Очерки русской культуры XIX в. Т. 4. Общественная мысль

528 Pages·2003·96.142 MB·Russian

OQEPKH
PYCCKOV1
KYJ1bTYPbI
XIX
BEKA
~
o$(iLfi).
V~
4
06w:eCTBeHHaR
MbICnb
-I
I
MI'Y
~3AaTenbCTBO
MOCKOBCKOrO YHLIIBepCVlTeTa • 2003
Yl1.K 93/99
EEK 63,3(2)
095
Pe,naKUHOHHan KonnerHn:
)J,Jl., Jl.ep2G'Ieea, )J,B, KOUfMaN (PYKoBo,nHTeJlb llpOel<T3),
Jl.,B. Capa6bflHoe, EX Cblcoeea, BA. CfJeoopoe,
JfA. CfJeoocoe, Nfl. 11,uM6aee
Jt13,naJ-lHe oCYIUeCTBJIeHO npI1 <pI1HaHcoBoti no,nnep)!(Ke
POCC}ftiCKOro ryMaHI1TapHOro HayeIl-lOro <poH,Ua (PfH<D),
npoeKT NQ 00-01-00249
O'lepKJt PYCCKoti KYJIhTYPbI XIX BeKa. T. 4. 06ll(eCTBeHHaH
095 MhICJIh. - M,: JthU-BO MOCK. YH-Ta, 2003. - 528 c.
ISBN 5-211-04574-2 (T. 4)
ISBN 5-211-03939-4
):(aJ-!Hafi KHl1ra npo.nOJD:<aeT weCTI1TOMHYJO CepI110 «OlJepKOS PYCCKOH
KY11bTypbl XIX BeKa» H nOCB51weHa 113YCleHYIlO 06weCTBeHHoj;'r MbrCJHI POCCHI1.
B TOMe YC110BHO MO)!(HO Sbl.ne11HTb .nsa pa3.ne11a: nepBblH BKJIIOcJaeT cleTblpe
OlJepKa npo611eMHo-xpOH0110rwreCKoro xapaKTepa, KOTopble OTpalKalOT
pa3BI1TI1e 06weCTBeHHOH MhIC11H B onpe.neJleHHhle oepHOUbl; STOPOH pa3.ne11
couepxUH OlJepKl1110 HaH60Jlee Ba)!{HbIM llpo6J1eMaM, paCCMaTpl1BaeMblM Ha
npOTffiKeHIHI Bcero CTOJleTHfI.
):(JlfI I1CTOPHKOB, cj:1I1J10JlOroB, CTy.neHTOB rYM3HI1TapHbiX BY30B 11 1111-
ueeB, a TalOKe Mil Bcex yJl-{TepeCYlOIlO-L,{C51I1CTOpl1ei'J OTelJeCTBeHHoti KYJrbTYpbl.
Y)J,K 93/99
66K 63.3(2)
ISBN 5-211-04574-2 (T. 4)
ISBN 5-211-03939- 4 © KOJUleKTHS aBTOpos, 2003 r.
Mbf 3peeA" He (JeIWMU. a aeCflmUJlemWlMu.
H.M. KapaM311H
H CTOPI15I COUl1aJIbHO-nOJII1TI1l.JeCKOH
BBE~EHHE MbICJII1 11 06meCTBeHHOH )J(I13HI1 XIX B.
KpeITKl1MI1 HI1T5IMI1 CB5I3aHa C np06JIe
MaMI1 oCB060,UI1TeJIbHoro ,UBJ1.)I(eH l1JI B
POCCI1l1, KOTopoe OKa3bIBaJIO orpOMl·me
BJII15Il-II1e Ha HpaBCTBeHHO-nOJII1TJ11Je
crne npe,UCTaBJIeHl1JI 06meCTBa, Ha Bce
c¢epbI KYJIbTYPbI 11 BO MHorOM onpe
,UeJl5IJIO nepeMeHbI, npOI1CXO.L(J.1BlllI1e KaK
B HaUI10HaJIbHOM C03HaHI1I1, TaK 11 B
3KOHOMW-IeCKOH )J(I13HI1.
113Y'leHl1e 06meCTBeHHOH MbICJII1
11 OCB060.uMTeJIbHOrO ,UBJ1)!(eHHJI B POC
CI1I1 I1MeeT rJIy60KI1e KOpHI1, ,UaBHl1e
I1CTOpl1orpa¢WIeCKI1e TPa,UI1UI1I1. Co
BpeMeHHble I1CCJIe,UOBaTeJII1, OflllpaSICb
Ha ,UOCTI1)J(eHI15I CBOI1X npe,L(WeCT
BeHHI1KOB, 06pamaJOTCSI K BonpocaM,
KOTopbIe npe)J(,Ue He 6bIJII1 npe,UMeTOM
CneUl1aJIbHoro paCCMOTpeHIDl: KOHcep
BaTI1BI-IaJI 11 pe.lIl1T1103HO-06meCTBeI-IHa5I
MbICJIb, HapO,UHble npe,UCTaBJIeHWI. 0
COUl1aJIbHOH cnpaBe)J)II1BOCTI1, reHe311C
11 MO.uM¢11KaUI1l1 POCCi1licKOro m16epa
JII13Ma. Hap5I.LIY C 3TI1M nepe,U I1CTOPMKa
MI1 CTOI1T 3a,ua'-la 0606meHI1SI HaKOTIJIeH
Horo MaTepl1aJIa, ero TeOpeTW-IeCKOrO
OCMbICJIeHI15I (B pH,lJ,e CJIY'laeB nepeOCMbI··
CJIeHI15I), npeO,UOJIeHI15I MHOfI1X CTe
peOTIffiOB COBeTCKOH I1CTopl10rpaqll1l1 11
Tex 0,UH03Hal.JHbIX, nopoH npI1MI1Tl1B
HblX oueHOK, KOTopble l·faKOnl1JII1Cb B
nOCTCOBeTCKoe BpeMJI. I1MeHHo TaKOH
6
rro,DXO.D, MO)l(eT 11 .D,OJDKeH B I1Tore rrpl1BeCTI1 K C03.D,aHl1lO CBO.D,HOM: pa-
60Thl rro I1CTOPI1l1 06ll(eCTBeHHOM: MblCJII1 11 OCB060.D,I1TeJIbHoro .[(BIDKe
HI15I. AIcryaJIbHOCTb TaKOM: pa60Tbl HeCOMHeHHa, 11 .D,aHHble «O'-IepKH»
rrpe.D,CTaBJUIlOT c060M: rrepBblM: rro.D,cryn K peweHtIJO 3TOM: HerrpOCTOM:
3a.D,a'll!.
MCTOKH OCB060.[(l1TeJIbHOrO .D,BIDKeHlliI - I1CKJIlO",{HTeJIbHO B3)I(
HOro cPeHoMeHa XIX CTOJIeTH5I, HeCOMHeHHO, CJIe.D,yeT HCKaTb B 06me
eBporreHCKOM: l1.D,eM:HOI111 rrOJIHTI1'-IeCKOH CHTYaUl111 KOHua XVIII B.,
KpyrrHeHWI1M rrp05IBJIeHHeM KOTOPOM: CTaJIa BeJIHKa5I cPpaHUY3CKa5I
peBOJIIOUI151. MMeHl-IO B 3TO BpeM5I B POCCHH B03HI1K rrepBbIM: CO-
3HaTeJIbHbIH rrpOTeCT rrpOTHB CaMO.D,ep)l(aB115I H KperrOCTHI1'-IeCTBa
(AH. Pa.D,l1I.l..I,eB); Ha'-IaJIOCb ocPopMJIel-ll1e onrr03!11JJ10HHO-JIH6epaJIbHO
ro Te"'{eHH5I (H.M. HOBHKOB Hero e.D,HHOMbllllJIeHHHKI1); B03POCJIO
CTpeMJIeHl1e K cPOPMaJIbHOMY OrpaHH'-IeHHlO CaMO.D,ep)!(aBH5I (JIHHH5I
H .M. naHHHa - n.M. <POHBH3I1Ha). MMeHHO B eKaTepHHHHCKoe BpeM5I
6bIJII1 ccPOPMYmtpoBaHbI.[(Ba fJIaBHbIX Borrpoca POCCHHCKOH 06meCTBeH
HOM: )I(H3HH, KOTopble B OCHOBe CBOeM: OCTaBaJIl1Cb Hel13MeHHblMI1 Ha
BceM rrpOT5I)!(eHI1H XIX B.: Borrpoc 06 OTHoweHHH K CaMO.D,ep)KaBHlO,
KOTOPblM: HeH36e)I(H0 corrp5lraJIc5I C rrp06JJeMOM: He06xo.D,HMOCTH rro
JIHTH"'{eCKHX rrpe06pa30BaHHM:, H Borrpoc 0 KperrOCTHOM rrpaBe, KOTO
PblM: BO BTOpOM: rrOJIOBHHe BeKa CTaJI rrOHI1MaTbC5I KaK rrOI1CK crrpa
Be.D,JIHBOrO COUHaJIbHOro YCTpOM:CTBa, LITO, B CBOlO o"'{epe.D,b, CJIy)!(I1JJO
6JIarO.D,aTHOH rrO'-lBOM: .[(lUI pacrrpOCTpaHeHlliI COUl1aJIHCTI1'·lecKHX ~e­
HHM:. Eme B rrpoeKTe rOCY.D,apCTBeHHbIX pe¢opM, Ha.D, KOTOPblM rro.D,
PYKOBO.D,CTBOM H.R naHHHa pa60TaJI n.R <POHBH3HH, rOBOpI1JJOCb,
'-ITO I1MelOTC5I «.D,Ba rJIaBHeM:WI1X rryHKTa 6JIara roCY.D,apCTBa: BOJIbHOCTb
H c06CTBeHHOCTb». nO.D, «BOJIbHOCTblO» pa3YMeJII1Cb rrOJU1TMYeCKI1e CBO-
60.[(bI, rrpo6JIeMY «c06CTBeHHOCTI1» <POHBH311H paCKpbm3JI rrpe)K,lI,e BCero
KaK I-Ie06X0.[(I1MOCTb OCB060y.<,UeI-IlliI KperrOCTHbIX KpeCTh5lH.
06merrpHH5ITO rrepBblM PYCCKHM peBOJIlOUHOHepOM C'IHTaTb
AH. Pa)JJ1ll(eBa. Ero pa.uHKaJIbHOe BbICTyrrJIel-lI1e 6bIJJO OC03HaHHbIM H
rrpHHUl1rrHaJIbHblM, OHO rrpe.D,CTaBJI5IJIO C060H Ka"'{eCTBel-iHO HOBoe
5IBJIeHHe B HaWeM: 06meCTBeHHO-rrOJIHTH'-leCKOH )!(J13HI1, pe3KO OTJII1'-I
HOe OT CTI1XI1M:HOrO KpeCTb5IHCKOro rrpOTeCTa, HO KperrKHMH Y3aMI1
CB5I3aHHOe C Tpa.uI1UlliIMH eBpOrreM:CKoro rrpOCBeTHTeJIbCTBa. YMeCTHO
HarrOMHI1Tb, '-ITO EKaTepl1Ha II paCCMaTpHBaJIa n05JBJIel-lI1e pa.uHll(eB
CKOM: KHl1rl1 «nyrewecTBHe H3 DeTep6ypra B MOCK By» He TOJIbKO B
CB5I3H C C06blTI15IMI1 rrepBblX JIeT BeJII1KOH cPpaHUY3CKOH peBOJIlOUHI1,
HO 11 B 60JIee WI1POKOM KOHTeKCTe. B .D,HeBHHKe CTaTc-ceKpeTap5I HM
rrepaTpl1Ubl A.B. XparroBHUKoro HaXO.D,HM 3anl1Cb, KOTOPYIO pe.D,KO
UHTHPYIOT nOJIHOCTblO: «CKa3bIBaTb H3BOJIHJIa, '-ITO OH 6Yl-ITOBmHK,
X)0Ke nyra'-leBa, rrOKa3aB MHe, "'{TO B KOHue XBaJIHT OH <PpaHKJIHHa
KaK H3'-II1Hll(HI<a 11 ce6s:r TaKl1M)!(e rrpe.D,CTaBJUIeT»I (yrrOM5IHYTblM: 3.D,eCb
7
E. <DpaHKJII1H - 3HaMeHI1TbIH yqeHbIM 11 rrOJII1TWIeCKliIH .D:e5ITeJIb, )"-Ia
CTHI1K BOHHbI 3a He3aBI1CI1MOCTb B CeBepHOH AMepMKe 11 O.D:HH 113
C03.D:aTeJIeH aMepl1KaHCKOH KOHCTI1TYUl111).
Pa.u:l1lueB BapMaTMBeH. OH BrrepBbIe rrOKa3aJI 3aKOHHOCTb M He113-
6e)!{HOCTb rrpl1 orrpe.D:eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBI15IX HapO.D:HOH peBOJIIOUMl1, CMe
HbI MOHapXWleCKOrO rrpaBJIeHIDI pecrry6JII1KaHCKI1M. 11 MMeHHO rrO.D:
3TI1M yrJIOM rrMCaTeJIb paCCMaTpMBaJI BCe OCHOBHble 06ruecTBeHHO
rrOJII1TWleCKJ1e BOnpOCbI COBpeMeHHOH eMY POCCI1I1. BMeCTe C TeM,
OC03HaBa5I 3aMe.D:JIeHHOCTb pa3BI1TI15I POCCI1I1, Pa.u:I1lUeB .D:OrrOJIHI1JI
npOeKT «HapO.D:HOrO npaBJIeHIDI» .D:pyrl1M rrpOeKTOM, CMbICJI KOTOPOro
3aKJIIO'-laJIC5I B nOCTeneHHOM oCBo6m:K.D:eHI1M KpeCTb5IH 11 rrpOBe.D:eHI1M
HeKOTOpbIX nOJII1TWIeCKI1X pecpOpM (YCTaHOBJIeHl1e TBep.D:OH 3aKOHHO
CTM, paBHOBeCIDI BJiaCTeH, l1MYll(eCTBeHHOrO paBeHCTBa) npM coxpa
HeHl111 MOHapXl111.
Tpa.D:MUMI1, 3aJIO)!(eHHbIe B eKaTepl1HI1HCKOe BpeM5I, 6bIJII1 npo
.D:OJl)/(eHbI B XIX B. Ba)!{HbIM CTI1MYJIOM pacnpOCTpaHeHIDI nepe.D:OBbIX
M.D:eH CTaJIl1 C06bITI15I BeJIMKOH cppaHUY3cKoH peBOJIIOUMI1 11 oc06eHHO
nOCJIe.rryIOll(MX HanOJIeOHOBCKMX BOHH, KOTopble 3Ha'II1TeJIbHO paClllli
pl1Jll1 Kpyro30p pYCCKoro 06mecTBa, YKpenl1JlM B HeM I1.D:YlUYIO C
neTpOBCKHX BpeMeH l1.D:elO 06meeBponeHCKoro e.D:I1HCTBa.
OT np5IMOrO 3al1MCTBOBaHIDI opraHM3aUl10HHbIX CPOPM M M.D:eH
POCCI1l1CKa5I 06meCTBeHHOCTb 6bICTPO npl1WJIa K paBHonpaBHOMY yqa
CTMlO B eBponeHCKOM OCB06o.D:I1TeJIbHOM .D:BIDKemm. Y)!(e Ha paHHeH
CTa.D:1111 .D:JI5I PYCCKI1X .D:e5ITeJIeH xapaKTepHO CTpeMJIeHl1e TBOp'IeCKliI
I1HTepnpeTl1pOBaTb 3ana.u:HoeBpOneHCKYJO Tpa.D:MUI1IO. TaK, 113yqeHI1e
CO'-lI1HeHMH a66aTa PeHHaJi5I rrpl1BeJIO Pa.u:l1lueBa K pa.u:I1KaJIbHbiM BbI
BO.D:aM, KOTopbIe nOKa3aJII1Cb 6bI HenpMeMJIeMbIMM cPpaHUY3CKOMY
rrpOCBeTI1TeJIIO.
,UeKa6p11CTbI YCTaHOBI1JlM HenOCpe.D:CTBeHHbIH KOHTaKT C OT.D:eJIb
HblMI1 BeTB5IMI1 eBponeHCKoro nepe.D:OBOrO .D:BIDKeHIDI: C nOJIbCKOH,
I1TaJIb5IHCKOH, cppaHUY3CKOH, HeMeUKoH. OTHbIHe OpraHI13aUI10HHa5I
M I1.D:eHHa5I CB5I3b POCCI1HCKOrO 11 3ana.D:HOeBpOneHCKoro OCB060-
.D:I1TeJIbHOrO .D:BIDKeHM5I He npepbIBaJIaCb. A.11. fepueH 6bID CB5I3aH C
JI. KOlllyrOM 11,L:()!(. Ma.D:3I1HI1, .D:e5ITeJIeM eBponeHcKoro MacwTa6a CTaJI
M.A. EaJ<YHl1H, '-!be yqeHMe (aHapXM3M) noJIyqI1JIo npl13HaHMe B CTpaHax
3arra.u:HoH EBporrbI He MeHbwe, 'IeM B POCCI1M. C nepBbIX warOB pOC
CMHCKa5I COUMaJI-.D:eMOKpaTI15I OC03HaBaJIa ce65I OpraHI1'IeCKOH '-IaCTblO
MI1POBOro COu;HaJI-.D:eMOKparH'-IecKoro rrpouecca, a f.B. IlnexaHoB 5IBI1nC5I
O.D:HI1M 113 ero npM3HaHHhIX BO)!(.LJ:eH.
Herrpe.D:B35ITbIH aHaJII13 OCB060.D.I1TeJIbHOrO .D:BJ1)!(eHl15I XIX B. nOK3-
3bmaeT, 'ITO OHO pa3BI1BaJIOCb B TeCI-IOH CB5I3M C 06.I.l..(MM XO.D:OM n~pe.D:O­
BOH eBponei1cKoH MbICJII1. TI03TOMY HeCOCT05ITeJIbHbIMM npe.D:craBJI5IIOT
C5I OueHKI1 .D:BIDKeHIDI .D:eKa6pI1CTOB, 3ana.D:HI1KOB 11 CJIaB5IHocpl1JlOB,
8
peBOJlIOUMOHepOB-WeCTY!,UeC5ITHl1KOB, HapO,UOBOJlbueB, 3CepOB M 60Jlb
WeBMKOB KaK 5lBJleHMH YHMKaJIbHbIX, OTMe'-leHi-IbIX MCTOpM'-IeCKOI1 MC
KJIIO'-IMTeJlbHOCTbIO. ITO,U06HbIe nOCTpOemUI, Hepe,UKMe B pa60TaX co
BpeMeHl-IbIX OTe'-leCTBeHHbIX M 3apy6e)fO-IbIX I1CCJle,UOBaTeJleH, B KOHe'-l
HOM C'-IeTe OCHOB3Hbl Ha a6COmOTI13aUI1I1 HeTIJlO,UOTBopHoro Te3I1Ca 06
OC060M xap3lcrepe POCCI1HCKOrO MCTOpM'-leCKoro pa3BMTI15I. KOHe'-lHO,
oCB060,UI1TeJlbHOe ,UBIDKeHMe B POCCI1I1 I1MeJlO CBOM perl10HaJIbHbie M
XIX
I1CTOpM'-leCKMe oc06eHHOCTI1, 11 pYCCKaSI MbICJlb B. pewaJIa 3a,lJ,a'-ll1,
BO MHorOM OTJlM'-IHble OTTex, '-ITO 6bIJlI1, K npI1Mepy, nOCTaBJleHbl Ha
nOBeCTKY ,lJ,HSI 3KOHOMM'-IeCKI1M 11 nOJlMTM'-IeCKI1M pa3BMTI1eM AATJll1I1
I1JIM <DpaHUI1I1. Ho Te l1JIl1 I1Hble xap3lcrepHbie '-IepTbI, MMeBWHe MeCTO
B 06ruecTBeHHOM ,lJ,BIDKeHIDI Jl1060H CTpaHbI, He ,lJ,OJDKHbI MellIaTb no
HI1MaHl1l0 M,UeH 06rueeBponeHCKoro e,lJ,I1HCTBa.
MHblMM CJlOBaMI1, MCTOPI1R POCCI1HCKOH 06ruecTBeHHOH MblCJlI1
XIX
B. He MO)!(eT 6bITb nOHSITa BHe eBponeHCKoro KOHreKCTa, npl1 ee
M3yt1eHMM MCCJle,UOBareJlb ,lJ,OJl)\(eH onepI1pOBarb raKMMI1 YHMBepCaJIb
HbIMM nOH51rI1SlMI1, KaK KOHCepBarI13M, JlI16epaJII13M, pa,UI1KaJII13M,
MapKCI13M,aHapXI13M.
BMecre C reM cJle.uyer nOMHI1Tb 0 cneUJ1CpWIHOCTM 06ruecTBeH
XIX
HO-nOJlJ1TWleCKoH TepMMHOJlOrJ1I1 B. HanpI1Mep, «JllO,UI1 COPOKO
BblX rO,UOB», 3HaMeHI1Tble 3ana,lJ,HMKI1 I1 CJlaBSIHocpI1J1bI, npM'-II1CJl5lJlM
ce65I K nOKOJleHMIO «JlI16epaJIOB-I1,lJ,eaJIMCToB». 0 JTycllilI1X 113 HMX y>Ke B
nopecpopMeI-lHoe BpeM51 H.A HeKpaCOB CKa3aJI YCTaM11 cBoero HeCKOJlb
KO MPOHI1'-1HOrO rep05I «Me,lJ,Be)!(beH OXOTbI»:
PbIUaPb Jlo6poro cTpeMlleHMI
11 6ecnYTHoro >KI1Tbf1!
<. .. >
Tbl CTOfill nepeJl OTlJI13HOIO
LJ'ecTel-l MhICJlbIO, CepJlueM 4HCT,
BonJlOIl(el-lHOii YKOPI1JHOIO,
JI 116epan -I1JleanI1CT!
ITpaB,Ua, nOHSITI15l «JlI16epaflI13M» 11 «J1)J,eaJII13M» )JJ15l «mO)JeH CO
POKOBbIX rO,UOB» He BnOJlHe COBna.,uaJII1 C COBpeMeHHbIMI1 onpe,UeJle
HI1SIMI1. CMbICJI, KOTOPbIH BKJla,UblBanC5I Tor)Ja B CJlOBa «JlM6epaJ1»,
«I1)JeaJII1CT», CTaHer SICHee, eCJlI1 BCnOMHI1Tb OT3blB M.e. TypreHeBa 0
TI-I. fpm-IOBCKOM: «OH 6bW J1)J,eaJ1l1CT B JIY'-rrueM CM:bICJle 3TOro CJlOBa -
I1)JeaJII1CT He B O)JI1HO~IKY». ITOI1CKM I1,lJ,eana, CTpeMJleHl1e K HeMy CTaJII1
OTBeTOM Ha 3JI06y ,lJ,HSI, 1160 pe'-lb Wfla npe)K.LI.e Bcero 06 l1)Jeane 06rue
CTBeHHOM. TypreHeB nOJlaraJI' '-ITO CJlOBO «I1,Ue3JlI1CT» npI1MeJ-U1MO M K
BT. EeJlI1HCKOMY: «EeJll1HCKI1H 6bIJI HaCTOJlbKO >Ke I1,UeaJII1CT, Ha
CKOJlbKO OTpI1uareJlb; OH OTPI1UaJI BO I1M51 I1,lJ,eana. 3TOT I1,lJ,eaJI 6blJl
CBOHCTBa BeCbMa onpe,lJ,eJlel-IJ-IOrO I1 O,lJ,HOpO,UHoro, XOTSl 111vICHOBaJIC!l
pa3J1WlHO: HayKOH, nporpeCCOM, rYMaHHOCTbIO, UI1Bl1JII13aUHci1, -
3ana,lJ,OM, HaKOHeu. JIIO,UI1 6J1arOHaMepeHHble, HO He,U06po>xemneJlb-
9
Hble ynoTpe6n5llOT .L(a)Ke CnOBO peBOnlOUI15!». B TypreHeBCKOH pel[11
1879 r., 06paweHHoH K l[eCTBOBaBweH 11I1CaTeAA nepe.L(OBOH MOnO.L(e
)KJ1, Mbl HaXO,UI1M 11 HanOMI1HaHl1e 0 TOM, l[TO B COPOKOBble rO,Ubl,
«KOma ewe nOMI1HY He 6bUIO 0 rrOnl1Tl1'IeCKOH )K}J3HI1, cnOBO "nI16e
pan" 03Hal[anO rrpOTeCT rrpOTI1B Bcero TeMHoro 11 npl1TeCHI1TenbHOro,
03Hallano YBa)KeHl1e K HaYKe 11 06pa30BaHl1lO, nlO60Bb K n0331111 11
XY,UO:>KeCTBY 11, HaKOHeu, rryw:e Bcero 03Hal[anO nlO60Bb K HapO.L(y,
KOTOPbIH, HaXO.L(5!Cb ewe rro.L( rHeTOM KpenOCTHoro 6eCrrpaBI151, H;!)I(
.L(anC5! B ,Ue5!TenbHOH nOMOWI1 CBOJ1)( C'IaCTnI1BbIX CbIHOB»2.
Hap5!.uy C 3TI1M Hel136e)KeH Borrpoc 06 opraHWIHOCTI1 rrp05lBne
HI1H Tex I1nl1 I1HbIX TeY.eHI1H eBponeHcKoH 06WeCTBeHHOH MblCnI1 B
POCCI1I1. TeMa 3Ta I1CKnIO'II1TenbHO cnOX<Ha 11 Tpe6yeT TOLIHoro KOH
KpeTHO-I1CTOpl1'leCKOrO aHaJTI13a. O.L(l-IaKO BaxG-IO rrOMHI1Tb, 'ITO ewe B
rrepBble rropeq:lOpMeHHble ro.L(bl, KOma POCCI1HCKafI I1HTenJlI1reHUJ15! C
xapaKTepHbIM,lI)l5! Hee .L(OrMaTI13MOM 11 CeKTaHTCTBOM TonbKO CKna.L(bI
BanaCb, BI1.L(HeHUlI1H ee rrpe.L(CTaBI1Tenh K.,lJ,. KaBenl1H ceTOBan: «MbI
6epel\1 Ka)K.LJ:Oe Y'IeHl1e OC06H51KOM, rrpl1HI1MaeM .I1m1 oT6paCbIBaeM no
BneY.aTneHJ15!M, I1weM B HeM .L(OrMaTI1l[eCKOHI1CTI1HhI, a He OTBeTa Ha
rrOCTaBneHHble npe.L(bl'uYWI1M BonpOChI, 11 rrOTOMY TaK)Ke CKOPO pac
CTaeMCfI, KaK ero npl1H5IJJI1 ... Cero.L(H5! l1.L(eT nonoca rr0311TI1B113Ma,
Bl[epa ULna rronoca l1Aeanl13Ma; KaK 3HaTb, 3aBTpa, MO)KeT 6bITb, rrOH
.L(eT nonoca CI1I1pl1TII3Ma MnI1l[ero-HI16Y.L(b rrO.L(06Horo»3.
Oc06eHHO MHoro 06wero C TOlIKM 3peHI15I 3a.ual[ 11 ycnoBI1H pa3-
BI1TI1f1 OCB060.L(I1TenbHoro .L(BJ1)KeHJ15! 6bInO B POCCI1I1 11 CTpaHax IOro
BOCTOlIHOH 11 UeHTpanbHOH EBpOnbI. 3TO - He06blY.aHHafi OCTpOTa
KpeCTbflHCKoro Bonpoca, cna60CTb 11J111 rronHoe OTCYTCTBI1e «TpeTbero
COCnOBJ15!», rrepBeHCTByIOwa51 ponb ,UBopfIHCTBa B 60JIblllI1HCTBe CTpaH
perI10Ha, He.L(OCTaTOl[HO f1CHOe nOHI1MaHI1e Ba)KHOCTI1 }opI1.D:I1l[eCKMX
rapaHTI1H nOnI1TWleCKI1X CB060,U 11 rpaX<.L(31-ICKI1X npaB, HeY.eTKOCTb
06weCTBeHHhIX HarrpaMeHI1H. DpaB.L(a, nepe.L( POCCm1CKMM OCBo60,U11-
TeflbHblM .L(BJ1)KeHI1eM (B OTnl1'lI1e OT rronbcKoro, l[eWcKoro, cep6CKO
ro I1nl1 60nrapCKoro) He CTOIDla 3a.ual[a 60Pb6bI 3a HaUI10HanbHYIO
He3aBI1CI1MOCTb (lITO nl1TaeT rrpe,UCTaBneHI15I HeKOTopbIX I1CTOPI1KOB 0
POCCm1CKOH I1CKJUOtflnenhHOCTI1), HO CTOJIh)Ke aKTYaJIbHOI16bma rrpo-
6JIeMa BOBJIeY.eHI15I B aKTI1BH)'lO 60pb6y HapO.L(HbIX Macc, CTpa.L(aBWI1X
OT rrOJlI1Tl1'IeCKOrO rrp0l13BOna 11 COUl1anhHOrO rHeTa.
DepBble rO.L(bl XIX B., «.L(HeH AneKcaHLLPOBbIX rrpeKpaCHoe Halla
flO», 6blnI1 BpeMeHeM, KOr.L(a B Hal160nbilleH CTerreHI1 rrpOfIBMJIaCb I-Ie
paC'IJIeHeHHOCTb 06weCTBeHHhIX HanpaMeHJ1i1, OTCYTCTBl1e Me)K.LJ:y ]-ll!LVIM
lIeTKl1X rp31-Il1U. B .L(BOP5!HCKOH cpe.L(e nOJIYlIMnI1 XO)K.LJ:eHl1e npOP-KTbl,
aBTopbl KOTOPblX (AP. 11 c.P. BOPOHUOBbl, f .P. ,lJ,ep)KaBI1H, B.A. 3y-
60B, I-I.C. MOP.L(BI1HOB) BblCKa3bIBanl1Cb 3a OrpaHI1l[eI-fI1e CaMO.L(ep
)KaBHOH BnaCTI1 rrpe.L(CTaBI1TenbHblMI1 Y'Ipe)K.LJ:eHJ15!MI1, HO nOJIaranI1
10
npH 3TOM, 'ITO npaBO npe,UCTaBHTeJIbCTBa ,UOlDKHO npl1H3,1JJIe)l(aTb TOJIb
KO ,UBOP5IHCTBY. I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, HX npOeKTbl HMeJIH OJIHrapXH4e
XIX
CKl1H XapaKTep. K Ha4a.ny B. ,UaBHHe rpa,UHlJ)1I1 ,UBOp5IHCKOra OJIH
rapXH4eCKoro KOHCTHT}'UHOHaJIH3Ma 6bIJIH ,UOBOJIbHO npot.IHbIMH.
B TO )l(e BpeM5I B nOJIHTH4eCKOH MbICJIH nOHBJUIIOTC5I H CTOPOH
HHKH TaKOrO npe,UCTaBHTeJIbHOrO npaBJIeHHH, OpraHbl KOTOpOrO CO
CTOHJIH 6bl H3 Bbl60PHblX OT pa3HblX COCJIOBHH, B TOM 411CJIe H OT
«HIDKHHX OT,UeJIeHHH HapO,Ua» (B.H. Kapa3HH, B.<1>. MaJII1HOBCKI1}I,
B.B. TIorryraeB H ,UpyrHe). TIpHBep)l(eHUeM TaKOra Bapl1aHTa BblcrynM
B CBOHX pa3H006pa3HbIX npOeKTaX H M.M. CnepaHCKI1H, KOTOPbIH
OTCTaHBaJI TalOKe H,UeIO HMYll\eCTBeHHOrO I.J:eH3a, np5IMO npOTHBOpe-
4HBllIYlO COCJIOBHOH CTpyKType POCCHHCKOH I1MnepHH. TIpHHI.J:Hnbl
npe,UCTaBHTeJIbHOrO npaBJIeHI15I ([ocy,UapCTBeHHbIH COBeT, ,LJ,YMa, Ce
HaT) C04eTaJIHCb B TIJIaHaX CnepaHcKoro C npHHI.J:HnOM pa3,UeJIeHH5I
BTIacretfl .
O,UHOH H3 BffiKHeHurHX nOTpe6HOCTeH POCCHH nOJIl1TIf1.leCKI1e flli
XIX
CaTeJIH Ha4Ma B. C4HTaJII1 npe,UOCTaBJIeHYle ee )f(l1TeJUIM rp3)I(JJ:aH
CKl1X npaB H CB060,U, B 4HCJIe KOTOPbIX Ha nepBoe MeCTO BbI,UBHraJ1HCb
npaBO C06CTBeHHOCTH H HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTb JIWIHOCTH. TIapa,UOK
CaJ1bHO: oc06eHHO 3HeprH4HO OTCTaHBaJI 3TH npaBa TBep,UbIH 3all\HT
HHK KpenOCTHbIX OTHoweHl1i1: H.C. MopJJ:BI1HOB.
XIX
TIOJIHTH4eCKH.e HaCTpOeHH5I Hat.laJ1a B. (H,UeH KOHCTHTYI.J:H
OHHoro npaBJIeHH5I, 3aKOHHOCTH, rpa)I(,UaHCKI1X cB060,U) OTpa)l(aJIH
peaJIbHbIH POCT JIH6epaJIbHo-6YP)l(ya3Hblx TeH,UeHI.J:HH B 06meCTBe.
TIorpe6HOCTb nepeCMOTpa CTapbIX rocy,UapCTBeHHbIX CPOPM CTMa 06beK
THBHOH. Ho caMo,Uep)l(aBl1e 6JIaro,Uap5I HCKJII04HTeJIbHO YMeJIOMY JIa
BHpOBaHHlO AJIeKCaHJJ:pa I COXpaHMJIO CBOH n03HI.J:HH.
OTet.leCTBeHHa5I BOHHa 1812 r. H 3arpaHH4Hble nOXO,Ubl PYCCKOH
apMHH C HOBOH CMJIOH nOCTaBHJIH np06JIeMY Hapo,Ua, npe)I(,Ue Bcero
KpeCTbHHCTBa. TIo 3aBepweHHH HanOJIeOHOBCKHX BOHB npOH30lliJIO
B03BpaU.I,eHHe K f1J1aHaM pec!;>opM, HO fJIaBHbIM CTaJI Bonpoc 0 Kpeno
CTHOM npaBe, ,UonOJIHHTeJIbHYlO OCTPOTY KOTOPOMY npHJJ:aBM POCT
KpeCTbHHCKHX BOJIHeHHH. C 3aIDiCKaMH, npe,UJIaralOmHMH pa3Hble Ba
pHaHTbI (4acTO B3aHMOHCKIllOt.laI0ll..(l1e) peweHHH KpeCTb5IHCKOrO Bonpo
ca, BbICTYJll1lIH B Te rO,Ubl H .C. Mop,UBHHOB, B.H. Kapa3HH, ,U.I1. 113-
BOJIbCKI1H, E.<1>. KaHKpHH, TI.n. KHCeJIeB, A.A. ApaJ(l.leeB M MHome
,UpyrHe aBTOpbI. B KOHe4HOM C4eTe 06U.I,eCTBeHHO-nOJIHTH'leCKOe 3Ha
qeHHe 3THX 3arrnCOK 3aKJllOt.laJIOCb B npl13HaHHH HeB03MO)!(}{OCTH 6ec
KOHe4HO ,UOJIroro COXpaHeHI15I KpenOCTHbIX OTHorneHHH. I1paB,Ua, K
CKOPOMY H Pa,UHKaJIbHOMY perneHHlO KpeCTb5IHCKOrO Bonpoca CKJIO
HHJIHCb HeMHorHe, B nepBYlO 04epe,Ub ,UeKa6pHCTbI.
B MapTe 1818 r. AJIeKCaH,Up I npOH3Hec B BaprnaBe pet.lb Ha OT
KpblTHH nOJIbCKOrO ceHMa. OH 06elJ.I,aJI «pacnpocTpaHHTb Ha Bce crpa-