy Frank Lammert, Dr. Med. Michael R. Lucey, MD Professor Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine II Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Saarland University Medical Center University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Saarland University Madison, Wisconsin Saarbrucken, Germany Mariana Verdelho Machado, MD, PhD Konstantinos N. Lazaridis, MD Division of Gastroenterology Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Rochester, Minnesota Durham, North Carolina Gastroenterology and Hepatology Riccardo Lencioni Hospital of Santa Maria Professor Lisbon, Portugal Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Oncology, Transplants, and Advanced Diego R. Martin, MD, PhD, FRCPC Technologies in Medicine Cosden Professor and Chairman University of Pisa Department of Medical Imaging Pisa, Italy University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Arizona x Contributors Eric G. Meissner, MD, PhD Antonello Pietrangelo, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Unit of Internal Medicine 2 and Center for Hemochromatosis Division of Infectious Diseases University Hospital of Modena The Medical University of South Carolina Modena, Italy Charleston, South Carolina Stacey Prenner, MD Frank H. Miller, MD Fellow, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Lee F. Rogers, MD, Professor of Medical Education Northwestern University Chief, Body Imaging Section and Fellowship Program and GI Chicago, Illinois Radiology Medical Director MRI Puneet Puri, MBBS, MD Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Associate Professor Radiologist Internal Medicine Department of Radiology Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Northwestern Memorial Hospital Virginia Commonwealth University Chicago, Illinois Richmond, Virginia Andrew J. Muir, MD, MHS Lihui Qin, MD, PhD Chief, Division of Gastroenterology Associate Professor Department of Medicine Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Director, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine Hempstead, New York Durham, North Carolina Nataliya Razumilava, MD Moises I. Nevah, MD Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Michigan Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Ann Arbor, Michigan The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas Jurrien Reijnders, MD, PhD Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist Erin K. O’Neill, MD Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Associate Director of Body MR Imaging Haga Hospital Department of Radiology The Hague, The Netherlands MedStar Washington Hospital Center Washington, District of Columbia Eve A. Roberts, MD, PhD Adjunct Professor Ran Oren, MD Paediatrics, Medicine, and Pharmacology & Toxicology Professor of Medicine and Gastroenterology University of Toronto Eugene and Helen Elias Sobel Chair in Gastroenterology Adjunct Scientist Head, Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Genetics and Genome Biology Program Department of Medicine Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jerusalem, Israel Lewis R. Roberts, MB, ChB, PhD Kavish R. Patidar, DO Professor of Medicine Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Center Rochester, Minnesota Richmond, Virginia Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury, MBBS, MRCP, AGAF Mark M. Pence, MD Professor Physician Departments of Medicine and Genetics Division of Internal Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department of Medicine New York, New York Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland Namita Roy-Chowdhury, PhD Professor David Perlmutter, MD Departments of Medicine and Genetics Professor and Chair Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department of Pediatrics New York, New York University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Contributors xi Mark Russo, MD Obaid S. Shaikh, MD, FRCP Professor of Medicine Director University of North Carolina—Charlotte Transplantation Medicine Charlotte, North Carolina VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System Professor Sammy Saab, MD, MPH, AGAF, FAASLD, FACG Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Professor of Medicine and Surgery University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Kenneth E. Sherman, MD, PhD Gould Professor of Medicine Banishree Saha, PhD Director, Division of Digestive Diseases Department of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School Cincinnati, Ohio Worcester, Massachusetts Douglas A. Simonetto, MD Angelo Sangiovanni Assistant Professor of Medicine Divison of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Senior-Associate Consultant Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Liver Transplantation University of Milan Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Milan, Italy Rochester, Minnesota Varun Saxena, MD, MAS Ashwani K. Singal, MD Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Associate Professor of Medicine and Co-Director Porphyria Center University of California, San Francisco Division of Gastroenterology, and Hepatology San Francisco, California Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Kathleen B. Schwarz, MD Birmingham, Alabama Professor of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Milan Sonneveld, MD, PhD, MSc Baltimore, Maryland Resident, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Epidemiologist Seth N. Sclair Department of Gastroenterology Jackson Health System Erasmus MC University Medical Center Miami, Florida Rotterdam, The Netherlands Susana Seijo, MD, PhD James E. Squires, MD, MS Cinical Trials Office Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Department of Medicine Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Nutrition New York, New York University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Kenneth D.R. Setchell, PhD Director, Clinical Mass Spectrometry Richard K. Sterling, MD Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine VCU Hepatology Professor of Medicine Professor Chief of Hepatology University of Cincinnati Department of Pediatrics Virginia Commonwealth University Cincinnati, Ohio Richmond, Virginia Vijay H. Shah, MD Amy N. Stratton, DO Professor of Medicine Internist Chair, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Department of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland R. Todd Stravitz, MD Professor of Medicine Section of Hepatology Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia
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