Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 1997

916 Pages·29.285 MB·English

by  K. M. Kengatharan, C. Thiemermann (auth.), Prof. Jean-Louis Vincent (eds.)

Yearbook of Intensive Care 997
and Emergency Medicine
Edited by J.-L. Vincent
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Yearbook
of Intensive Care
and Emergency Medicine
1997
Edited by J.-L. Vincent
With 186 Figures and 120 Tables
Springer
Prof. fean-Louis Vincent
Clinica} Director, Department of Intensive Care
Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels
Route de Lennik 808, B-1 070 Brussels, Belgium
ISBN 978-3-662-13452-8 ISBN 978-3-662-13450-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-13450-4
ISSN 0942-5381
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
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SPIN: 10554174 19/3133-5 4 3 2 1 O-Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
Basic Mechanisms in Sepsis and ARDS
Importance of Cell Wall Components
of Gram-Positive Bacteria in Gram-Positive Septic Shock 3
(KM Kengatharan and C Thiemermann)
Inflammatory Responses During Human Endotoxemia .... 14
(D Pajkrt, T van der Poll, and SJH van Deventer)
Activation of Nuclear Factor-1<B in Sepsis and ARDS . . . . .. 31
(IW Christman, TS Blackwell, and MP Clark)
The Cytokine Response to Hemorrhagic Shock . . . . . . . .. 42
(IM Kane and TR Billiar)
Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression
in Acutely Inflamed Tissues .................... 52
(MJ Eppihimer and DN Granger)
TNF in Septic Shock and Cerebral Malaria . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
(R Lucas, PM Suter, and GE Grau)
Interleukin-1-Mediated Acute Lung Injury. . . . . . . . . . .. 74
(BM Hybertson and JE Repine)
Cytokine-Networks and ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
(PG Jorens and LL Bossaert)
Disordered Apoptosis as a Mechanism for Adverse Outcome 91
(E Lin, SE Calvano, and SF Lowry)
Apoptosis in the Resolution of Systemic Inflammation . . . . . 100
(IC Marshall and RWG Watson)
New Therapeutic Interventions in Sepsis
Cytokine-Mediated Enhancement of Host Defense ....... 111
(AJ Lechner and GM Matuschak)
VI Contents
Is it Beneficial to Augment or to Inhibit Neutrophil Function
in Severe Infections and Sepsis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
(W Karzai and K Reinhart)
Hemofiltration in Sepsis and Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
(P Rogiers, H Zhang, and JL Vincent)
Extracorporal Techniques to Accelerate Clearance
ofTNF-a and IL-l~ in Septic Patients .............. 140
(M van Deuren and JW van der Meer)
Clinical Trials for the Evaluation of Sepsis Therapies . . . . . . 149
(DM Foster and GS Doig)
Outcome from Sepsis and Organ Failure
Prognostic Factors in Pre-Septic States .......... 161
(M Poeze and G Ramsay)
Determinants of Outcome from Sepsis and Septic Shock .... 168
(GM Wray and C] Hinds)
The Logistic Organ Dysfunction System ............. 180
(JR Le Gall, J Klar, and S Lemeshow)
Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide: A Modulator of the Inflammation Response ... 197
(P Kubes)
Cytokine Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase .... 211
(J Cohen, T] Evans, and LA Keith)
Activation of Poly-(ADP-Ribose) Synthetase by Peroxynitrite . 217
(C Szabo)
Clinical Effects of Cell-Free Hemoglobin, a Scavenger
of Nitric Oxide, in Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
(RG Kilbourn, J DeAngelo, and J Bonaventura)
Cardiovascular Failure in Sepsis
Mechanisms of Decreased Cardiac Function in Sepsis ..... 243
(KR Walley)
Septic Myocardial Dysfunction:
Role of Cytokines and Nitric Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
(A Kumar and JE Parrillo)
Contents VII
O Transport in the Peripheral Circulation in Sepsis 277
2
(0 Eichelbroenner, FM BIoos, and WJ Sibbald)
Use and Misuse of Catecholamines:
Combination in Septic Shock Patients ............ .. 289
(C Martin, X Viviand, and F Po tie)
Cardiorespiratory Failure
Cardiorespiratory Physiology
and Pathophysiology in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
(SE Lapinsky)
Pulmonary Embolism ....................... 317
(RP Dellinger)
Cardiac Crisis
Emergency Evaluation of Acute Ischemic Coronary Syndrome 329
(WB Gibler and MR Sayre)
Serious Arrhythmias and Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . 339
(AG Aya, C Van Roy, and JE de La Coussaye)
Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Assistance .... .... 356
(P Urban)
Peri -Operative Applications
of Transesophageal Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . .... 366
(CA Visser and 0 Kamp)
Fluid Administration
Prehospital Fluid Replacement .................. 383
(U Kreimeier and K Peter)
Volume Therapy: New Aspects of an Old Topic? . . . . . . . . . 399
(J Boldt, D Mentges, and M Papsdorf)
Albumin Physiology in the Septic and Post-Operative Patient . 411
(M Margarson and N Soni)
Effects of Hemoglobin in Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 424
(SR Fisher, HG Bone, and DL Traber)
VIII Contents
Quality of Life Benefit
from Avoiding Allogenic Blood Transfusion .......... 442
(RF Nease, TW Croghan, and B Littenberg)
Airway Management
Tracheostomy ............................ 457
(G Bishop, K Hillman, and P Bristow)
Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy . . . . ...... 470
(LWE van Heurn, PRG Brink, and G Ramsay)
Ventilation with an Unprotected Airway During Cardiac Arrest 483
(V Wenzel, AH Idris, and KH Lindner)
Non-Invasive Ventilatory Support
Non-Invasive Ventilation . . . . . . . . . .......... 495
(G Conti, M Antonelli, and A Gasparetto)
Workload of Non-Invasive Ventilation
in Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
(IC Chevrolet and P Jolliet)
New Modes of Ventilatory Support
in Spontaneously Breathing Intubated Patients ......... 514
(R Stocker, B Fabry, and C Haberthilr)
Ventilatory Support
Patient-Ventilator Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
(VM Ranieri, S Grasso, and A Brienza)
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure . . . . .. . .......... 547
(RG Brower, HE Fessler, and C Shanholtz)
Inflection Point and Alveolar Recruitment in ARDS ...... 556
(M Mergoni, A Volpi, and A Rossi)
Tracheal Gas Insufflation in ARDS ................ 568
(F Brunet, M Monchi, andJ Dall'ava Santucci)
Current Status of Prone Position in ARDS . . . ..... 579
(M Martinez and L Blanch)
Experience in Liquid Ventilation ................. 585
(RB Hirschi)
Contents IX
Pulmonary Infections
The Inflammatory Response in Pneumonia ........... 595
(A Torres, MEl Ebiary, and C Manton)
The Challenge of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia .... 607
(SJ Peacock and CS Garrard)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children . . . . . . . . 625
(J Hammer and CJL Newth)
Rationale for Surfactant Therapy in Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . 638
(A van't Veen, D Gammers, and B Lachmann)
Gut Dysfunction
Intestinal Epithelial Hyperpermeability ........ ..... 657
(MP Fink)
Regional Capnometry ....................... 669
(B Vallet)
Assessment of Gastric Mucosal Perfusion
by Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ...... . ........... 677
(J Duranteau, P Sitbon, and E Vicaut)
Severe Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis ............. 687
(DL Wyncoll and RJ Beale)
Nutrition
Early Enteral Feeding Improves Outcome ............ 701
(GP Zaloga and PR Roberts)
Nutrition and Survival ....................... 715
(RD Griffiths, TEA Palmer, and C Jones)
Neurologic Failure
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ...................... 727
(S Kuroda, P Siesjo, and BK Siesjo)
Cerebral Blood Flow in Acute Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . .. 739
(PJD Andrews, MJ Souter, and L Mascia)