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ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÀÈÀ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÉ XI ÈÁÉËÉÓÉ 2011 ÀÒÍ. ÜÉØÏÁÀÅÀÓ ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÉ Arn. Chikobava Institute of Linguistics ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÀÈÀ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÉ XI Questions of the Structure of Kartvelian Languages ÄÞÙÅÍÄÁÀ ÀÊÀÃÄÌÉÊÏÓ ÅÀÒËÀÌ ÈÏ×ÖÒÉÀÓ ÃÀÁÀÃÄÁÉÓ 110-Ä ßËÉÓÈÀÅÓ Tbilisi ÈÁÉËÉÓÉ 2011 mTavari redaqtori Editor-in-chief ÌÄÒÀÁ ÜÖáÖÀ Merab Chukhua saredaqcio kolegia Editorial Board ÀÅÈÀÍÃÉË ÀÒÀÁÖËÉ Avtandil Arabuli ÌÀÒÉÍÄ ÁÄÒÉÞÄ Marine Beridze ÂÉÏÒÂÉ ÂÏÂÏËÀÛÅÉËÉ Giorgi Gogolashvili ËÀËÉ ÄÆÖÂÁÀÉÀ Lali Ezugbaia ÂÖÜÀ ÊÅÀÒÀÝáÄËÉÀ Gucha Kvaratskhelia ÍÀÍÀ ÌÀàÀÅÀÒÉÀÍÉ Nana Machavariani ÏÌÀÒ ÌÄÌÉÛÉÛÉ Omar Memishishi ÌÖÒÌÀÍ ÓÖáÉÛÅÉËÉ Murman Sukhishvili ÈÄÃÏ ÖÈÖÒÂÀÉÞÄ Tedo Uturgaidze ÍÀÈÄËÀ ØÖÈÄËÉÀ Natela Kutelia † ÌÉáÄÉË ØÖÒÃÉÀÍÉ Mikheil Kurdiani ÅÀÑÀ ÛÄÍÂÄËÉÀ Vaja Shengelia ÉÆÀ ÜÀÍÔËÀÞÄ Iza Chantladze m i s a m a r T i : A d d r e s s : 0108 Tbilisi, ingoroKvas q. 8 0108 Tbilisi, Ingorokva str. 8 arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis Arn. Chikobava Institute enaTmecnierebis instituti of Linguistics E-mail: [email protected] © arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis instituti Arn. Chikobava Institute of Linguistics ISBN 99940-864-7-2 teqnikuri redaqtori l. vaSakiZe kompiuteruli uzrunvelyK ofa: T. gabroSvili r. grigolia r. papiaSvili r. ratiani ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÀÈÀ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÉ. XI. 2011 avTandil arabuli varlam Tofurias adgilisaTvis XX saukunis qarTvelologiaSi axal saukuneTa mijnaze, am urTules istoriul cvlilebaTa Jams, movaleobas rom Tavi davaneboT, Tanamedroveobas uTuod sWir- deba da Seefereba iseTi mniSvnelovani movlenebis ardaviwyeba da SeZlebisdagvarad gaazreba, rogoric varlam Tofurias cxovreba da Rvawli gaxlavT. gaxseneba gardasulebs ar sWirdebaT, is awmyos sWirdeba momav- lisaTvis gadasacemad, miT ufro maSin, roca momavlisaTvis gadasa- cemis didi wili sakuTarze ki ara, warsulis namemkvidrevze modis. warsulsa da momavals Soris, ai, amgvari (ilias gamoTqmiT) `Semaer- Tavi xidia~ varlam Tofurias saxeli da namoRvawari. am saukuneTa Sesayarze (da _ gasayarze) dedauniversitetis aswlovanTa gaxsenebas erTi mniSvnelovani datvirTvac aqvs: amiT Cven erTxel kidev uSualod ganvicdiT gasuli saukunis dasawyisis erovnuli energiis mZlavr emanacias da kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT im rols, rac erovnulma universitetma Seasrula XX saukuneSi, qveynis arsebobis sruliad axal etapze. aswlovanTa memorialur RonisZiebebSi, Cveulebisamebr, jer kidev umniSvnelo rols ar TamaSobs mogonebaTa anu ègos~ wili, magram, amave dros, saukunovani TariRi is mijnac aris, romelic moRva- wisa da misi namoRvawaris WeSmarit mniSvnelobas srulad da obieq- turad warmoaCens, roca am rigis aqtiurobas pirovnuli movaleoba ki ara, obieqturi istoriuli valdebuleba ganapirobebs... yovel SemTxvevaSi, ukve Cveni TaobisaTvis varlam Tofuria is warsulia, romlis miRebasa da Sefasebas arc xels uwyobs da arc xels uSlis TaobaTa Soris piradi urTierTobis momenti. Cveulebisamebr, rac 4 a a rab ul i . dro gadis, es distancia warsulTan miT ufro izrdeba da miT ufro met fassa da wonas iZens moRvawis WeSmariti roli da mniSvne- loba istoriis winaSe. SeiZleba sruli darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom varlam Tofurias figura erTi saukeTeso ganmasaxierebelia im WeSmariti moRvawisa, romlis mecnieruli memkvidreoba droTa ganmavlobaSi sul metsa da met mniSvnelobas SeiZens, xolo misi pirovneba saukeTesod gamoxa- tavs dedauniversitetis wiaRSi erovnuli energiis emanaciis zemo- aRniSnul movlenas. moRvawis cxovrebis gza _ dawyebuli erTi pa- tara qarTuli soflis skolidan da damTavrebuli dedauniversite- tiTa da mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiiT _ kvlavac araerTi Tao- bisaTvis iqneba waruvali magaliTi da gakveTili pirovnebis sruli sulieri TviTgamovlenisa da TviTdamkvidrebisa. varlam Tofuria, gangebis nebiT, swored XX saukunis gariJ- raJze moevlina am qveyanas; igi daibada 1901 wlis 8 ianvars, anu qarTuli marTlmadidebluri kalendriT, qristeSobis meore dRes. albaT SeuZlebelia, movlenaTa aseTi damTxveva axalyrmis mSoblebis ojaxSi da mSobliur sofel ontofoSi jer kidev tradiciul, mo- rwmune sazogadoebas raRac sagangebo SemTxvevad ar aReqva. Tumca aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom am did adamianebze saubrisas iseT did uxerxulobas araferi iwvevs, rogorc ori ram: erTi _ dabadebis adgilis dazusteba da meore _ maTi moRvaweobis drod sabWoTa epoqis dasaxeleba (miT ufro _ imdroindeli qarTuli mecnierebis `sabWoTa mecnierebad~ moxsenieba). meore niSandoblivi damTxveva is aris, rom varlam Tofuria xdeba axaldaarsebuli erovnuli universitetis erT-erTi pirveli studenti. SegviZlia warmovidginoT, magram SeuZlebelia ramdenadme mainc aRvadginoT is amaRlebuli gancda, rac ivane javaxiSvilis pir- velwveulT unda dauflebodaT universitetis zRurblze gadabije- bisas. am Taobis moRvaweobis Sedegebidan gamoCndeba, rom es gancda wminda aRTqmisa Tu ficis tolfasi iyo... da mesamec: erovnuli universitetis mesaZirkvleTa brwyinvale `TanavarskvlavedSi~ varlam Tofuriam, erTi SexedviT, imdenad bu- nebrivad da Zaldautaneblad daikava Tavisi gamorCeuli adgili, rom amisi axsnac isev im arcTu akademiur gamonaTqvams _ `bedis rCeulobas~ _ unda mivandoT. miT ufro, rom mecnierma es adgili varlam Tofurias adgilisaTvis XX saukunis qarTvelologiaSi 5 daimkvidra ara romelime gankerZoebul, jer kidev auTvisebel sfe- roSi, aramed misi samecniero interesebi moicavda arsebiTad yvela im mimarTulebas, rasac misi maswavleblebi da ufrosi kolegebi da- saZlevad SesWidebodnen... varlam Tofurias mecnierulma moRvaweobam moicva imdroindeli lingvisturi problematikis TiTqmis yvela aspeqti da saukeTeso kuTxiT warmoaCina kavkasiologiis, qarTvelologiis, saerTod, qar- Tuli mecnieruli azris winsvla da warmatebebi aRweriTs, struq- turulsa Tu SedarebiTs enaTmecnierebaSi. SeuZlebelia miznad da- visaxoT erT werilSi Tundac zereled warmovaCinoT misi mecnieruli memkvidreoba... Tu ramdenad mravalmxrivia varlam Tofurias samecniero interesebi da SemecnebiTi Zalisxmeva, am STabeWdilebas mis mier damuSa- vebuli mimarTulebebisa da problemebis mxolod mSrali CamonaTva- lic Segviqmnis: _ iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis aRweriTi da SedarebiTi Seswav- la (magaliTad: lakuris gramatikuli aRwera; kavkasiur enaTa bgere- bis klasifikaciis principebi; iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa struqturuli Sexvedrebi da maTi istoriuli analizi...). _ qarTvelur enaTa struqturisa da istoriis urTulesi problemebi (erTi mxriv, svanuris yovelmxrivi aRwera [`svanuris gramatika~, `svanuri zmna~] da meore mxriv _ SedarebiTi kvleva fonologiuri Tu morfologiuri struqturebisa [kvlevaTa seriebi: `fonetikuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur enebSi~, `qarTvelur enaTa si- tyvawarmoebidan~ da sxv.]). _ qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoria, Zveli qarTuli (ma- galiTad: `qvajvarani saqarTveloSi~, `qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis~ da sxv.). _ qarTuli enis fonetika-fonologia, morfologia, sintaqsi (magaliTad: ƒ fonemis sintagmatikis sakiTxi, mesame tipis vnebiTis warmoeba, sintaqsuri analogiis analizi...). _ dialeqtologia, qarTveluri dialeqtebi (svanuris deta- luri kilouri aRwera, gomaruli, qarTluri, zemoraWuli... dia- leqturi teqstebis ganumeorebeli korpusi [`qarTuli dialeqto- 6 a a rab ul i . logia, I~], Teoriuli da meToduri miTiTebani dialeqtologiur kvlevaSi...). _ leqsikologia-leqsikografia, etimologia (enimkis leqsikologiis ganyofilebaSi misi xelmZRvanelobiT damuSavda qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis sityvani, romelic daedo safuZvlad 1945 wels enaTmecnierebis institutSi Seqmnili qeglis komisiis muSaobas; iyo qeglis mTavari redaqciis wevri, am leqsikonis III to- mis redaqtori; `svanuri leqsikoni~, `qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni~, werilebis dasaxelebuli seria sityvawarmoebis Sesaxeb, kompozitTa Sedgenis kanonzomierebani...). _ saliteraturo qarTulis normaTa dadgenisa da dacvis sa- kiTxebi (`qarTuli enis siwmindis dacvisaTvis~, `qarTuli ena da marTlweris zogierTi sakiTxi~, òrTografiuli leqsikoni~...). _ mSobliuri enis swavleba (saxelmZRvaneloebi: `qarTuli ena~, `qarTuli weris dedani~, `mSobliuri enis swavlebisaTvis sa- Sualo skolaSi~, programebi, meToduri miTiTebani...). _ winamorbedTa da kolegaTa Rvawlis dafaseba (mose janaSvi- li, ivane javaxiSvili, akaki SaniZe, ioseb yifSiZe, simon janaSia, ar- nold Ciqobava...). _ gansakuTrebulad Tavdadebuli pedagogiuri saqmianoba. ganumeorebelia varlam Tofurias cxovrebis gza da STambeWda- via misi samecniero-pedagogiuri moRvaweobis mxolod qronografiac ki: universitetis aRzrdils oriode wels uwevs Tbilisis cen- tralur pedagogiur institutSi muSaoba da maswavleblebi _ a. Sa- niZe da g. axvlediani _ ukve 26 wlisas andoben mas universitetSi dialeqtologiisa da enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis kursebs. amis Semdeg araerTi samecniero-pedagogiuri Tanamdebobis gaZRola mouxda mas Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, enimkiSi, mecnierebaTa akademi- aSi, quTaisisa da goris pedagogiur institutebSi, Tbilisis samas- wavleblo institutSi... 1936 wlidan aris enimkis (ènis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis instituti~) leqsikologiis ganyofilebis gamge. 1941 wlidan, anu enaTmecnierebis institutis daarsebis dRi- dan, aris am institutis qarTvelur enaTa ganyofilebis gamge. 1943-1949 wlebSi iyo enaTmecnierebis institutis direqtori. varlam Tofurias adgilisaTvis XX saukunis qarTvelologiaSi 7 1945 wels universitetSi qarTuli enis kaTedris bazaze da- arsda axali qarTuli enis kaTedra, romlis gamgeobac akaki SaniZem varlam Tofurias ando da igi sicocxlis bolomde uZRveboda am saqmes. 30 wlisa igi ukve universitetis docentia, 35-36 wlisa _ filologiuri mecnierebis doqtori da profesori, 45 wlisa _ me- cnierebaTa akademiis wevri. dasawyisidanve STambeWdavia v. Tofurias mecnieruli Ziebis Sedegebi. ukve universitetis damTavrebisTanave _ 1923-1924 wlebSi aqveynebs igi iseT mniSvnelovan werilebs, rogorebicaa: `sintaqsuri analogiis erTi SemTxveva qarTulSi dialeqtebis mixedviT~, òrmagi uaryofa qarTulSi~, `geografiul saxelTa -Ta sufiqsisaTvis qar- TulSi~, `zmnis zogierTi Taviseburebani gomarulSi~... 1946 wels aqveynebs umniSvnelovanesi seriis _ `fonetikuri dakvirvebani qar- Tvelur enebSi~ _ pirvel werils: `bgeriT movlenaTa Tanamimdevro- ba...~ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mesaZirkvleebsa da pir- velmkvalavebs, qarTvelologiis manamdeli xarvezebis gaTvaliswine- biT, mravalmxrivi da muxlCauxreli moRvaweoba uwevdaT sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. amitomac upirvelesad gaocebas iwvevs mecnierebis patriarqebis es mravalmxrivoba, masStaburoba da, imave dros, kvle- vis siRrme da meTodologiuri safuZvlianoba. varlam Tofuriac, rogorc maTi mrwemi Tanamosagre, rogorc iTqva, erTdroulad mraval asparezze iRvwis da yvelgan gamorCeul kvals aRbeWdavs. gansakuTrebulia misi damsaxureba mTis kavkasiuri da qarTveluri enebis monacemTa aRweriTi Seswavlis saqmeSi. male aris dasaZlevi enaTa aRweriTi Seswavlis etapi, radgan istoriul- SedarebiTi `friadi samkali~ aRar icdis. gana TviTonve ar aRniS- navda, _ araTu SedarebiTi nakvalevi, qarTveluri ena-kiloebis sa- fuZvliani aRwerac ara gvaqvso! qarTvelologiis oqros fonds ekuTvnis v. Tofurias aRweriTi gamokvlevebi; maT Soris gansakuTre- buli mniSvnelobisaa `svanuri zmna~ _ cocxali enobrivi monacemebis usrulesi da uzustesi aRweriT, mdidari empiriuli masaliT, svanuri zmnis rTuli sistemis srulyofili agebiT... magram varlam Tofurias mTavari stiqia mainc ara sivrculi aRwera, aramed siR- 8 a a rab ul i . rmuli (istoriuli) Ziebaa. es aris misi mecnieruli bunebis arsebi- Ti niSani. qarTveluri enobrivi samyarodan swored svanuri _ rogorc fonetikuri qartexilebis gansakuTrebuli nakvalevis matare- beli _ aRmoCnda v. Tofurias mecnieruli SesaZleblobebis mTavari sajildao qva. misi ZiriTadi monapovrebic, aRniSnulTan erTad, Si- nagani da SedarebiTi rekonstruqciis sferos ganekuTvneba. TviT aRweriTi lingvistikis etalon `svanur zmnaSi~, sadac ki amisi Se- saZlebloba Seiqmneba, mkvlevari SemTxvevas ar tovebs, rom didmniS- vnelovani SedarebiTi Tu istoriuli aqcenti ar gaakeTos... magali- Tad, gv. 242: aq aRiwereba xmovanmonacvle zmnuri fuZeebi svanurSi da am monacemebis gamovlena saxelebSi: sid (`darCenilia~), bac (`Se- iZleba~)... da aqve fundamenturi mniSvnelobis komentari Sedarebi- Ti Ziebis TvalsazrisiT: `saWiroa dagrovdes masalebi da saTanadod gaSuqdes es saintereso II jgufis zmnebi qarTul-megrulis moSvelie- biT: bz. li-tyec `rRveva~, Sdr. tkeC-i...~ amave dros, rodesac mkvlevari ukve intensiurad muSaobs sva- nurze, igi seriozulad gadaerTveba kidev erTi mimarTulebiT _ iwyebs erT-erTi daRestnuri enis _ lakuris _ Seswavlas da ram- denime safuZvlisCamyrel naSroms qmnis am enis masalaze. amiT igi kidev erTxel warmoCndeba, rogorc farTo Tvalsawierisa da didi masStabis mkvlevari. varlam Tofurias mTavari mecnieruli interesi mainc qarTve- lur enaTa istoriuli bunebis Ziebas, misi fonologiisa Tu morfologiuri struqturebis siRrmul kvlevas daukavSirda da am mi- marTulebiT man araerTi saidumlos gasaRebsac miagno. dgindeba zusti fonologiuri wesebi da distribuciis kanonebi; irkveva fleqsiisa Tu derivaciis struqturuli kanonzomierebani; istoria sul ufro da ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba... da aq SeuZlebelia mcireoden gadaxvevas ar mivmarToT, ar aR- vniSnoT iseTi ram, rasac dRemde, vgonebT, sagangebod aravin Sexe- bia, uTuod _ rogorc isedac naTel WeSmaritebas: XX saukunis I naxevarSi qarTulma SemoqmedebiTma inteligen- ciam da, pirvel rigSi, mecnierebma pirwmindad mouges imperias (jer _ caristulsa da Semdeg _ komunistur imperias) erisaTvis brZo- la. am SemTxvevaSi es cneba erovnul enasac gulisxmobs, erovnul kulturasac da, SeiZleba iTqvas, sarwmunoebasac. Cven ara gvaqvs sa-