Young Offenders And Youth justice a century after the fact

530 Pages·2014·25.267 MB·English

by  Sandra J Bell.

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ISBN-13: 978-0-17-653170-6
ISBN-10: 0-17-653170-X
Sandra J. Bell
9 780176 531706
www.nelson.com
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Young offenders
and Youth Justice
A Century After the Fact
Fifth Edition
Sandra J. Bell
St. Mary’s University
Copyright 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
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Young Offenders and Youth Justice, Fifth Edition
by Sandra J. Bell
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Brief contents
PREFACE Xii
CHAPTER 1 ThE RisE and Fall oF dElinquEncy 1
CHAPTER 2 cREaTing a JuvEnilE JusTicE sysTEm: ThEn and
now 34
CHAPTER 3 ThE “FacTs” oF youTh cRimE 72
CHAPTER 4 ThE social FacE oF youTh cRimE 118
CHAPTER 5 EXplaining cRimE and dElinquEncy: in ThE
BEginning . . . 155
CHAPTER 6 diFFEREnT diREcTions in ThEoRizing aBouT youTh
cRimE and dElinquEncy 178
CHAPTER 7 Family, school, pEERs, and ThE youTh cRimE
pRoBlEm 208
CHAPTER 8 FiRsT conTacT: policE and divERsionaRy
mEasuREs 253
CHAPTER 9 going To couRT 292
CHAPTER 10 youTh coRREcTions: going To Jail 340
CHAPTER 11 pERpETuaTing social inJusTicE 380
CHAPTER 12 a cEnTuRy aFTER ThE FacT: whaT do wE Know?
whERE aRE wE going? 414
GLOSSARY 456
REFERENCES 462
CASES CITEd 500
INdEX 501
NEL iii
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contents
Preface xii
CHAPtER 1: ThE RisE and Fall oF dElinquEncy 1
Student Learning Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction 2
The Public Issue 2
Media and the Politics of Youth Crime 3
Two Opposing Sides 6
“The Good Old Days” 9
Lawless and Disobedient Youth: The 17th and 18th Centuries 11
The Colonial Public Issue 12
“Causes” and Solutions: An Era of Control and Punishment 12
A Question of Immorality: The 19th Century 13
The Victorian Public Issue 16
“Causes” and Solutions: An Era of Social Reform 17
Canadian Child Savers 19
Neglected and Delinquent Children 19
The Era of the Juvenile Delinquent: The 20th Century 20
Myths and Facts about Youth Crime 23
Is Youth Crime More Serious Now? 24
A Sociological Perspective on Youth Crime 26
Youth Crime as a Public Issue 27
Media, Moral Panic, and Penal Populism 27
Summary 31
CHAPtER 2: cREaTing a JuvEnilE JusTicE sysTEm:
ThEn and now 34
Student Learning Objectives 34
Key Terms 34
Introduction 35
The Canadian Juvenile Justice System 35
JDA: Philosophy and Definitions 37
JDA: The System 39
Opposition to the JDA 41
Modifying the Juvenile Justice System 43
Principles of Juvenile Justice Introduced by the YOA 44
Accountability 45
Protection of Society 46
Special Needs 46
Alternative Measures 46
iv NEL
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Contents v
Rights of Young Persons 46
Minimal Interference with Freedom 47
Parental Responsibility 47
Modifying the YOA 48
A Strategy for Reform 50
Principles of Youth Justice under the YCJA 52
A New/Old Justice System 54
Modifying the YCJA 55
Bill C-10 58
New/Old Justice Issues 60
Children’s Rights 60
Cycle of Juvenile Justice 65
Summary 69
CHAPtER 3: ThE “FacTs” oF youTh cRimE 72
Student Learning Objectives 72
Key Terms 72
Introduction 73
Measuring Youth Crime 73
Sources and What They Tell Us about Youth Crime 74
The Media 74
Police Statistics 76
What Police Statistics Tell Us about Youth Crime 77
Court Statistics 83
What Court Statistics Tell Us about Youth Crime 85
Self-Report Surveys 86
What Self-Report Surveys Tell Us about Youth Crime 86
Victimization Surveys 88
What Victimization Surveys Tell Us about Youth Crime 89
Profiling Youth Crime 90
Property Crime 90
Violent Offences 91
Sexual Assault 93
Murder 94
Administrative and YOA/YCJA Offences 97
Measurement Issues 98
The Violent Crime Debate 98
Carrington’s Challenge 103
Validity and Reliability 105
Lying about Crime 105
What Are We Measuring? 106
Recalling Crime 107
Revisiting Questions about Youth Crime 108
Which Source of Information Is the “Best”? 108
Crime under the YOA and YCJA versus Crime under the JDA 109
Youth Crime Waves 112
Summary 116
NEL
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vi Contents
CHAPtER 4: ThE social FacE oF youTh cRimE 118
Student Learning Objectives 118
Key Terms 118
Introduction 119
Race/Ethnicity 120
Racialized Youth Gangs 122
Black Youth 124
Aboriginal Youth 125
Age 128
Youth under 12 128
Youth Crime Trends 129
Gender 131
Official Data 131
Self-Report Studies 135
Victimization Surveys 137
Delinquent Careers 138
Girls and Violence 138
Youth as Victims of Crime 140
Age and Sex 143
Location 145
Victimization and the State 149
Summary 152
CHAPtER 5: EXplaining cRimE and dElinquEncy:
in ThE BEginning . . . 155
Student Learning Objectives 155
Key Terms 155
Introduction 156
The Scientific Method: Positivism and Criminology 156
Causal Relationships 156
Challenges to Positivism 157
Nineteenth-Century Theorizing about Crime and Delinquency 158
Classical Criminology 158
Biological Positivism 159
The Born Criminal 159
Types of People 159
The “Dangerous Class” 161
Twentieth-Century Theories of Delinquency 161
Biological Positivism 161
Twins and Adopted Children 161
Body Type 162
Chromosomes 162
IQ, LD, and ADHD 162
Explaining the “Biological” Facts 163
Psychological Positivism 164
Psychoanalytic Theories 165
Behaviourism 166
Social Learning Theory 166
NEL
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Contents vii
Moral Development Theory 167
Personality Theory 167
Antisocial Personality Theory 167
Sociological Positivism 168
Social Disorganization and Strain Theory 169
Culture and Learning Theory 172
Control Theory 174
Summary 176
CHAPtER 6: diFFEREnT diREcTions in ThEoRizing aBouT youTh
cRimE and dElinquEncy 178
Student Learning Objectives 178
Key Terms 178
Introduction 179
Labelling Theory 179
Play and Delinquency 179
Secondary Deviance 180
Societal Response 180
Critical Criminology and Conflict Theory 181
Liberal Conflict Theory 181
Radical Conflict Theory 182
Opportunity Theory 183
Routine Activity Theory 183
Rational Choice Theory 184
Integrative Theory 184
Social-Learning Theory 184
Differential Association–Reinforcement Theory 184
Social Control and Social Learning 185
Self-Derogation Theory 185
Integrated Theory 185
Interactional Theory 185
Radical Conflict, Social Control, and Social Learning 186
Social Control, Strain, and Liberal Conflict Theories 187
Theory of Differential Oppression 187
Lifecourse Theories of Crime 188
Developmental Criminology 189
Linking Theory, Research, and Practice 190
The Feminist Perspective and Critique 190
The Invisible Girl 190
The Less-than-Perfect Girl 192
Biology and Physiology 192
Contemporary Theory and the Sexual Girl 194
Girls and Their Hormones 195
The Liberated Girl 195
The Incorrigible/Nasty Girl 196
Sorting Out What Needs to be Explained 196
Delinquency and Patriarchy 197
Girls and Oppression 198
NEL
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viii Contents
Feminist Theorizing about Girls 199
Ethic of Care 199
Resistance to Care Lessons 199
Mean Girls 201
A Final Note on Feminist Criminology 201
“New” Directions in Criminology 202
Peacemaking Criminology 202
Cultural Studies Perspective 202
Postmodernism Perspective 203
Summary 204
CHAPtER 7: Family, school, pEERs, and ThE youTh cRimE
pRoBlEm 208
Student Learning Objectives 208
Key Terms 208
Introduction 209
Family 209
Family Structure 210
Parenting 211
The Meaning of Family Attachment 216
Consequences of “Bad” Family Relationships 218
The “Bad Seed” and Invisible Victims 219
School 223
Youth Crime as an Educational Issue 223
School Commitment 223
Individual Failures 224
School Failures 226
Structural Failures 227
Youth Failure: Schools in Crisis 228
Responding to School Violence 230
Peers: Friends and Gangs 233
Friends 233
Gangs 235
Definitions and Measurement 239
Explaining Gang Membership 242
Girls and Gangs 244
Linking Research to Policy and Practice 246
Crime Prevention 246
Risk and Resiliency 247
Risk Factors Prevention Paradigm (RFPP) 248
RFPP as Risky Practice 248
Summary 250
CHAPtER 8: FiRsT conTacT: policE and divERsionaRy
mEasuREs 253
Student Learning Objectives 253
Key Terms 253
Introduction 254
Police Contact and Decision-Making 255
NEL
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