xii each cluster are mapped and colour coded according to the cluster having the maximum value ...

229 Pages·2016·7.55 MB·English

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each cluster are mapped and colour coded according to the cluster having the
maximum value at any locality (edges have been enhanced); (ii) Cluster tree
topology. ,208
'111.'11'111, III 11"'111' 111.11'1{,••• IIII.,IIII ••• II'I""" 'III '11111111111"0""1"1'111'1'1111"" •••
Figure 7. Area cladograms for the numbered localities shown inFigure 8,
(i) Cladogram derived by the method of ecological induction for widespread
taxa, See Table 3 for details of the weighting scheme, (ii) Cladogram based on
unweighted species distributions, '"'''''''''''''''''' '" "" '"'''' "'"'' """ """ """" 209
Figure 8. Areas of endemism and their historical relationships, (i)Regions arc
grouped by colour (except yellow) to show the major resolved clades on the
area cladograrn. (ii) Replicate of the cladogram inFigure 7(i), Numbers refer
to 70 point localities chosen to covel' the major features shown inFigure (5,210
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Figure 3.60. Oryx dammah,..,......,..,........,..,..,,,,'".."......",,,""" '"'' ",' "..".."..,190
Flgure 3.61. Oryx gazella "..""....,,,..,,""..,.."..,....,"...."""'''" ..",,....,..'"'"''"..191
Figul'c 3.6'. Ory» leucory» """ "...."",, ..".,,'''''' "." ..,..,'"..,,"" """"" ""...,"'"'' 192
Flgure .:S.63.Pelea capreolus """"""""""." .......... "... "...".".". ,"""."." .."..." 193
Figure 3.64. Kobus elltpstprymmu-): '""."" ..""....".,..,,'".,,"" "..".....""."." ...194
Figure 3.6S. Kobus kob.."""""" .."".""'''"." .."''"." .."."."''".",,.,,'',, ......,,,,....l95
Figure 3.66. Kobus leche ..."" ..."...."" ...."""''''" ..."''" ..".."'''''''''" ...",,.,,.,, ...,196
ll'igul'c 3.67. Kobus megaceros. .."'''" , ,.., ,", "., ," ,"" , " ,197
.Figul'c 3.68. Kobus vardont "..."."", ..."" ....,""""." ..""", .."..""." .....,,.,,',, .....,198
ll'ig,u'c 3.69. Redunca arundtnum.: ."." ......'''" ...".,," ..,,""" ...""..."...."."." ..." 199
FigUI'C3.70.1?edullca}it/\lorll!ula .,,'""...,,"'" .".".,,'" ""'" ..."".".,,"'''' "......"..200
Figure 3.71. Redunca redunca "."" ....".."".,"'''''''''".",." ..".." ""."""""." .....201
Figure 4.1. 0)Total species diversity for regions S\ (i P(red), ..""..."""." .....,,202
Figure 4.2. (i) Total species diversity tor regions n" p (bluc)""".""."""",,,.,, 203
n
Figure 4.3. (i) Total species diversity for regions p (green)"".".""" ......."204
(i
Flgure 4.4.0) Total species diversity for regions n (bltl(~-I- I'ed).""""."."" .......205
Figure 4.5. (i) Total species diversity for regions p (blue -I- green), .."".""" ..,,..20G
Ftgure 5.UPOMA cluster tree derived from the babitat model parameters
(eigenvectors ofthe firstfive principal components), Species are numbered as
inTable 1,Red circles mark the 19clusters used inthe ecological region
aunlysispresented inthe text and summarised inFigure 6 "." 207
Figm'c 6. Ecological regions derived from the UPGMA cluster tree shown in
Fig111'e5, (i) Mean values ofthe habitat models for the group ofspecies in
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Figure 3.37. Tragelaphus tmberbis 167
Figure 3.38. Tragelaphus Set/pills 168
Flgur» 3.39. Tragelaphus speket " 169
Figure 3.40. Tragelaphus strepsiceros 170
Figure 3.41. Ammo/raglls lersta 171
FigIU'C3.42. Capra Ibex "",,,,,,,,, ..,, , ,..,,,..,, ,..,.., 172
Figm'c 3.43. Cephalophus calllpygus ,.,..,',.,"",., ,"""',.,', ..,", ,."., ,., 173
Figure 3.44. (1ephalophusdorsalis , , , " """""." ,,, ,,174
Flgnre 3.45. Cepha/(;phllsjentillkl .." " ,..",..""'''" ".."" ,,..175
Figurc 3.46. Cephalophus /ellcogaster " , "",,. 176
Figm'c 3.47. Cephalophus natalensts ..""..".."" " "".""" ".",,. 177
Figure 3.48. Cephalophus nigcr........."......."..",..".."..,.."", ,,,..,,,,,,..,,,,..,,,,178
Figure 3,49. Cephalopl1llsntgrtfons....".."..".."......".."..""""""" ...,,""",, ...,,' 179
Flgure 3.50. Cephalophu» ogllby' "'"." ""'''".,,''''''''''''''''',, ,,'', ,..,,' 180
,Figure 3.51. Cephalophus rufllatus.», , ".., ".."."". ""." " " 181
Figure 3.52. Cephalophus spadtx ..."""""",." ",,, ,,,,,..,,,, ,, ,,,,, ,,,, 182
Figure 3.53. Caphalophus sylvtoultor.. """."." .."."" "" ...."..,..".." " ,,'" 183
FigUl'C 3.54. Cephalophus zebra " , ".,""."",."" ,,, , , 184
Figure 3.55.Phtlantotnba monticola " " " 185
FlgIU'C3.56. Syll'lcapra grtmmia.."" , ,,, ,, ,..,, ,, ,," 186
FigIU'C3.57. Adda» nasomaculatus " "" , ,.., " ,,,..,,, ,187
Flgure 3.58. Htppotragus equinus , " ,,, ,, ,, ,,..,,.. 188
Figure 3.59.lilppotl'aglls niger " " ".."..189
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Figure 3.14. Gazella leptoceros 144
Figure 3.15. Gazella ruftfrons , , ' ,145
,FigUI'C 3.16. Gazella soemmertngl ..,.., , ,...................................... .146
Figurc 3.17. Gazella spekei "., 147
Flgure 3.18. Gazella thomson! " , , , 148
Figure 3.19. Lttocrantus walleri 149
Figul'c 3.20. Dorcatragus megalotts , 150
Figure 3.21.Madoqua guentheri ,IS1
Ftgure 3.22.Madoqua kirk; 152
Figure 3.23. Madoqua saluana " " "" 153
Figure 3.24. Neotragus bates; "" , 154
Figure 3.25. Neotragus moschatus ' ' , " ,155
Figur» '\.26. Neotragus pygmaeus ,.., , , , , 156
FigUI'C 3.27. Oreotragus oreotragus " , 157
Figure 3.28. Ourebta ourebt " , , , " ,.., ,158
Figure 3.29. Raphioerus campestris , " " 159
FigIU'C 3.30. Raphicarus melanous. , ,,, , 160
Figure 3.31.1~aph;cerllssharpe! , , , 161
Figurc 3.32. Syncerus coffer " , 162
FlguI'C3.33. Taurotragus OlJIX., 163
Figure 3.34. Tragelaphus angast , " 164
Figure 3.35. II'agelaphlls buxtoni " 165
Figure 3.36. Tr oelaphus CIIl:VCCI'Us " 166
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Figure 2.17. Mean Monthly Rainfall: May"",,,,, ,, ,,,,,,,,,, ..,,.., , 121
Figure 2.18. Mean Monthly Rainfall: June.."" " " " " 122
Figure 2.19. Mean Monthly Rainfall: Jllly " "" ..,," "" .."""""""" ,,123
Figure 2.20. Mean Monthly Rainfall: August.. "" " """",, 124
Figure 2.21..Mean Monthly Rainfall: September " " 125
Figure 2.22. Mean Monthly Rainfall: October " "" " " """,, 126
Figure 2.23. Mean Monthly Rainfall: November " " ".."" .." 127
Figure 2.24. Mean Monthly Rainfall: December " 128
Figure 2.25. Mean Annual Rainfall .." " " "" 129
Standard notation used in Figures 3.1 ·3.71 " """ ,,",, ,130
Figul'c 3.1. Aepyceros 111elal11pIIs "., " " .."." " " " ".""." 131
Flgure 3.2.Alcelaphus buselaphus.. ....."".......""" ..."...."."" .."."..""" ....".,,,,. 132
Figure 3.3. Connochaetes gnou ." "..""" ".""." .." "" ,, 133
Figure 3.4. Connochaetes taurtnus .." "" "..,,,..,,,.,, 134
Figure 3.5. Damaliscus dorcas ".."',, "" "",."." "." ".." " 135
Figure 3.6. Damaltscus huntert " " " " " , ".,," 136
Figure 3.7. Damaliscus lunatus ., " " ".."."" " 137
l~igUl'c3.8. Sigmocerus Itchtensteint.; ...".."."." ......."" ..."..""..""" ..."....."..,,138
Flgure 3.9. Ammodorcas clarket " ,,"" " """ " " " ,." 139
Figure 3.10. Anttdorcas marsuptalis 140
Figure 3..11. Gazella dama 141
Figure 3.12. Gazella dorcas " 142
Figure 3.13. Gazella grant 143
,.;.
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List of Figures
Figure 1.(i) Overlay of distribution outlines of all species included inthe study
(see Table 1);(ii) the geometric centres of each distribution (see Anderson,
1994). 104
111111111"111,'111"",,, ••,1'0'1111111"1111111.11 1111111'1""1.111'1'1"111 111'1"1'11"1""1'111"1
Figure 2.1. Mean Daily Maximum Temperature: January 105
Figurc 2.2. Mean Daily Maximum Temperature: March 106
Fi~lU·C2.3. Mean Daily Maximum Temperature: May 107
Flgure 2.4. Mean Daily Maximum Temperature: July l08
Figure 2.5. Mean Daily Maximum Temperature: September 109
Figure 2.6. Mean Daily Maximum Temperature: November , 110
Figure 2.7. Mean Daily Minimum Temperature: January, , 111
Ji'igul'c 2.8. Mean Daily Minimum Tempernture: March 112
Flgure 2.9. Mean Daily Minimum Temperature: May " 113
Figure 2.10. Mean Daily Minimum Temperature: July 114
Figure 2.11. Mean Daily Minimum Temperature: September 115
Figure 2.12. Mean Daily Minimum Temperature: November 116
Figure 2.13. Mean Monthly Rainfall:January " 117
Figm'c 2.14. Mean Monthly Rainfall: February 118
Figm'c 2.15. Mean Monthly Rainfall: March 119
F~gUl'C2.16. Mean Monthly Rainfall: April 120
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List of Tables
Table 1. Species included inthe study. The table shows divisions bysub-family
and tribe. The last column onthe right indicates the source ofthe distribution
data (SM for Smithers (1983), andDD for Dorst andDandelot (1970)) 94
Table 2.Distribution of eigenvectors for the first eight principal components ofthe
habitat models (PCl-PC8). Bold type indicates components admitted under
th~"broken stick" criterion. Rows are numbered as inTable 1..,,"""""""" 97
Table 3. Compatibility scores andweights; observed, expected, andratio of
compatibility scores for given distributions (J\ (\ J> inFigure 3) (010 (')1.
and Wis HIrescaled from 1to 100.Rows are numbered asIn Table 1..""" 100
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Acknowledgements
Many colleagues have helpedwith discussions, criticisms, suggestions and
encour;.Igement.Among them I thank especially Graham Alexander, Pat Backwell,
Rob Brooks, Marcus Byrne, Robin Crewe, WillemFerguson, Michael Jennions,
Debbie Osberg, Daniel Palakow, SheilaRock, Ian Sanders, Mark Wildmanand
Brian Williams.
Rob Brooks, Joan Cameron, Robin Crewe andBrian Williamswere
especially accommodating inreading drafts at an instant'snotice.
Ithank Brian Williamsofthe ERU for loaning me computers, printers, and
anything I needed, when I needed itmost; ShirleyHanrahan for givingmeaplace
to work inthe Zoology Department when I needed one; Robert Caithness andRoy
Caithness for letting melisetheir computers whenever I needed to. My sincere
thanks and gratitude to allthe people who have helped and encouraged meover
the years, especially to Mrs. M, Calthness, for always hoping the best of hopes,
Finally,lowe everything to Sheila,for help, humour, andgood sane
honesty=-Shiel, itsdone.
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To
Marie Caithness, nee Plewman
Hugh E. H. Paterson
and
Sheila T. Rock
~.~..free at last, to enjoy the present, unfettered by the future which ishistory."
(approximately) Tom Robins
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Declaratlon
I declare that this thesis ismy own work. Itisbeing submitted for the degree of
Doctor ofPhilosophy, inthe University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Ithas
not been submitted before for anydegree or examination inany other University.
Signature:
Date:
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