Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology Part 1 PDF
Preview Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology Part 1
Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology Sixth Edition Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky MD Anthony N. Kalloo MD President Professor of Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Professor of Internal Medicine Director, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Baltimore, MD, USA Dallas, TX, USA Fergus Shanahan MD Michael Camilleri MD Professor and Chair Executive Dean for Development Department of Medicine Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor Director, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology University College Cork, National University of Ireland Distinguished Investigator, Mayo Clinic Cork, Ireland Rochester, MN, USA Timothy C. Wang MD J. Gregory Fitz MD FAASLD Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost Silberberg Professor of Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center Dean Columbia University Medical Center Professor of Internal Medicine New York, NY, USA Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Dallas, TX, USA This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Fifth Edition © 2009, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 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Set in 9.5/12 pt MinionPro-Regular by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2016 Contents Contributors, xi Preface, xxvii Foreword by Tadataka Yamada, xxix About the companion website and companion digital edition, xxxi VOLUME ONE PART 1 Anatomy and development 13 Gastrointestinal hormones and receptors, 198 Laurence J. Miller 1 Development and differentiation of the gastrointestinal system, 3 14 The brain–gut axis, 227 Ben Z. Stanger and Daniel K. Podolsky Adam D. Farmer and Qasim Aziz 2 Stem cells and tissue renewal, 31 15 The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, 239 Johan H. van Es, Sina Bartfeld, and Hans Clevers John B. Furness, Daniel P. Poole, Hyun-Jung Cho, Brid P. Callaghan, and Leni R. Rivera 3 Esophagus: anatomy and structural anomalies, 42 Ikuo Hirano 16 Smooth muscle of the gut, 259 Gabriel M. Makhlouf and Karnam S. Murthy 4 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural anomalies, 60 17 The mucosal immune system and gastrointestinal Eric Goldberg and Jean-Pierre Raufman inflammation, 284 Fabio Cominelli, Kristen O. Arseneau, 5 Small intestine: anatomy and structural anomalies, 73 Matthew J. Hamilton, and Richard S. Blumberg Deborah C. Rubin and Anisa Shaker 18 Epithelia and gastrointestinal function, 317 6 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies, 93 Jerrold R. Turner Konstantin Umanskiy and Jeffrey B. Matthews 7 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies, 108 B Motility Kevin Tri Nguyen and Diane M. Simeone 19 Esophageal motor function, 330 8 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and Peter J. Kahrilas, John E. Pandolfino, and David A. Katzka hernias, 122 20 Gastric motility and gastric emptying, 348 Kevin P. Murphy, Michael M. Maher, and Owen J. O’Connor Michael Camilleri 9 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural 21 Motility of the small intestine and colon, 367 anomalies, 133 Adil E. Bharucha and William Lee Hasler Theodore H. Welling 22 Motility of the biliary tract, 386 10 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell types, 145 Gary M. Mawe, Brigitte Lavoie, Peter L. Moses, and Gary C. Kanel Maria J. Pozo 11 Gastrointestinal blood flow, 161 Thorsten Vowinkel and D. Neil Granger C Secretion and absorption 23 Gastric secretions, 399 PART 2 Mechanisms of normal and abnormal M. Michael Wolfe and Robert C. Lowe gastrointestinal function 24 Electrolyte secretion and absorption in the small intestine A Components and colon, 420 Kim E. Barrett and Stephen J. Keely 12 Integrative responses of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and liver to a meal, 185 25 Pancreatic secretion, 450 Stephen J. Pandol, Helen E. Raybould, and Hal Yee Chung Owyang and John A. Williams v vi Contents 26 Bile secretion and cholestasis, 474 42 Approach to the patient with constipation, 757 Andrew P. Feranchak Satish S.C. Rao and Michael Camilleri 43 Approach to the patient with acute abdomen, 781 D Nutrition Courtney B. Sherman and Kenneth McQuaid 27 General nutritional principles, 497 44 Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal David H. Alpers and Kevin D. Cashman bleeding, 797 28 Control of appetite/satiety and energy balance, 528 Kevin A. Ghassemi and Dennis M. Jensen Joel K. Elmquist and Jay D. Horton 45 Approach to the patient with abnormal liver chemistries 29 Nutrient digestion, absorption, and sensing, 538 or jaundice, 819 Shrinivas Bishu and Eamonn M.M. Quigley J. Gregory Fitz 30 Vitamins and minerals, 556 46 Approach to gastrointestinal and liver diseases in Francis C. Okeke, Danielle Flug Capalino, pregnancy, 834 Laura E. Matarese, and Gerard E. Mullin Sumona Saha and Nancy Reau 47 Genetic counselling for gastrointestinal patients, 859 E Miscellaneous Laura E. Panos and C. Richard Boland 31 Neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract, 587 Ofer Margalit and Raymond N. DuBois 32 The human intestinal microbiota and microbiome, 617 PART 4 Gastrointestinal diseases Omry Koren and Ruth E. Ley 33 Drug metabolism, transport, and A Esophagus pharmacogenomics, 626 48 Motility disorders of the esophagus, 879 Kristina K. Wolf, Brandon T. Gufford, Scott J. Brantley, John E. Pandolfino and Peter J. Kahrilas Paul B. Watkins, and Mary F. Paine 49 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 906 Sabine Roman, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas Part 3 Principles of clinical gastroenterology 50 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 929 Yael Haberman Ziv, Margaret H. Collins, and 34 Clinical decision making, 641 Marc E. Rothenberg Jasmine K. Zia and John M. Inadomi 51 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with 35 Approach to the patient with dyspepsia and related acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 937 functional gastrointestinal complaints, 651 C. Mel Wilcox Jan F. Tack 52 Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, 949 36 Approach to the patient with dysphagia, odynophagia, or Stuart Jon Spechler, David H. Wang, and Rhonda F. Souza noncardiac chest pain, 657 André J.P.M. Smout 53 Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and other neoplasms, 975 37 Approach to the patient with unintentional Adam J. Bass and Anil K. Rustgi weight loss, 666 Sreedhar Subramanian and Jonathan M. Rhodes 54 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus: foreign bodies, physical injury, and systemic and dermatological 38 Approach to the patient with nausea and diseases, 989 vomiting, 676 Seth D. Crockett, Evan S. Dellon, and Nicholas J. Shaheen William Lee Hasler 39 Approach to the patient with abdominal pain, 695 B Stomach Pankaj J. Pasricha 55 Disorders of gastric emptying, 1005 40 Approach to the patient with gas and bloating, 723 Henry P. Parkman Satish S.C. Rao and Yeong Yeh Lee 56 Peptic ulcer disease, 1032 41 Approach to the patient with diarrhea, 735 Richard J.M. Ingram, Krish Ragunath, and Gail A. Hecht, Jonathan Gaspar, and Miguel Malespin John C. Atherton Contents vii 57 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, 1078 68 Tumors of the small intestine, 1324 Robert T. Jensen Maria Rosario Ferreira and Barbara H. Jung 58 Gastritis and gastropathy, 1103 69 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine, 1346 Mary Kay Washington and Richard M. Peek Jr. Marc S. Levin 59 Tumors of the stomach, 1121 D Inflammatory bowel disease Emad M. El-Omar and Mairi H. McLean 70 Inflammatory bowel diseases: pathogenesis, 1364 60 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach, 1141 Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, Ramnik J. Xavier, and Tamas A. Gonda and Yanghee Woo Daniel K. Podolsky C Small intestine 71 Ulcerative colitis, 1378 Stephen B. Hanauer and Daniel K. Podolsky 61 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon, 1154 Lawrence Szarka 72 Crohn’s disease: clinical manifestations and management, 1418 62 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, Gil Y. Melmed and Stephan R. Targan gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections, 1196 Mitchell B. Cohen 73 Surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, 1450 63 Chronic infections of the small intestine, 1249 Alessandro Fichera, Emily Finlayson, Leon Maggiori, and Billy Bourke and Séamus Hussey Fabrizio Michelassi 64 Celiac disease, 1264 74 Microscopic colitis and other miscellaneous Daniel A. Leffler, Melinda Dennis, and Ciarán P. Kelly inflammatory and structural disorders of the colon, 1479 65 Disorders of epithelial transport, metabolism, and Eugene F. Yen and Darrell S. Pardi digestion in the small intestine, 1276 E Colon Sushila R. Dalal and Eugene B. Chang 75 Irritable bowel syndrome, 1495 66 Bacterial overgrowth, 1294 Elizabeth J. Videlock and Lin Chang Eamonn M.M. Quigley 76 Diverticular disease of the colon, 1522 67 Short bowel syndrome and small bowel David J. Humes and Robin C. Spiller transplantation, 1305 John K. DiBaise and Debra Sudan Index, i1 VOLUME TWO 77 Polyps of the colon and rectum, 1537 83 Autoimmune pancreatitis, 1692 John J. Garber III and Daniel C. Chung Phil A. Hart and Suresh T. Chari 78 Malignant tumors of the colon, 1554 84 Chronic pancreatitis, 1702 Jay Luther and Andrew T. Chan Joachim Mössner, Albrecht Hoffmeister, and Julia Mayerle 79 Polyposis syndromes, 1583 85 Hereditary diseases of the pancreas, 1732 Randall W. Burt and Kory W. Jasperson David C. Whitcomb 80 Colorectal cancer screening, 1608 86 Cystic lesions of the pancreas, 1748 Uri Ladabaum James J. Farrell 81 Anorectal diseases, 1629 87 Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, 1761 Adil E. Bharucha and Arnold Wald Paul T. Fanta and Andrew M. Lowy 88 Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, 1782 Peter J. Carolan and Daniel C. Chung F Pancreas G Gallbladder and biliary tract 82 Acute pancreatitis, 1653 Hana Algül, Andreas Weber, Wolfgang Huber, and 89 Gallstones, 1808 Roland M. Schmid II Piero Portincasa and David Q.-H. Wang viii Contents 90 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 1835 110 Liver abscess, 2166 Jayant A. Talwalkar and Konstantinos N. Lazaridis Roman E. Perri and David S. Raiford 91 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract, 1848 111 Vascular diseases of the liver, 2171 James Buxbaum and Shelly C. Lu Susana Seijo and Laurie D. DeLeve 92 Tumors of the biliary tract, 1858 Tushar Patel I Miscellaneous 93 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and postcholecystectomy 112 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulae, 2183 syndrome, 1875 Peter Irving and Nyree Griffin John O. Clarke and Anthony N. Kalloo 113 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum, 2195 H Liver Jennifer W. Harris and B. Mark Evers 94 Acute viral hepatitis, 1886 114 Nutrition supplementation, 2211 Marc G. Ghany and T. Jake Liang Joshua D. Novak and Stephen J. D. O’Keefe 95 Chronic hepatitis B viral infection, 1916 115 Obesity: treatment and complications, 2230 Karin L. Andersson and Jules L. Dienstag Louis A. Chaptini and Steven R. Peikin 96 Hepatitis C virus infection, 1939 116 Bariatric surgery, 2242 Andrew W. Tai and Raymond T. Chung Obos Ekhaese and Danny O. Jacobs 97 Drug-induced liver disease, 1958 William M. Lee 117 Eating disorders, 2265 Henry C. Lin and Eric E. Stone 98 Acute liver failure, 1973 William M. Lee 118 Complications of HIV/AIDS and other secondary immunodeficiencies, 2278 99 Autoimmune hepatitis, 1989 Phillip D. Smith and Edward N. Janoff Richard Taubert and Michael P. Manns 119 Immunological disorders: (a) Food allergy and 100 Primary biliary cirrhosis, 2000 hypersensitivity, 2297 Marlyn J. Mayo and Dwain L. Thiele Jonathan O’B. Hourihane 101 Hemochromatosis, 2014 120 Immunological disorders: (b) immunodeficiencies Paul C. Adams and gastrointestinal complications of organ 102 Metabolic diseases of the liver, 2023 transplantation, 2303 Shikha S. Sundaram and Ronald J. Sokol Paula O’Leary and Fergus Shanahan 103 Alcoholic liver disease, 2043 121 Parasitic diseases: protozoa, 2322 Jose Altamirano, Eric S. Orman, and Ramon Bataller Ellen Li and Samuel L. Stanley Jr. 104 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 2056 122 Parasitic diseases: helminths, 2337 M. Shadab Siddiqui and Arun J. Sanyal Thormika Keo, John Leung, and Joel V. Weinstock 105 Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, 2070 123 Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of specific Don C. Rockey genetic disorders, 2378 106 Ascites and its complications, 2087 Judy H. Cho Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao 124 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic 107 Central nervous system and pulmonary complications of diseases, 2399 end-stage liver disease, 2107 Eran Israeli and Charles N. Bernstein Scott C. Matherly and Jasmohan S. Bajaj 125 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver 108 Liver transplantation, 2129 diseases, 2440 Alyson N. Fox and Robert S. Brown Jr. Travis W. Vandergriff and Kim B. Yancey 109 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 2146 126 Oral manifestation of gastrointestinal diseases, 2459 Amit Singal and Jorge A. Marrero Vidyasagar Ramappa and Yashwant R. Mahida Contents ix 127 Gastrointestinal vascular malformations and 143 Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery neoplasms: arterial, venous, arteriovenous, and (NOTES), 2709 capillary, 2470 Vivek Kumbhari and Anthony N. Kalloo Anne C. Travis and Joshua R. Korzenik B Imaging 128 Intestinal ischemia and vasculitides, 2490 Juan-Ramón Malagelada and Carolina Malagelada 144 Plain and contrast radiology, 2721 Marc S. Levine and Stephen E. Rubesin 129 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract, 2509 145 Abdominal sonography, 2742 Steven M. Cohn, Alda Vidrich, and Stephanie F. Coquia, Linda C. Chu, and Stephen J. Bickston Ulrike M. Hamper 130 Complementary and alternative medicine in 146 Endoscopic ultrasonography, 2763 gastroenterology, 2521 Mouen A. Khashab and Marcia Irene Canto Anthony Lembo and Andrea Bollom 147 Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract, 2790 PART 5 Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities Siva P. Raman, Karen M. Horton, Pamela T. Johnson, in gastroenterology Alec J. Megibow, and Elliot K. Fishman 148 Magnetic resonance imaging, 2819 A Endoscopic Diane Bergin and Donald G. Mitchell 131 General approach to endoscopy: sedation, monitoring, 149 Positron emission tomography, 2856 and preparation, 2535 Jonathan Sham, Manuela Matesan, James Park, and Hala Fatima and Douglas K. Rex Satoshi Minoshima 132 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2545 150 Radionuclide imaging in the gastrointestinal Abdurrahman Kadayifci and William R. Brugge tract, 2867 133 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy, 2558 Harvey A. Ziessman Jonathan A. Leighton and Shabana F. Pasha 151 Abdominal angiography, 2886 134 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy, 2569 Kyung Jae Cho Peter H. Rubin, Steven Naymagon, 152 Interventional radiology, 2909 Christopher B. Williams, and Jerome D. Waye Todd R. Schlachter, Julius Chapiro, Rafael Duran, 135 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 2582 Vania Tacher, Camila Zamboni, Luke Higgins, and Mustafa A. Arain and Martin L. Freeman Jean-Francois Henri Geschwind 136 Gastrointestinal dilation and stent placement, 2612 153 Confocal laser microscopy, 2944 Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek Helmut Neumann and Ralf Kiesslich 137 Endoscopic approaches to enteral nutrition, 2627 C Pathology Ryan J. Law and Todd H. Baron 154 Liver biopsy and histopathological 138 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage diagnosis, 2950 related to portal hypertension, 2636 Sugantha Govindarajan and Maurizio Bonacini Tinsay A. Woreta and Zhiping Li 155 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy – histopathological 139 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper interpretation, 2980 gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 2664 Elizabeth A. Montgomery and Anthony N. Kalloo Anne Thai and Joseph W. Leung 140 Endoscopic therapy for polyps and tumors, 2678 D Gastrointestinal function studies Mouen A. Khashab and Heiko Pohl 156 Tests of gastric and pancreatic function and 141 Laparoscopy and laparotomy, 2693 absorption, 3058 Ricardo Zorron and Gustavo Carvalho Joseph R. Pisegna and Deepinder Goyal 142 Submucosal endoscopy, 2703 Christopher J. Gostout Index, i1 Contributors Paul C. Adams MD John C. Atherton MD FRCP Professor of Medicine Professor of Gastroenterology Chief of Gastroenterology Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Western University National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in London, ON, Canada Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Hana Algül MD MPH School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Professor Nottingham, UK Head, Outpatient Clinic for Pancreatic Diseases Technical University of Munich Qasim Aziz PhD FRCP Munich, Germany Professor, Centre for Digestive Diseases Blizard Institute of Cell & Molecular Science Jose Altamirano MD MMSc Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Research Scientist Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Queen Mary University of London Barcelona, Spain London, UK David H. Alpers MD Jasmohan S. Bajaj MBBS MD MS AGAF FACG FAASLD William B Kountz Professor of Medicine and Geriatrics Associate Professor Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Center for Human Nutrition Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University St Louis, MO, USA and McGuire VA Medical Center Richmond, VA, USA Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan MD MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine Todd H. Baron MD Harvard Medical School Professor of Medicine Co-director Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Crohn’s and Colitis Center Director of Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy Massachusetts General Hospital The University of North Carolina Boston, MA, USA Chapel Hill, NC, USA Karin L. Andersson MD MPH Kim E. Barrett PhD Instructor, Harvard Medical School Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Dean of the Graduate Division Staff Hepatologist University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA Division of Gastroenterology Massachusetts General Hospital Sina Bartfeld PhD Boston, MA, USA Senior Scientist-group Hans Clevers Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and Mustafa A. Arain MD University Medical Centre Assistant Professor of Medicine Utrecht, The Netherlands Division of Gastroenterology University of Minnesota Adam J. Bass MD Minneapolis, MN, USA Assistant Professor of Medicine Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School Kristen O. Arseneau Boston, MA, USA Instructor of Research Department of Medicine Ramon Bataller MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Associate Professor Cleveland, OH, USA Departments of Medicine and Nutrition The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA xi xii Contributors Diane Bergin MD Billy Bourke MD MRCPI Consultant Radiologist Associate Professor Department of Radiology School of Medicine and Medical Science University Hospital Galway University College Dublin Galway, Ireland National Children’s Research Centre Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin Charles N. Bernstein MD Dublin, Ireland Distinguished Professor of Medicine Head, Section of Gastroenterology Scott J. Brantley PhD Director University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre Postdoctoral Research Associate Bingham Chair in Gastroenterology UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy College of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Faculty of Health Science Chapel Hill, NC, USA University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada Robert S. Brown Jr. MD MPH Vice Chair, Transitions of Care, Department of Medicine Adil E. Bharucha MD MBBS Interim Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Professor of Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Director, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation Mayo Clinic College of Medicine New York-Presbyterian Hospital Rochester, MN, USA New York, NY, USA Stephen J. Bickston MD AGAF William R. Brugge MD Professor of Internal Medicine Professor of Medicine Associate Chair for Gastroenterology Harvard Medical School Virginia Commonwealth University Director, Pancreas Biliary Center Richmond, VA, USA Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA Shrinivas Bishu MD Clinical Fellow Randall W. Burt MD Internal Medicine Barnes Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Utah University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Director of High Risk Clinics Pittsburgh, PA, USA Huntsman Cancer Institute Salt Lake City, UT, USA Richard S. Blumberg MD Professor of Medicine James Buxbaum MD Harvard Medical School Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division Chief Director of Endoscopy Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Los Angeles County Medical Center Department of Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Boston, MA, USA Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California C. Richard Boland MD Los Angeles, CA, USA Clinical Professor of Medicine University of Texas Southwestern at Dallas; Brid P. Callaghan PhD Chief, Division of Gastroenterology Research Fellow Baylor University Medical Center Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Dallas, TX, USA University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia Andrea Bollom MD Clinical Research Michael Camilleri MD Digestive Disease Center Executive Dean for Development Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor Boston, MA, USA Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Distinguished Investigator, Mayo Clinic Maurizio Bonacini MD Rochester, MN, USA University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA Marcia Irene Canto MD MHS Professor of Medine and Oncology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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