X-Ray Radiation of Highly Charged Ions

241 Pages·1997·8.048 MB·English

by  Dr. Heinrich F. Beyer, Professor H.-Jürgen Kluge, Dr. Viatcheslav P. Shevelko (auth.)

Springer Series on
19
AtolUs+PlasDlas
Editor: I. I. Sobel'man
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Springer Series on
AtolUs+PlaslDas
Editors: G. Ecker P. Lambropoulos 1.1. Sobel'man H. Walther
Managing Editor: H. K. V. Lotsch
Polarized Electrons 2nd Edition 13 Multiphoton Processes in Atoms
By J. Kessler 2nd Edition
By N. B. Delone and V. P. Krainov
2 MuItiphoton Processes
14 Atoms in Plasmas
Editors: P. Lambropoulos and S. 1. Smith
By V. S. Lisitsa
3 Atomic Many-Body Theory
15 Excitation of Atoms
2nd Edition
and Broadening of Spectral Lines
By l. Lindgren and J. Morrison
2nd Edition
4 Elementary Processes By I. J. Sobel'man, L. Vainshtein,
in Hydrogen-Helium Plasmas and E. Yukov
Cross Sections
16 Reference Data
and Reaction Rate Coefficients
on Multicharged Ions
By R. K. Janev, W. D. Langer, K. Evans, Jr.,
By V. G. Pal'chikov and V. P. Shevelko
and D. E. Post, Jr.
17 Lectures on Non-linear Plasma
5 Pulsed Electrical Discharge
Kinetics
in Vacuum
By G. A. Mesyats and D. l. Proskurovsky By V. N. Tsytovich
18 Atoms and Their
6 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
Spectroscopic Properties
2nd Edition
By V. P. Shevelko
Basic Aspects and Practical Applications
By S. Svanberg 19 X-Ray Radiation
of Highly Charged Ions
7 Interference of Atomic States
By H. F. Beyer, H.-J. Kluge,
By E. B. Alexandrov, M. P. Chaika
and G. I. Khvostenko and V. P. Shevelko
20 Electron Emission in Heavy-Ion-Atom
8 Plasma Physics 2nd Edition
Collision
Basic Theory
By N. Stolterfoht, R. D. DuBois,
with Fusion Applications
and R. D. Rivarola
By K. Nishikawa and M. Wakatani
21 Molecules and Their
9 Plasma Spectroscopy
Spectroscopic Properties
The Influence of Microwave
By S. V. Kristenko, A. J. Maslov,
and Laser Fields
By E. Oks and V. P. Shevelko
10 Film Deposition
by Plasma Techniques
By M. Konuma
11 Resonance Phenomena
in Electron-Atom Collisions
By V. I. Lengyel, V. T. Navrotsky
and E. P. Sabad
12 Atomic Spectra
and Radiative Transitions 2nd Edition
By I. l. Sobel'man
H. F. Beyer H.-J. Kluge V. P. Shevelko
X-Ray Radiation
of Highly Charged Ions
With 79 Figures and 52 Tables
, Springer
Dr. Heinrich F. Beyer Dr. Viatcheslav P. Shevelko
Professor H.-Jiirgen Kluge Lebedev Physics Institute,
Gesellschaft flir Schwerionenforschung, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Planckstrasse I, Leninsky Prospekt 53,
D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany 117924 Moscow, Russia
Series Editors:
Professor Dr. Giinter Ecker
Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Fakultat flir Physik und Astronomie,
Lehrstuhl Theoretische Physik I, Universitatsstrasse 150,
D-4480 I Bochum, Germany
Professor Peter Lambropoulos, Ph. D.
Max-Planck-Institut flir Quantenoptik,
D-85748 Garching, Germany, and
Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FO.R.T.H.),
Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (lESL),
University of Crete, PO Box 1527, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
Professor Igor I. Sobel'man
Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Leninsky Prospekt 53, 117924 Moscow, Russia
Professor Dr. Herbert Walther
Sektion Physik der Universitat Miinchen, Am Coulombwall I,
D-85748 Garching/Miinchen, Germany
Managing Editor: Dr.-Ing. Helmut K.V. Lotsch
Springer-Verlag, Tiergartenstrasse 17, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany
ISSN 0177-6495
ISBN 978-3-642-08323-5 ISBN 978-3-662-03495-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03495-8
Library of Congress Cataloging·in-Publication Data.
Beyer, H. F. (Heinrich F.), 1950-. X-ray radiation of highly charged ions I H. F. Beyer. H.-J. Kluge, V. P.
Shevelko p. cm. - (Springer series on atoms + plasmas; 19) Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Ion sources. 2. X-ray spectroscopy. 3. Collisions (Nuclear physics)
I. Kluge, H.-Jurgen. II. Shevel'ko, V. P. (Viiichesiav Petrovich) III. Series. QC702.3.B49 1997539.7'222-dc21
97-25461
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Preface
The physics of highly charged ions continues to be one of the most active
and interesting fields of atomic physics. A large fraction of the characteristic
radiation of such ions lies in the x-ray region and its spectroscopy represents
an important experimental tool. The field of x-ray spectroscopy grew directly
from the discovery of x radiation by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen in 1895. The
early contributions to atomic physics that arose out of x-ray spectroscopy are
well documented and are the subject of many centennial events. In the past,
the gross features of most x-ray spectra in the hard x-ray region have been
accounted for on a hydrogenic model. In many instances the gross spectral
features recorded in the early days of x-ray physics match those observed
with state-of-the-art techniques today and many of the early qualitative in-
terpretations have remained unchanged.
It is in the details of the spectra that today's results are superior to
those obtained many years ago, and it is in the quantitative and accurate de-
scriptions that today's predictions are better. A rejuvenation of the field has
occurred after the great achievements in the development of new ion sources
for production of heavy ions with only one or few electrons. The new tools
available to the experimenter allow the exploration of new states of mat-
ter and allow us to challenge new frontiers in our theoretical understanding
of atoms and their interactions with other particles. The new fundamental
atomic physics is related to atomic structure, interaction between particles
in heavy-atom collisions, problems in quantum electrodynamics and cross-
disciplinary interplay between atomic and nuclear physics. One of the most
attractive aspects may be envisioned in the combination of the mature field
of x-ray physics with the ability to employ the most advanced technology for
the production of ions with the highest charge available in nature, the 92-fold
ionized uranium. The power of the new achievements is beyond doubt. No
atomic physicist can afford to ignore them.
This book has been written to support this new development. An up-to-
date description is presented that should enable the reader to learn what is
already known and to discover where many interesting problems still wait to
be solved. For the first comprehensive monograph on the subject, the aim
has been to produce a book that would take the reader up to the research
frontiers without making severe demands on the reader's erudition. It should
VI Preface
be equally useful to the advanced student as well as to the research scientist
already specialized in one of the subfields of x-ray, atomic or plasma physics.
At the same time, the book may serve as a nearly complete guide to the rel-
evant research literature. We intend to give profound information on atomic
techniques and ion sources used for investigation of electron-ion-atom col-
lision processes as well as a broad overview of atomic structure and atomic
characteristics required for many physics applications involving energy levels,
Lamb shift, oscillator strengths and transition probabilities, photoionization
and electron-ion recombination cross sections.
During the course of writing this book, we benefitted from a fruitful ex-
change of ideas with our co-workers from the Atomic-Physics Department of
the GSI in Darmstadt and from the Optical Division of the P.N. Lebedev
Physics Institute in Moscow. It is our pleasure to thank T. Klihl, L.N. Lab-
zowsky, A. Mliller, V.G. Pal'chikov, V.M. Shabaev, Th. Stohlker, A.M. Urnov
and W. Quint for valuable remarks. We are particularly grateful to 1.1. So-
belman for useful comments and permanent interest in our work. Finally,
we wish to record our thanks to H. Lotsch of Springer-Verlag for his patient
cooperation.
Darmstadt - Moscow H.F. Beyer
May 1997 H.-J. Kluge
V.P. Shevelko
Contents
1. Introduction.............................................. 1
2. Techniques............................................... 7
2.1 Ion Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Elementary Processes in Plasmas ................. 0. . 8
2.1.2 Classification ofIon Sources ....................... 11
2.1.3 Penning Ionization Gauge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
2.1.4 Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source ........... 19
2.1.5 Electron-Beam Ion Source and Trap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
2.1.6 Laser Ion Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
2.2 Heavy-Ion Accelerators. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
2.2.1 Acceleration of Charged Particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
2.2.2 Accelerator Laboratories for Heavy Ions. . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
2.2.3 Ion Stripping and Charge States ................... 43
2.2.4 Accelerator-Based X-Ray Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
2.3 Storage Rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
2.3.1 Overview........................................ 47
2.3.2 Beam Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
2.4 Ion Traps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
2.4.1 SMILETRAP.................................... 57
2.4.2 RETRAP....................................... 59
3. Atomic Structure and Spectra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
3.1 Classification of Spectral Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
3.2 Coupling Schemes. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
3.3 Ionization and Transition Energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
3.4 Fine and Hyperfine Structures ........................... 72
3.5 Lamb Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
4. Transition Probabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
4.1 Selection Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
4.2 Transition Probabilities ................................. 87
4.3 Lifetimes.............................................. 95
4.4 Autoionizing States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
VIII Contents
5. Radiative Processes ....................................... 101
5.1 Photoionization and Radiative Recombination .............. 101
5.1.1 General Relations ................................ 101
5.1.2 Photoionization .................................. 105
5.1.3 Radiative Recombination .......................... 109
5.2 Bremsstrahlung ........................................ 113
5.3 Polarization of X-Ray Lines .............................. 116
5.4 X-Ray Lasers .......................................... 122
6. Collisional Processes ...................................... 127
6.1 Dielectronic Recombination .............................. 127
6.1.1 Classification of the Process ....................... 127
6.1.2 Dielectronic Satellites ............................. 129
6.1.3 DR Cross Sections and Rates ...................... 130
6.1.4 Experiments ..................................... 132
6.1.5 Interference Between Dielectronic
and Radiative Recombination ...................... 136
6.1.6 Binding Energies ................................. 137
6.2 Radiative Electron Capture .............................. 138
6.2.1 Comparison with Radiative Recombination .......... 138
6.2.2 Line Shape ...................................... 140
6.2.3 Total Cross Section ............................... 143
6.2.4 Angular Distribution .............................. 144
6.3 Resonant Transfer and Excitation ........................ 147
6.4 Three-Body Recombination .............................. 150
Appendices ................................................... 155
A.1 Numerical Data for Electronic Binding Energies ............ 155
A.2 Numerical Data for Electromagnetic Decay ................ 171
A.3 Spectroscopic Data for X-Ray Lasers ...................... 200
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Subject Index ................................................ 231
List of Symbols
Fundamental Constants
Co = 299792458 m S-l Velocity of light in vacuum
n = 6.5821220(20) x 10-16 eV s Planck constant divided by 27r
hco = 1.23984244(37) x 10-6 eV m Conversion constant
e = 1.60217733(49) x 10-19 C Elementary charge magnitude
me = 0.51099906(15) MeV/c~ Electron mass
mp = 938.27231(28) MeV /c~ Proton mass
u = 931.49432(28) MeV /c~ Unified atomic mass unit
(mass of 12C atom)/12
a = e2/nco
= 1/137.0359895(61) Fine-structure constant
Te = e2 /mec~
= 2.81794092(38) x 10-15 m Classical electron radius
n
ao = 2/mee2
'= 0.529177249(24) x 10-10 m Bohr radius
Ry = mee4/2n2
= 13.6056981(40) eV Rydberg energy
k = 8.617385(73) x 10-5 eV K-1 Boltzmann constant
The values given above are extracted from the set of constants recommended
for international use by the Committee on Data for Science and Technol-
ogy (CODATA) based on the "1986 adjustment of the Fundamental Physi-
cal Constants" by E.R. Cohen and B.N. Taylor, Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1121
(1987). See also E.R. Cohen and B.N. Taylor, "The Fundamental Physical
Constants", Phys. Today 48, Pt.2 (August 1995).
Basic Notation
Rate coefficient for recombination
Dirac matrix
f3 = v/co
f3(s) Beta function
X List of Symbols
'"Yt Transition gamma
r
Level width
Fa Auger width
I; Radiative width
Electron energy, rest mass subtracted
E
Relative cooler length
Debye length
Magnetic moment
Chromaticity
Minimum and maximum impact parameter
Pmin,max
Cross section
(J
Photoi onization cross section
Recombination cross section
Confinement time
Betatron phase
w Angular frequency
Cyclotron angular frequency
A Atomic number
Aa Autoionization probability
Ar Radiative decay probability
Aik Transition probability for transition i ----; k
B Magnetic inductance
d Characteristic trap dimension
Ee Electron energy
Ei,k Electronic binding energy of levels i and k
Relativistic energy of bound electron
Erel
£ Single-electron orbital angular-momentum quantum number
fik Oscillator strength for transition i ----; k
9 Statistical weight
Lande factor
Gaunt factor
g(T/o, T/l) Gaunt factor for Bremsstrahlung
I Nuclear-spin quantum number
In£ Absolute value of binding energy
Iq Ionization potential
j Single-electron total angular-momentum quantum number
J Total angular-momentum quantum number
k Photon momentum
K(s) Focusing strength
fe Electron angular momentum
L Total orbital angular-momentum quantum number
Lc Coulomb logarithm
Ion mass
mi