x band substrate integrated horn array antenna for future advanced collision avoidance system

133 Pages·2016·2.93 MB·English

X BAND SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED HORN ARRAY ANTENNA
FOR FUTURE ADVANCED COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

by

AMEYA RAMADURGAKAR

B.S., Drexel University, 2011

A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the

University of Colorado Colorado Springs

in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

2015
© Copyright By Ameya Ramadurgakar 2015
All Rights Reserved
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To my parents, Surésh and Alka, for their infinite love,
support, and to my sister Aditi for her everlasting love and encouragement
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
My paramount appreciation goes to my academic advisor Dr. Heather Song
(University of Colorado Colorado Springs) for her non-stop advice over the progress of my
thesis research and providing all conditions to keep my work running. I equally appreciate
the valuable feedback, guidance and help from Dr. James Lovejoy (Lockheed Martin) for
his stellar comments, critic and ideas throughout the thesis. I would also appreciate my
deepest gratitude to Dr. T.S. Kalkur (University of Colorado Colorado Springs) for his
overarching support throughout the completion of my degree. Last but in no ways the least,
I most appreciate the help of Kevin Quillen (ANSYS) for showing me the ropes and tricks
of using the HFSS software over many sessions.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________ 1
1.1. Overview of Collision Avoidance System _________________________________________________________ 2
1.1.1 Automated Dependent Surveillance - broadcast(ADS-B) _____________________________________ 2
1.1.2 Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) __________________________________________________ 4
1.2 State of the Art UAV Collision Avoidance System _________________________________________________ 6
1.3 Literature Search and Review _______________________________________________________________________ 7
1.4 Novelty of the Proposed Thesis Work ______________________________________________________________ 8
1.5 Scopes and Motivations of Thesis ___________________________________________________________________ 9
II. BACKGROUND AND THEORY ___________________________________ 13
2.1. Horn Antenna ______________________________________________________________________________________ 14
2.1.1 H-Plane sectoral horn __________________________________________________________________________ 14
2.2 Array Antenna ______________________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.1 Broadside Array Antenna ______________________________________________________________________ 21
2.2.1 End fire Array Antenna ________________________________________________________________________ 23
2.3 Dielectrically Filled Waveguide____________________________________________________________________ 24
2.4 Radar Range Equation ______________________________________________________________________________ 29
2.5 Microstrip ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 33
2.6 Summary of Theory ________________________________________________________________________________ 34
III. DESIGN _______________________________________________________ 35
3.1 Radar Range Equation (RRE) Calculations ________________________________________________________ 36
3.1.1 Design Calculations and Plots ________________________________________________ 36
3.2 Computer Design and Simulation __________________________________________________________________ 44
3.2.1 Waveguide Design and Simulation ___________________________________________ 44
3.2.2 Antenna Design and Simulation ______________________________________________ 46
3.2.3 Microstrip to SIW Feed Transition and Network Design __________________________ 49
3.2.4 Single Antenna Element Design and Simulation ________________________________ 50
3.3 Array Antenna Design and Simulation _____________________________________________________________ 52
3.4. Feeding Network Technique Analysis and Application ___________________________________________ 59
3.5. Methods to Enhancing Performance in Array Antennas __________________________________________ 76
IV. MEASUREMENT AND RESULT DISCUSSION _____________________ 80
4.1 Antenna Gain Measurement Techniques ___________________________________________________________ 80
4.1.1 Three Antenna Gain Measurement Technique __________________________________ 83
4.2 Calculated, Simulated and Measured Array Facto _________________________________________________ 84
4.3 Experiment Setup ___________________________________________________________________________________ 86
4.3.1 S Measurement Test _________________________________________________________________________ 86
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4.3.2 Radiation Pattern Setup _______________________________________________________________________ 90
4.3.3 Gain Measurement Setup ______________________________________________________________________ 94
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ______________________________ 98
REFERENCES ____________________________________________________ 101
APPENDICES _____________________________________________________ 104
RADAR RANGE EQUATION ____________________________________________________________________ 104
Subsrate Integrated Waveguide Dimension Calculator Code ___________________________ 116
Array Factor calculator and radiation pattern plotter ______________________________________________ 120

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TABLES

Table 1-1: Basic system requirement (compatible with 1090 ES) ..................................... 2

Table 1-2: Link Budget calculation for ADS-B system..................................................... 2

Table 1-3: TCAS Levels of Protection ............................................................................... 4

Table 1-4: Previous and currently related research and work. ............................................ 9

Table 1-5: Final specification of the proposed design thesis array antenna ..................... 12

Table 2-1: Constant K1 in a Two Way Radar Range Equation ........................................ 22

Table 2-2: Constant K2 in a Two Way Radar Range Equation. ....................................... 22

Table 3-1: Gain Range vs Scan Range. ............................................................................ 33

Table 3-2: Simulated Antenna Elements vs. Gain and Scan Range. ................................ 47

Table 3-3: Number of Elements vs Element Spacing Study Results. ............................... 66

Table 4-1: Return Loss Test Measurement Equipment Used ........................................... 87

Table 4-2: Details of Components Used in Radiation Pattern Measurement ................... 90

Table 4-3: Antennae Dimensions and Far Field Criterion ................................................ 93

Table 4-4: Component Listing for Gain Measurement Experiment ................................. 97

Table 4-5: Main Lobe Measured Absolute Gain .............................................................. 98

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FIGURES

Figure 1-1: TCAS II Block Diagram .................................................................................. 6

Figure 2-1: H-Plane horn .................................................................................................. 14

Figure 2-2: H-Plane (x-z) cut of an H-plane sectorial horn .............................................. 15

Figure 2-3: E and H normalized plane patterns for H plane sectoral horn ....................... 17

Figure 2-4: E and H normalized plane patterns for H plane sectoral horn ....................... 18

Figure 2-5: Array Factor/Pattern Multiplication ............................................................... 20

Figure 2-6: Broadside Array Radiation pattern ................................................................ 21

Figure 2-7: Array factor patterns of a 10-element uniform amplitude broadside array .... 22

Figure 2-8: Three-dimensional amplitude patterns for end-fire arrays toward 0 and 180
degrees .............................................................................................................................. 23

Figure 2-9: Array Factor patterns for ordinary end fire array at different phase excitation
........................................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 2-10: Geometry of the dielectric slab waveguide (a) Perspective view (b) Side
View .................................................................................................................................. 25

Figure 2-11: Substrate Integrated Waveguide .................................................................. 26

Figure 2-12 Dimension definition of rectangular waveguide ........................................... 27

Figure 2-13: Pitch ‘p’ and Diameter‘d’ of the SIW .......................................................... 29

Figure 2-14: Monostatic Array Antenna System .............................................................. 30

Figure 2-15: Equivalent Circuit Model of the RRE .......................................................... 30

Figure 2-16: A typical cross section view of a microstrip line ......................................... 33

Figure 3-1: Thesis Design Cornerstones ........................................................................... 35

Figure 3-2: MATLAB generated value for Range ............................................................ 37
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Figure 3-3: MATLAB plot of Range vs. Receiver Sensitivity with TX and RX Gain =
10dB .................................................................................................................................. 38

Figure 3-4: MATLAB plot of Range vs. Receiver Sensitivity with TX and RX Gain =
20dB .................................................................................................................................. 39

Figure 3-5: MATLAB plot of Range vs. Receiver Sensitivity ......................................... 40

Figure 3-6: Gain vs Number of Phased Array Elements at 9 GHz ................................... 41

Figure 3-7: Gain Range vs Scan Range Plot ..................................................................... 42

Figure 3-8: Regular Waveguide with Metal Side Walls ................................................... 45

Figure 3-9: SIW X-Band Waveguide ............................................................................... 45

Figure 3-10: S-Parameter response overlay of SIW and Regular Waveguide .................. 46

Figure 3-11: Horn Antenna Structure Design using SIW at reduced height .................... 47

Figure 3-12: S (Return Loss) simulation results for the Horn Antenna structure shown
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in Figure 3-10 .................................................................................................................... 47

Figure 3-13: Horn Antenna Structure Design using SIW at normal X-Band waveguide . 47

Figure 3-14: Realized gain of the Horn Antenna structure from Figure 11...................... 48

Figure 3-15: Field Propagation Animation through the Horn Structure ........................... 49

Figure 3-16: Back to Back Transitions Simulation Model ............................................... 49

Figure 3-17: Single Element Antenna Structure ............................................................... 50

Figure 3-18: S Response from the Single Element Antenna Structure .......................... 51
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Figure 3-19: Gain Response Pattern from the Single Element Structure at 9 GHz .......... 52

Figure 3-20: Two Element SIW Horn Antenna Array...................................................... 53

Figure 3-21: Element Spacing Consideration ................................................................... 54

Figure 3-22: S response for two element array ............................................................. 54
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Figure 3-23: Realized Gain response from two element array ......................................... 55

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Figure 3-24: Five Element Array Design .......................................................................... 56

Figure 3-25: Five Element Array Gain Response ............................................................. 56

Figure 3-26: Simulated S response as per fabrication specifications ............................. 58
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Figure 3-27: Simulated Gain response as per fabrication specifications .......................... 58

Figure 3-28: Version 1 of feeding network modification ................................................. 60

Figure 3-29: Version 1 Array Antenna S11 response ....................................................... 60

Figure 3-30: Version 2 of proposed Array Design with Quarter Wave Matching Feeding
........................................................................................................................................... 61

Figure 3-31: S response of version 2 .............................................................................. 62
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Figure 3-32 Radiation Pattern of version 2 of proposed design ....................................... 62

Figure 3-33 Realized Gain of version 2 of the proposed array design with quarter wave
matching feed network ...................................................................................................... 63

Figure 3-34: Rectangular Plot of Directivity (dB) vs. Phi Angle ..................................... 64

Figure 3-35 Top view of the array with 1.6cm element spacing ...................................... 65

Figure 3-36 Array with 1.6cm element spacing side view ............................................... 65

Figure 3-37 Array with 1.6cm element spacing perspective view .................................... 66

Figure 3-38: S response of the array with 1.6 cm element spacing ............................... 67
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Figure 3-39: Directivity 3D radiation pattern of the array structure ................................. 67

Figure 3-40: Radiation Patterns of the full array in Polar format ..................................... 68

Figure 3-41: Overlay rectangular radiation pattern plots between full array model and
single element AF estimation............................................................................................ 69

Figure 3-42: Overlay Plot of Flare Angle ......................................................................... 71

Figure 3-43: Alternating Stackup Arrangement of Array Elements having a separation’d’
of 1.6cm ............................................................................................................................ 72

Figure 3-44: Single element transition structure stripline location ................................... 73

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