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Youth in Malawi. Security and progress with the Malawi Young Pioneers PDF

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Preview Youth in Malawi. Security and progress with the Malawi Young Pioneers

StanfordUniversityLibraries HOOVER INSTITUTION 3 6105 120 888 420 Malawi. Dept of Information. Youth in Malawi. C i t e STANFORD LIBRARIES 1 1 4 HQ 799 M2A3 G i l l STANFORD LIBRARIES Lilla HOOVER INSTITUTION onWar, Revolution, and Peace FOUNDED BYHERBERT HOOVER, 1919 Malaus jutmeng YOUTH IN MALAWI C O U Secu y and Progre with the Malawi Young Pioneers 7 7 6 4 1 THE NATIONAL YOUTH MOVEMENT OF MALAWI Portrait ofActivities Contents Extracts from the Commander in-Chief's Speeches 3 The Historyofthe Youth Move ment ... ... 4,5,6,7 New Farmland for Resettlement 8,9 Youth on Display ... CentrePages Picture Page 12 The Youth Movement in Schools 13 Work on the Land ... 14 MYP Code 15, 16 Training Centres 17 Pioneers in the News 18 Many Faces 19 PublishedbyDepartmentofInformation andMalawiYoungPioneers'Headquarters OUNG HIGNEERS TM Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda Commander-in-ChiefMalawi YoungPioneers, President ofthe Republic ofMalawi Extracts from the Commander-in-Chief's speeches on the Youth Movement .. · I want myYouth to learn to appreciate the importance ofmanual and physical labour. We need qualified Farmers, Agriculturists, Technicians, Mechanics,Artisans ofevery description. ... That is what the Young Pioneers Youth Movement teaches boys and girls howto use their hands as well as their brains. I am hereto put inthe mind ofmy boys and girls the idea ofservice to this country, kindness, love of land work, dedication, selflessness, honesty, truth fulness. ...You have read our five-year development plan? My long-term plan is simply to develop the agricultural resources ofthis country, because this country is basically an Agricultural one, and therefore anyone talking about 'economic development' of this country, must emphasise improvement ofagriculture. I also want to popularise Agriculture. I've organised Youths, asYoung Pioneers. ... Money in this country comes from only one source from the ground. The body is being taught how to become strong, how to become flexible, howto become agile and the brain is being taught too. Howto think, what to do under difficult circumstances. How to improvise when you haven't gotthematerial.These boysand girls should not betaught just howto jump, just howto march, just how to do these little things. They must be taught oneofthe most important things inthis country-ifnot the most important thing in the country-howto use thesoil and the land properly. Well, every Young Pioneer Camp, is a Farm Institute, because I believe that I have to train my young men and young women. Once I have trained them in thesecamps, when theygo back home, theywill be teachers totheir own mothersand fathers. 3 THE HISTORY OF THE YOUTH MOVEMENT by The National Chairman of Malawi Young Pioneers The Hon. A. Banda Ministerof Development and Planning Nyasaland African Congress Youth taketheplace oftheNyasalandAfrican training course ofthe Young Pioneers League CongressWomen's and Youth Leagues at Nasawa in the Zomba district. This The history of the Malawi Young respectively. wasthebeginningoftheMalawiYoung Pioneersstartswiththeformationofthe The function of the Youth League Pioneers. Nyasaland African Congress Youth during this period of our struggle for Before a distinguished gathering of League in 1958. When the Ngwazi freedomwasapurelypolitical one.The Government Ministers, Diplomats, returned tothethen Nyasalandto lead Youth League did everything that was PartyOfficials and otherdignitaries,the the people of Malawi in their struggle necessaryto be done during this period Ngwazi stated clearly the aims and against Federation and for Independ ofour struggle like political agitation, objects ofthe Malawi Young Pioneers ence he found that Politics in this stonethrowing, bridge breaking, house and their relationship to the Govern country were a preserve of the men burningandmany otherthings. ment, the Malawi Congress Party and only. There were no women and youth theLeague ofMalawiYouth. intheCongress.The Congresswasthen whatthe Ngwazilikesto call "mphara” MalawiYoung Pioneers Starts orahouseinwhichonlymenlive.Itwas As soon asthe Ngwazi was released MalawiYoungPioneers-Early not "nyumba" or a house in which a from prison on April 1, 1960, he History family, a father, mother and children ushered this country into a newperiod TheMalawiYoungPioneerswasthen live. The Ngwazi knew that this of political development and con organisedunderthe MinistryofEduca type of set-up could not put up an stitutional change. A new constitution tion and Social Development. It was effective fight against Federation and was granted to the Ngwazi which gave controlled bya Council of 12 men and for Independence. So the Ngwazi thethen Nyasaland a large measure of women underthe Chairmanship ofthe startedtheNyasaland African Congress self-governmentinAugust,1961.Shortly Minister of Education and Social Women's League and the Nyasaland after this, Nyasaland was granted full Development. After a few months AfricanCongressYouthLeague,within internal self-government and it was of the existence of movement, it was theNyasalandAfrican Congressframe clear that independence was only foundthatthecontrol ofthemovement work. aroundthecorner. by the council was unsatisfactory and The history of the struggle of the As soon as this became apparent to ineffective. Malawi people for freedom is too well theNgwazi he decided that it was time Although the Ngwazi had stated the knowntoberepeated hereandso isthe he re-organised the Youth League to aims and objects of the movement part which the Women's and Youth prepare them for the new tasks of clearly and its relationship to the Leagueshave played in this struggle.It buildingthecountrywhichwouldcome Party, the Government andthe League should,therefore suffice to saythatasa withthe newlywon freedom. Although ofMalawiYouth, the peoplewho con result of the effective organisation the Youth League had done an ex trolled the movement deliberately mis whichthe Ngwazi put up through the tremely good job during our fight for interpreted the Ngwazi's intentions and Congress and the part which the freedom the methods which were the aims and objects ofthe movement. WomenandYouthplayedinit,wewere suitableto this period oftime were not They so manipulated the organisation abletobreakWelensky'sstupid Federa suitable for the new tasks which came thatitdwindledintonothing morethan tion and to win independence for withself-governmentandindependence. an instrument for the self-glorification Malawi. SotheNgwazidecidedtore-organisethe of certain individuals who have since In 1959,asaresultoftheactivitiesof League and give the youth training proved to be traitors to this country. theCongress, the Ngwazi and overone whichwouldequipthemforthenewera The young men and women who thousand ofhis followers were arrested ofconstruction. organised the movement then were led andsentto prisonanddetentioncamps. Towards the end of 1962, the Father into believing that the Malawi Young The Nyasaland African Congress was oftheNation, sent five youngmen and Pioneers was a separate organisation banned together withtheWomen'sand fouryoungwomentoGhanatotrainas from the Malawi Congress Party and YouthLeagues. Later intheyearwhen Young Pioneer Instructors with the theLeagueofMalawiYouth.Theywere theMalawiCongress Partywasformed Ghana Young Pioneers. These young taught to disrespect the Party and to take the place of the Nyasaland men and women spent five months in Party Officials. This was not what was AfricanCongress,theLeagueofMalawi Ghana and returned home. On August intended. WomenandYouthwerealsoformedto 10, 1963, the Ngwazi opened the first Therefore, the Ngwazi decided to HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT (contd.) sities and theyare, therefore, poor and hungry.Thisisanotheroftheproblems correctthe situation. He tookawaythe ters are only representatives of the whichgivetheNgwazirestlessdaysand control of the movement from the people in the villages. Therefore, it sleepless nights. Howdoes hesolvethis Ministry of Education and Social should be clear to everyone that this problem ofpovertyamonghispeople? Development and the Council and put responsibility rests on all the four it directly under himself. To assist him millionpeople ofMalawi. Communications: in the day-to-day administration, In this country we have only one control, discipline and training ofthe railway. This railway links Beira in movement, the Ngwazi appointed a WHATARE THEPROBLEMS? Mozambique and Salima in Malawi. National Chairman who would be Thisisouronly outlettothe seaforall directly responsible and answerable to Education: ourgoods. In the countrywehaveonly him. Thanks to the work ofthe mission one main road which travels the Towardstheend of 1963 the Ngwazi aries, we have in this country a very country from Nsanje in the South to requested the Israeli Government to broad primary school system. A very Chitipain the North. This road has a second to Malawi experts in Youth large number of children who want to branch at Lilongwe which links this countrywithZambia. Organisation. The Ngwazi requested go to school can get some primary the Israelis to advise in the organisa education. But our educational set-up Foranycountry to develop properly tion ofour National Youth Movement forms a bottleneck at the secondary it needs a very good network ofroads becausetheyhavehad experienceanda schoollevel. Everyyear, therearemore in the country to link up the various practical approach to youth education than 30,000 boys and girls who com districtsandvariousplaces. Thisisvery and organisation. pleteprimaryschoolandwhowanttogo badlylackingin ourcountry. Thereare Mr. P. Gonen, LI.B., former leader to secondary schools. But ofthese not many parts of the country which are of"Gadna” the Israeli NationalYouth more than 2,400 can be taken in completely inaccessible to the other Movement was appointed by the secondaryschools. Uptotwoyearsago people outside ofthem. People in these Israeli Government to serve in an when we still had a colonial govern areasgrowtheircrops, fewastheymay advisorycapacity to the MalawiYoung ment in this country, only about 600 be, but they cannot take them to the Pioneers. In March, 1964, a team of boys and girls could find secondary markets for sale, because there are no three Israeli Instructors, Mr. P. Lavie, schoolplaces. roads or the paths that there are, are Mr. Uri Yanay and Mr. RanLachman Fortunatelyforthiscountry, wehave impassabledueto riverswhichhaveno arrived in Malawi and started the first a leader who believes passionately in bridgesorotherreasons. YouthLeadership Courseapplyingnew educatinghis people. Forthisreasonhe Sometimesthepeopleintheseremote methods ofYouth Leadership training has increased our secondary schools and inaccessible areas cannot be pro techniques. from 17 in 1961 to 67 by 1966. Hence vided with education or medicalfacili This marked the beginning of the we are now able to take up to 2,400 ties, even if these were available, MalawiYoung Pioneers as we know it young men in secondary school. But because no one can reach them. In today. there are still 27,000 children to be some cases these remote and inacces provided with secondary school educa sible areas have vast natural resources WhyMalawiYoungPioneers? tion. In addition to the lack ofsecond which could be tapped, but because Why did the Ngwazi re-organise the ary school opportunities we also need people have not been able to reachthe League ofMalawi Youthto includethe more technical schools and more area easily these resources have re Malawi Young Pioneers? What is it teachertrainingschools and, ofcourse, maineduntapped.Thisisanotherofthe that we hope to achieve through the a good university. This is one ofthe problemsthatfacesthe Ngwazi. MalawiYoungPioneers? problems which gives the Ngwazi Malawi has been neglected for the restless days and sleepless nights. How EconomicDevelopment: past 70years. Very little has been done does he solve this problem oferadicat InsummingupalltheproblemsIhave to develop this country and, in par ingignorancefrom his people? briefly outlined above, the single most ticular, the period of the imposed important problem that faces this Federation, 1953 to 1963, had been a Unemployment: country is one of economic develop period ofcomplete stagnation. Because Everyyear, we have several hundred ment. On our economic development the development of our country was thousands ofour people who wantto depends the solution to most ofthe neglected there are many things which find employment. There are as many problemsIhavestatedabove.Butwhatis we lack in this country: facilities for as 77,400 people who seek jobs involvedinthiseconomicdevelopment? education,medical facilities, roads,jobs every year. Of these 63,400 travel We have been told in the past that and manyotherthings. abroadto seekjobs in Rhodesia, South thiscountry is a poorcountry. But our While we were a colonial people it Africa, Zambia and other countries. Leader has rejected this. The Ngwazi was not our responsibility to provide 14,000 remain at home and tryto find argues,andweagreewithhim,thatthis these things because we had no say in jobs in the country. Blantyre, Zomba, countryisnotapoorcountry. It isonly the government of our own country. Lilongwe, Mzuzu and other places. aneglected country. Butnow that we are free and indepen This is a very unsatisfactory state of Itistruethatwedonothaveminerals dent, it is our responsibility to provide affairs. that arebeing exploited yet. Butnotall thesethings. But nowthat we are free The majority of those who wish to countries in the world depend on and independent, it isourresponsibility work at home cannot find any jobs. mineralsfortheirwealth. In Malawiwe to provide these facilities. There are not enoughjobs. As a result arefortunate in thatwe haveveryhigh Some people may think that this ofthis we have many people who are natural resources. We have here vast responsibility rests on Members of unemployed for severalmonths oreven and expansive lands which have very Parliament and Ministers only. After years and consequently, they have no rich soil for cultivation. This is our all Members of Parliament and Minis moneyfor their food and other neces mineral wealth: the soil, in other 5 can achieve if the people are prepared HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT (contd.) to workhard. wordsagricultureisthemainstayofour and other government departments are economyinthiscountry. doing a very good job ofteaching our Physical Activities: Butalthoughwehavesuchgood agri peoplethe new methods of agriculture If people are going to work hard, culturallandweare atthe moment not which are essential to ensure the particularly if they are going to work making full use of our agricultural economic development ofthis country. hardwith theirhands in their gardens, resources. The majority of our people Butthis is not an easy task. It is very they need to develop strong bodies. A arestillengaged insubsistencefarming, difficult. weak person cannot work hard at that is farming in which they only The Ngwazi believes that the best anything. Young Pioneers do many produce enoughfor their food require way to tackle this problem in the activities whichtoughen their bodies. mentsfortheyear,iftheyarelucky, but shortestpossibletime isbytrainingand They take part in gymnastics, com moreoftenforonlypartoftheyear.No educatingtheYouthofthecountry.The batives, games, hikes, athletics. These attempt is made to growcrops in such idea is that oncethe Youth learn these activities develop in our Youth skills quantitiesthattheycanhaveenoughfor methods of agriculture they cannot and physical fitness which lead to the their requirements but also have a only teach the people in their com development ofstrength, courage, agil surplus for sale so that they can get munities but also showthe people by ity, neuromuscular co-ordination, self money for their children's education, example from their own fields that it confidence, endurance and toughness, clothes, etc., and, above all, for their paystolookafterthesoil properly. qualities which are essential in our taxtothestate. Coupledwiththisisthe To this end the Ngwazi has opened peopleiftheyare goingto beequipped problem of growing good quality training bases at Nasawa, Cholo, properly for the tasks that we have to crops. To take for example maize, the Chitipa, Makanga, Mchinji, FortJohn face. majority of our people produce an ston (Lipinda), Chipunga, Lisandwa, YoungPioneersarealsotaughtcamp average ofonly 2 bags ofmaizefrom Kapolo and he will be opening more craft. In camp craft trainees are taught anacrewhentheycould produceupto and more in the Central and Northern toimprovise inmany similar situations 20bags ofmaize fromthe same size of Regions. to whichthey maycome in the future. landiftheyused good land husbandry In these bases greatest stress is laid The Young Pioneer who is a good methods. Hence they would not waste onagriculture, young men and women camperispreparedforanemergency as theirtimeandenergyploughingseveral are taught to understand thatthe land well as recreational opportunities. acres of land and yet getting only 2 is the source of all our wealth in this Camp-craftisasourceofgreatpleasure bagsofmaizefromeachacre. country. Theyare taughtto understand totheindividualswho take partinitas ThegreatestsingletaskoftheNgwazi that the soil is the mother of this well as of service to the community. and the Government is therefore, to country and that it has life and can Camp-craft enables a Young Pioneer, teach our people throughout the coun therefore die, if it is not looked after whatever calling in life he may choose try not onlyto realise that our wealth properly.Theyare taught this not only to haveconfidence in his abilityto live hasto be dugfromthe soilbutalso to bylearningtheorybut also byworking under hard conditions and to face learn methods of agriculture that will on agriculture with their own hands. obstacles.Heacquiresasoundbasisfor increaseboththequantityoftheircrops Theylearnhowtogrowmost, ifnotall quick adjustment to problems in his as well as the quality, in short, increase thecrops grown in Malawi like, maize, environment. Camp-craft skills make productivity. tobacco, groundnuts, tea, coffee as well Pioneers future citizens of self-reliance Increased productivity of all our as citrus fruit and vegetables. They are andresponsibility. crops will make this country a rich also taught animal husbandry, rearing Field craft is also an important country. Because people will not only cattle, goats, pigs, sheepand chickens. subject which Pioneers learn. Field have enough money for all their craft includes elementary knowledge requirements but also have money to Hard Work: regardingtheuse ofthegroundandthe pay to government in the form of Traineesaremade toworkveryhard forestsand provides anopportunityfor taxes. Thesetaxeswill, inturn, givethe in these training bases, they start early young people to develop a spirit of government a lot ofmoney with which inthemorning at 5.30 with gymnastics adventure, mental alertness, courage, tobuildschools and payteachers, build and physical exercises and go on, with etc. hospitals, clinics and dispensaries, buy intervals for breakfast, lunch and Discipline is the most important medicines and pay doctors and nurses, dinnerup, to 10 p.m. when they go to singlesubjectwhichYoung Pioneersare andtobuildroadsandbridgesthrough bed. taught. It is discipline that makes a out the country. Because people will The idea of making them work so success of all that Pioneers learn. havesomuchmoneytospendandthere hardistohardentheirbodiesandmake Stress is put ondiscipline in everything will be much construction activities, hard work part of themselves. They that is done. Drill and marching, many jobs will be created because should get so used to hard work that whichisasystematicmethod ofpractis factories will be started to process our when they go back to their com ing various movements in an orderly agricultural produce and to make munities they not only work hard in way, brings about the co-ordination things which people will want to buy. their gardens but also infect all the between the body and mind and helps Bythismeanswewillbeabletosolveour people with whom they come into to develop qualities such as discipline, problem. As I have said this is the contactwiththisspirit ofhardwork. obedience, smart appearance and team greatest single task ofthe Ngwazi and Hard work, as the Ngwazi has work. the government and this is where the always taught us, isthe key to all our Young Pioneers learn many other Ngwazi would like the Youth of problems. If all the people in this things which are designed to prepare Malawito helphim. country learn to work hard it will not them for the task of building our be difficult for us to develop this countryandasgoodcitizensofMalawi. Educating the Masses: country. Israel, Germany, Japan are We believe that ifYoung Pioneers are The Ministry of Natural Resources excellent examples of what a country goingtobegoodfathersand mothersof 6 HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT (contd.) Toggl tomorrow, they must know something from events of the past few months oftheirpast historyand history ofour these people are trying to disrupt the struggle forfreedom, they must know country both from within and from something about their leader, their outside. Party, their Government and their We cannot allow a Congo situation people and the part which they asthe here. Ifwe do so therewillbeabsolute Youtharesupposedtoplayinit. chaos here. Instead ofworking hardto Topics relating to health education, build the country people will waste behaviour and contact, good habits, their time and energy quarrelling and YOUNG PIONEERS IN value of discipline, unity, loyalty and fighting among themselves. And in TRAINING obedience, independence movements, order to develop this country the the National Anthem, the National Ngwazi has to attract outside invest Flag and its salutation, lives of great ment. Ifthere is confusion and chaos this training and many other countries men in our history, our Constitution, hereoutsideinvestorswillnotrisktheir oftheworld, like the United Kingdom mass literacy development projects, moneyhere.Theywillnotcomehereto and India do it, although the methods first aid, leadership training, crowd start businesses and factories. There underwhichtheydo itmaydiffer. control, fire fighting, social and com forewewillnothaveeconomicdevelop munityservice. Traineesareencouraged mentthatwedesireandtheproblemof Land Settlement: to do as much practical self-help as unemploymentwillneverbesolved. As mentioned before, we have vast possible. Therefore, it is essential that our unemployment problems in this coun In these training bases we have youth should understand that by the try. Although the Ngwazi and the youths from all parts of the country. security of our country we determine Government is doing everything it can Some ofthese youths have never gone the progress ofthe country. Therefore, to attractinvestment and industrial de beyondthelimitsoftheirareastoother theyouthshouldlearnthatsecurityand velopment unemployment will remain districts in the country. The coming progress are inseparable. Hence they aproblemfor a very long time. There together ofthese youths in these bases should learn the slogan "SECURITY fore, for all the Pioneers whom we are helpstofurtherthegoalofourcomplete AND PROGRESS". training we cannot promise jobs, and total unity in the country. The In order to ensure this Security and although a few of them may be for youths get to know each other, they Progress it is essential that our youth tunateandfindjobs. learn each other's languages, customs, shouldbeprepared and trained to help But, although there are not enough dancesandwaysoflife. in the preservation of the security, jobsforallthe peoplewho wantthem, It is the aim ofthe Ngwazi that all sovereignty and territorial integrity of wehavegood, rich land inthiscountry this training should produce in this our country. In order to do this the whichis capable oflooking afterallits country fully educated citizens in the youth have, in addition to their agri people. It is, therefore, the Ngwazi's broadest sense of education. Ifwe can cultural training, to be prepared for intention that Young Pioneers should produce these people then our task to war. As the saying goes, "Ifyou want understand thatjobs will be difficultto develop this country will not be as peace, prepare for war". Should it find butthey canlive ontheland after difficult as it will be ifwe do not train becomenecessaryfortheyouthtofight theyhavelearned howto lookafterthe ouryouth. to defend the country against our soil in our training bases. As already enemies, internal or external, theyouth pointed out, it is also the Ngwazi's Defending Our Country: must know howtodo so. Thatiswhy intention that the Pioneers should not So far I have only talked aboutthe the youth movement is educated to only practice good agriculture them task of the youth in building this defendthesovereigntyofthecountry. selves but should also teach others to country. This alone isnot enough. Itis Most countries ofthe world of our doso. not possible for us to develop this size and wealth, cannot afford to keep ToachievetheseaimstheNgwazihas country if there is no stability in the several thousands of regular soldiers plans to start settlement schemes for country. Inorder forus to develop this whohavetobeaccommodated, fedand the Pioneers throughout the country. country it is essential that there should paid. Malawi is one ofthese countries. Pioneers will be encouraged to takeup be peace and calm throughout the We cannot afford to have a very large land in certain planning areas where country. If there is peace and calm in Army or Police Force. The Govern theywillgrowcropsforthemselvesand the country people will be able to menthastherefore,torelyonthewhole build themselves houses in planned concentrate on working hard in their population of the country for the country villages. Expert advice in gardens or at their jobs without any maintenance oflaw and order and the agriculture will be made available to fearsorworries. preservationofthesecurity ofthestate. them. As far as possible some agri Inordertoensure peace and calm in Butagovernmentcannotrelyonamass culture credit and machinery will also this country we have to live by the ofpeoplewho havenot had trainingin beprovided to them. The Pioneerswill ideals of the Father of the Nation, this work which requires training. The be able to make much more money ideals of discipline, obedience, unity Malawi Young Pioneers has, therefore, from their land in these settlements if andloyalty. Althoughwehavedefeated the task oftraining the youth forthis theylookaftertheirland properlythan our colonial enemies we have new work and the Malawi Young Pioneers theywill from manual work in towns. enemiesnow,whowanttobringslavery Act was passed by Parliament to Fertilevalleyswithalotofwaterwillbe under different cover. We have people provideforthis. selected for these settlement schemes. who are only interested in themselves In Israel, where our advisors come Itishopedthatfromtheexamplesetin and therefore, want to divide the from, every man and woman is given these settlement schemes people near country and cause confusion and some pre-military or military training. the schemes will be able to learn chaos in our country. As wehave seen In Switzerland every young man gets improvedmethods ofagriculture. 7 Young people who are making creating new farmland for re-settle pilotprojectinvolvingthe settlement byYoungPioneers ofChikonje Estate, 34 miles A NorthofChiromo, whichhas beenboughtbyGovernment. Ifsuccessful it is planned to replicatethe scheme in other areas ofMalawi, utilising land bought by Governmentto ensuremaximumproductivitybased onacash cropeconomy. Thefarmscomprisingthisschemewillbeof10acres,withapproximately6acresincotton, 2toafoodcrop(maizeorsorghums)and2to forestry, 22farmswill beopened inthefirst year, and afurther48 inthe second, giving atotal of70settlers inall. It isestimated that, basedonayieldof1,800 lb. peracreofcotton, eachfarm whenagoingconcern, will gross £270perannum fromsales ofcotton, as well as growingfood to supportthefarmer. This willgivethefarmera netincomeof£160 perannum. The farmers for settlement will be specially selected from the Malawi Young Pioneer Organisationandwillhavehad abasictraining in agriculture atoneoftheYoungPioneer bases, followed byan intensive one month's course at afarm institute, (embracingamong other subjects-cotton culture, spraying, care of sprayers, maize culture, other cereals, animal husbandry and book-keeping) at the conclusion ofwhich an examination will be heldto selectthefarmers. Theschemeasplanned is based largelyonself-helpand on provision ofcreditofservices provided, whichcreditisto be reimbursed. LAR NIAN

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