Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China PDF
Preview Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
WUHAN, 1938 A B O O K ThePhilipE.Lilienthalimprint honorsspecialbooks incommemorationofamanwhosework atUniversityofCaliforniaPressfrom1954to1979 wasmarkedbydedicationtoyoungauthors andtohighstandardsinthefieldofAsianStudies. Friends,family,authors,andfoundationshavetogether endowedtheLilienthalFund,whichenablesUCPress topublishunderthisimprintselectedbooks inawaythatreflectsthetasteandjudgment ofagreatandbelovededitor. WUHAN, 1938 WAR, REFUGEES, AND THE MAKING OF MODERN CHINA STEPHEN R. MacKINNON INCLUDESPHOTOGRAPHSBYROBERTCAPA UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAPRESS BERKELEY LOSANGELES LONDON Everyefforthasbeenmadetoidentifyandlocatetherightfulcopyrighthold- ersofallmaterialnotspecificallycommissionedforuseinthispublicationand tosecurepermission,whereapplicable,forreuseofallsuchmaterial.Credit,if andasavailable,hasbeenprovidedforallborrowedmaterialeitheron-pageor hereonthecopyrightpage.Errors,omissions,orfailuretoobtainauthoriza- tionwithrespecttomaterialcopyrightedbyothersourceshasbeeneitherun- avoidableorunintentional.Theauthorandpublisherwelcomeanyinformation thatwouldallowthemtocorrectfuturereprints. UniversityofCaliforniaPress,oneofthemostdistinguisheduniversitypresses intheUnitedStates,enricheslivesaroundtheworldbyadvancingscholarship inthehumanities,socialsciences,andnaturalsciences.Itsactivitiesaresupported bytheUCPressFoundationandbyphilanthropiccontributionsfromindivid- ualsandinstitutions.Formoreinformation,visitwww.ucpress.edu. Theauthorgratefullyacknowledgespermissiontoreprintthefollowingcopy- rightedmaterial:fromW.H.AudenandChristopherIsherwood,Journeytoa War,London:Faber&Faber,©1939,1973;fromJosephW.Esherick,ed.,Re- makingtheChineseCity:ModernityandNationalIdentity,1900–1950,Hono- lulu:UniversityofHawaiiPress,©2000;fromHanSuyin,DestinationChung- king:AnAutobiography,London:JonathanCape,Ltd.,©1943;fromJamesC. HsiungandStevenI.Levine,eds.,China’sBitterVictory:TheWarwithJapan, 1937–1945,Armonk,NY:M.E.Sharpe,©1992;fromHsuKai-yu,ed.andtrans., TwentiethCenturyChinesePoetry:AnAnthology,NewYork:Doubledayand Company,Inc.(RandomHouse),©1968;fromAgnesSmedley,BattleHymn ofChina,NewYork:AlfredKnopf,Inc.(RandomHouse),©1943,1970;from JonathanD.Spence,God’sChineseSon:TheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomofHong Xiuquan,NewYork:W.W.Norton,©1996. UniversityofCaliforniaPress BerkeleyandLosAngeles,California UniversityofCaliforniaPress,Ltd. London,England ©2008byTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData MacKinnon,StephenR. Wuhan,1938:war,refugees,andthemakingofmodernChina/ StephenR.MacKinnon;includesphotographsbyRobertCapa. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn:978-0-520-25445-9(cloth:alk.paper) 1. Sino-JapaneseWar,1937–1945—China—WuhanShi. 2. WuhanShi (China)—History—20thcentury. I. Capa,Robert,1913–1954. II. Title. III. Title:War,refugees,andthe makingofmodernChina. ds777.5316.w8m33 2008 951.04'2—dc22 2008002078 ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ThisbookisprintedonNaturesBook,whichcontains50%post-consumer wasteandmeetstheminimumrequirementsofansi/nisoz39.48–1992 (r1997)(PermanenceofPaper). APROMISEKEPT TOJANICERACHIEMacKINNON(1943–1999) CONTENTS ListofIllustrations.................................. IX ListofTables...................................... XI Acknowledgments.................................. XIII Prologue.......................................... 1 1. WUHANBEFORETHEWAR............................... 5 2. DEFENDINGCENTRALCHINA,1938:MILITARYLEADERSHIP ANDSTRATEGY...................................... 18 3. THEBATTLEFORXUZHOUANDTHEDEFENSEOFWUHAN......... 31 4. WUHAN’SREFUGEECRISIS.............................. 44 5. CULTUREANDTHEPRESS............................... 62 6. MOBILIZINGYOUTH................................... 83 7. ROMANTICHANKOU:THEINTERNATIONALDIMENSION........... 97 Conclusion........................................ 111 Appendix:WartimeWuhan,aChronology............... 119 Notes............................................ 123 Glossary.......................................... 145 Bibliography...................................... 149 Index............................................ 169 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES (followingpage80) MAPS 1. Chinainthe1930s .....................................XV 2. Wuhan,ca.1927 .......................................7 3. BattleforXuzhouanddefenseofWuhan,1938 .............30 IX
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