WT/TPR/M/331/Add.1 9 May 2016

247 Pages·2016·1.44 MB·English

WT/TPR/M/331/Add.1

9 May 2016
(16-2529) Page: 1/247
Trade Policy Review Body Original: English/French/Spanish
15 and 17 March 2016 anglais/français/espagnol
inglés/francés/español

TRADE POLICY REVIEW
TURKEY
MINUTES OF THE MEETING
Addendum
Chairperson: H.E. Mr. Atanas Atanassov Paparizov (Bulgaria)
This document contains the advance written questions and additional questions by WTO
Members, and replies provided by Turkey.

Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales
15 et 17 mars 2016
EXAMEN DES POLITIQUES COMMERCIALES
TURQUIE
COMPTE RENDU DE LA RÉUNION
Addendum
Président: S.E. M. Atanas Atanassov Paparizov (Bulgarie)
Le présent document contient les questions écrites communiquées à l'avance par les
Membres de l'OMC, leurs questions additionnelles, et les réponses fournies par Turquie.

Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales
15 y 17 de marzo de 2016
EXAMEN DE LAS POLÍTICAS COMERCIALES
TURQUÍA
ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN
Addendum
Presidente: Excmo. Sr. Atanas Atanassov Paparizov (Bulgaria)
En el presente documento figuran las preguntas presentadas anticipadamente por escrito y
las preguntas adicionales de los Miembros de la OMC, así como las respuestas facilitadas por
Turquía.
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QUESTIONS FROM MEMBERS AND ANSWERS PROVIDED BY TURKEY

AUSTRALIA

TRADE POLICY REVIEW – TURKEY
Questions by Australia (March 2016)

Questions on Report by Turkey (WT/TPR/G/331)
2.1 Fiscal Policy (Page 3, paragraph 2.7)

Question 1

Australia notes the prioritisation of spending programs in education in the Turkish Government’s
medium to long-term fiscal strategy. Could Turkey please outline the opportunities for foreign
firms wishing to set up education institutions or provide education services on a cross-border basis
in Turkey?

Turkey’s Answer : Provision of education services is very much related to public service provision
in Turkey, whereby private education institutions are required to provide education services on a
non-profit basis.

Concerning the provision of education services except for higher education, foreign natural or
juridical persons, either directly or by forming partnerships with Turkish citizens, may establish
“international educational institutions” including vocational and technical schools, only for foreign
students and upon the approval of Council of Ministers.

With respect to supply of higher education services, “non-profit foundation higher education
institutions” may be founded by the enactment of a specific Law, and can only be established by
foundations constituted in accordance with Turkish Civil Code. Turkish nationality requirement
exists for the administrative board and the president of the non-profit foundation higher education
institution.

In addition, Turkish citizens are free to obtain diplomas from foreign universities through online
education programs. The equivalence of such diplomas are approved by the Council of Higher
Education; and, among other criteria, it is required that an equivalent Turkish online education
program exists to obtain diploma equivalence for the foreign online education program.

Question 2

Does Turkey see a need to increase competition in education services through removing foreign
investment restrictions in this sector?

Turkey’s Answer : Currently, there are no plans to alter the above-mentioned requirements for
the supply of educational services by foreigners.

3 TRADE POLICIES
3.1.1 Doha Development Agenda (Page 8, paragraph 3.10)

Question 3

We note that Turkey says it will ratify the Agreement on Trade Facilitation very soon.
Can Turkey outline when it is expected to ratify the Agreement on Trade Facilitation?

Turkey’s Answer: The ratification process of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation has already
been finalized through a Council of Ministers Decree published on 5th March, 2016. The instrument
of acceptance will be conveyed to the WTO this week.
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Questions on Report by Secretariat (WT/TPR/S/331)

SUMMARY
Foreign Direct Investment (Page 10, paragraph 5 and Page 40, para. 2.57)

Question 4

Australia notes that Turkey has a number of initiatives in place for encouraging FDI and that
Turkey maintains a relatively open FDI regime in most sectors. However, as the Secretariat Report
notes, Turkey continues to impose restrictions in the education, mining, broadcasting, aviation,
maritime transport, port services, fishing, accounting, financial, real-estate and electricity sectors.
Could Turkey please explain if it plans to take any steps towards removing investment restrictions
in these sectors?

Turkey’s Answer: As overall assessment of the Turkish Foreign Investment Regime indicates,
Turkey has a fairly open FDI regime based on equal treatment of domestic and foreign investors.
However there are certain national legislations and regulations relevant to licensing processes and
regulations in some sectors, as summarized in Secretariat Report (S331, page 195, Table A2.3).
Some of these requirements and restrictions are applied both for foreign and domestic investors
such as permission requirements of financial sector and electricity sector.

Currently, there is no work carried out regarding further liberalization in these sectors.

State-owned Enterprises (Page 11, paragraph 12 and Page 101, paragraph 3.3.4.2)

Question 5

Australia notes that state-owned enterprises continue to be involved in a number of sectors of the
Turkish economy, including: mining, oil and gas, agriculture, manufacturing, transport and
banking. Australia welcomes improvements in terms of transparency and accountability and notes
the progress made in Turkey’s privatisation policy, especially in the electricity distribution and
power generation industries. Could Turkey please provide an update and any further information
on its privatisation program for other sectors?

Turkey’s Answer: Please find below the relevant information.

Milli Piyango (National Lottery) In accordance with Privatization High Council (PHC) decision,
the privatization of national lottery operation will only include the license that transfers the rights
to plan and organize the games of chance and execute draws and install systems of games of
chance and operation activities. Any asset and liability of National Lottery Administration will not
be subject to privatization. The license will be granted to the bidder in the form of a profit sharing
method and the duration of the license will be 10 years. The license includes passive drawing
game, instant scratch card game, lotto and super lotto, numeric games and new games to be
introduced.

Regarding the privatization through licensing of National Lottery, Privatization Administration (PA)
and General Directorate of the National Lottery Administration are still working on preparatory
work in order to determine matters such as privatization method and the method of payment to be
applied for the tender.

The Port Sector The technical studies to privatize Izmir (operated by Turkish State Railways) and
Tekirdağ (operated by TDİ-Turkish Maritime Inc.) Ports will be completed soon. The tender
invitations for those ports will be made in 2016.

General Directorate of Turkish Electromechanics Industry (TEMSAN) The Company is
engaged primarily in the manufacturing of electromechanical parts used in the construction of
hydropower dams. The entire shares (100%) of TEMSAN are fully owned by Turkish Privatization
Administration. The technical studies to privatize TEMSAN’s shares are continuing.

Turkey Petroleum Oil Distribution Co. (TPAO-Türkiye Petrolleri Petrol Dağıtım A.Ş.)
Turkish Petroleum Oil Distribution Company which is recently taken into privatization portfolio is
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engaged in the oil and gas distribution. The technical studies are continuing together with
consultants.

CH 3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE
3.1.2 Trade facilitation (Page 48, Paragraph 3.18)

Question 6

We note that Turkey has notified its Category A commitments under the WTO Agreement on Trade
Facilitation and can implement all Articles fully except for Article 7.9 relating to perishable goods.
Does Turkey have a timeframe when it believes it will be able to implement Article 7.9?

Turkey’s Answer: Turkey has notified all the commitments of the WTO Trade Facilitation
Agreement under Category A, with the exception of its commitments relating to perishable goods
for which Category B notification has been made. Although there is not a specific timeframe for the
implementation of the commitments under the Article 7.9 on perishable goods, Turkey considers
that commitment a priority issue and intends to issue a legislative regulation as soon as possible.
In the meantime, Turkey will continue to grant priority to perishable goods at the customs.

3.1.9.7 WTO and Bilateral Agreements (Page 75, paragraph 3.9.4)

Question 7

Can Turkey clarify its policy on providing mutual recognition of conformity assessment bodies for
Good Manufacturing Practice certification for manufacturers of human and veterinary medicines
and medical products?

Turkey’s Answer: The GMP certificate is a document required for obtaining the pharmaceutical
product license. The objective of the relevant legislation on the issuance of the GMP certificates is
to protect human health and safety through meeting effectiveness and safety criteria.
Ministry of Health of Turkey has been conducting GMP inspections since 1995 in accordance with
the GMP Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Products which comply with the relevant guidelines of the
World Health Organization (WHO) and in line with that of the EU.
Until March 2010, in the applications of pharmaceutical licenses, GMP certificates issued by other
countries used to be accepted by the Ministry of Health of Turkey. However, as of March 2010,
based on the fact that an automatic and unilateral recognition of the GMP certificates issued by
other countries without required relevant documentation might pose serious health risks, the
Ministry of Health decided to conduct mutual GMP inspections.
GMP certification for veterinary medicinal products production in Turkey is carried out by Ministry
of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL, General Directorate of Food and Control-GKGM).

For all producers whether from Turkey or from abroad, GMP Certificates for veterinary medicines
are issued by the GKGM. GMP Certificates issued by the participating authorities of the
Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme are
also accepted under mutual recognition. If the GMP Certificates issued by the GKGM for the
producers of veterinary medicinal products in Turkey are accepted by the relevant authorities of
other countries, GMP Certificates issued by those authorities are also recognized by Turkey under
similar terms.

Question 8

Australia notes that Turkey applied for membership of the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation
Scheme (PIC/S) on 3 May 2013, but has not yet been granted full membership. What is the status
of that membership application?

Turkey’s Answer: Application for membership of the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation
Scheme (PIC/S) was made on May 2013. After the assignment of the rapporteurs, the technical
questions posed by the rapporteurs had been answered and the assessment at dossier level was
completed. An onsite inspection from the Secretariat of PIC/S is expected in May this year.
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Question 9

Under article 7 of the PIC Convention, members of PIC/S are required to provide mutual
recognition of inspections of manufacturers of medicines and medical products carried out by other
members. What is Turkey’s policy on providing mutual recognition of inspections carried out by
PIC/S members while its membership application is being assessed?

Turkey’s Answer: Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S)' mission is "to lead
the international development, implementation and maintenance of harmonized Good
Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards and quality systems of inspectorates in the field of
medicinal products." PIC/S Members do not ask for any mutual recognition of GMP certificates
among them automatically. On the other hand, mutual recognition can be a tool for accelerating
inspection procedures. Mutual recognition with PIC/S members could be considered by Turkey in
case of any proposal.

3.1.10 SPS (Page 75, paragraph 3.94)

Question 10

Currently Turkey allows only carcases, half carcases, or half carcases cut into no more than
3 wholesale cuts, and quarters derived from animals younger than 30 months. A number of
countries, including the EU, do not apply these conditions to countries with a negligible risk of
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Australia has a negligible BSE risk rating as recognised
by the OIE.

Does Turkey plan to harmonise SPS measures with EU, and other countries, and remove the 30
months requirement for beef imports from Australia?

Turkey’s Answer: Import procedures on the importation of live animals and animal products in
Turkey are carried out by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL), in accordance
with the relevant national legislation as well as international standards set by the OIE of which
Turkey is a member. This applies for Turkey’s import procedures related to BSE as well which are
regulated in the relevant national legislation, in compliance with the OIE standards.

Veterinary Health Certificate for fresh, chilled, frozen meat (carcass) of domestic bovine animals
by MFAL defines health conditions for importation and accepted by Australia as well.

Turkey’s “30 months requirement” for beef imports is applied because of BSE related concerns
whereas the requirements that are asked in the importation of carcass are simply applied to
facilitate customs procedures. At present, no change is foreseen in the implementation by
authorities.

Please also note that Turkey has been harmonizing its national regulations which are already in
line with the SPS Agreement with the EU Acquis. Although there exists no requirement for the full
harmonization of Turkey’s SPS Measures with that of the EU, a very good level of harmonization
has already been achieved. (Please see the Report by the Secretariat for the list of SPS related
legislations aligned by MFAL)

Turkey will continue its efforts for further alignment with that of the EU legislation.

3.3.6 Intellectual property rights (Page 112 – 116)
Page 112, paragraph 3.203

Question 11

We would welcome further information from Turkey of the main features under each of the listed
four goals of the National Intellectual and Industrial Property Strategy.

Turkey’s Answer: The full text of the National Intellectual and Industrial Property Strategy and
Action Plan is available at www.tpe.gov.tr as translated from Turkish to English.
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Page 112, paragraph 3.204

Question 12

Could Turkey provide further information on the national policies for geographical indications.
What does Turkey mean by “scientific geographical indicators?”

Turkey’s Answer: The term “scientific geographical indicators”, which is considered to be a
mistranslation, does not exist in Turkey’s practices or in any legislation.

The purpose of the National Geographical Indication Strategy Document and Action Plan is:
“Establishing a geographical indication system adopted by the society for the effective protection
of geographical indications at national and international level and contributes to national
development process by developing added value obtained from geographical indication products.”

There are five objectives determined in order to realize the purpose of the strategy; these
objectives are:

1- Making legislation and practices in parallel to national and international developments in line
with the country’s requirements.
2- Enhancing institutional capacity of relevant institutes so as to support geographical
indications, promoting scientific studies in geographical indications, empowering inter-
institutional coordination.
3- Increasing consciousness and awareness for geographical indications in all segments of the
society.
4- Establishing an effectively functioning control system commencing from the preparatory
process of the application and involving scientific criteria.
5- Increasing efficiency of marketing strategies to develop added values of products having
geographical indications.

The full text of the Geographical Indications Strategy Document and Action Plan is available at
www.tpe.gov.tr as translated from Turkish to English.

Page 112, paragraph 3.205

Question 13

What are the main features of the Design Strategy Document and Action Plan, adopted by the
High Planning Council in 2014 on genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural
expressions?

Turkey’s Answer: There are not any strategies or actions about genetic resources, traditional
knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in Design Strategy Document and Action Plan.
However Turkey is at the preparatory stage for a road map on those issues as stated in Secretariat
Report.

The full text of the Design Strategy and Action Plan is available at www.tpe.gov.tr as translated
from Turkish to English.

CH 4 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR

4.1 Agriculture

Question 14

Could Turkey please advise of the total amount that it pays for domestic and or export subsidies to
wheat and or wheat flour?

Turkey’s Answer: Turkey has the right to provide export subsidy both for wheat and wheat flour,
in accordance with its export subsidy commitments under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. At
present, no export subsidy is being provided neither for the wheat nor for the wheat flour. As it is
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stated in the Secretariat Report, there is a domestic support for wheat. The total amount of the
support can be declared after the related data are collected.

Question 15

Could Turkey please advise of how these subsidies are in accordance with their WTO obligations?

Turkey’s Answer: . At present, no export subsidy is being provided neither for the wheat nor for
the wheat flour. As it is stated in the Secretariat Report, there is a domestic support for wheat.
The total amount of the support can be declared after the related data are collected.

Question 16

Could Turkey please provide details on how it manages any surplus production of wheat and/or
wheat flour which cannot be absorbed by the domestic market?

Turkey’s Answer: As it is the case in every country, excess wheat and wheat flour that have not
been domestically consumed can be exported. Wheat in particular is imported as well as exported.
Import and export values of wheat and wheat flour for the last three years are:

2013 wheat export 79.3 Million USD, import 1.3 Billion USD
2014 wheat export 35.4 Million USD, import 1.54 Billion USD
2015 wheat export 32.5 Million USD, import 1.1 Billion USD

2013 wheat flour export 947 Million USD, import 146 Thousand USD
2014 wheat flour export 931 Million USD, import 1.6 Million USD
2015 wheat flour export 979 Million USD, import 1.4 Million USD

*Source: TURKSTAT HS4 Codes 1001 and 1101.

Question 17

Could Turkey please advise when it intends to comply with its WTO notification obligations in
respect of its agricultural sector support programs?

Turkey’s Answer: Turkey will comply with its export subsidy notification requirements by the
next meeting of the Committee on Agriculture, which will be held on 7-8 June, 2016.

Turkey also has started a work program to notify its agricultural domestic support programs
gradually. In due course, we are looking for understanding of all members to complete this work
as soon as possible.

4.1.5 Strategy and policy (Page 129, paragraph 4.20)

Question 18

Table 4.9 lists ensuring food security and access to quality agricultural products by protecting
agricultural production resources as a key goal of Turkey’s 2013-17 Strategic Plan. Australia would
appreciate further information on why Turkey appears to limit food security to domestically
produced food, and does not include imported food as a means to improve food security and
accessibility for agricultural products, particularly from high quality producers that pose low
sanitary and phytosanitary risk.

Turkey’s Answer: Although Turkey’s 2013-17 Strategic Plan mentions ensuring food security and
access to quality agricultural products through agricultural production as a key policy goal, it would
be a misinterpretation to argue that Turkey would only depend on domestically produced foods in
terms of ensuring her food security. While self-sufficiency is considered important, Turkey does
not rule out imports which can also be an alternative source of food supply. On the contrary, as a
net food exporter, Turkey has always argued the important role that open and strengthened food
markets can play in terms of enhancing food security objectives.
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All in all, it should be noted that food security with its multi-dimensional nature can only be
achieved through an appropriate policy mix, which inherently goes beyond policy areas related to
domestic food production and food imports.

TABLE A2.3 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS 2015)

Mining Law No. 3213 (page 197):

Question 19

Is the restriction likely to cause any legal impediments for Australian Mining Equipment,
Technology and Services (METS) firms looking to expand in Turkey?

Turkey’s Answer: The only restrictions in the Mining Sector are exploration and exploitation of
boron and selling of radioactive minerals (uranium and thorium) for mining industry in Turkey.
These restrictions are applied for both domestic and foreign mining companies. Except these fields,
the restrictions do not cause any legal impediments for Australian METS companies.

Question 20

Aside from any legal impediment, is this likely to result in practical impediments such as the
language and cultural obstacles that METS firms similar to the obstacle that METS firms face in
accessing supply chains in Latin America?

Turkey’s Answer: Well-trained human resources are available in the mining sector with English
language capabilities. Currently, many foreign capital mining companies including Australian
companies are operating in Turkey without any language and cultural obstacles.
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MEXICO
Preguntas de México para el sexto examen de las Políticas Comerciales de Turquía a llevarse a
cabo del martes 15 de marzo al jueves 17 de marzo de 2016.

Informe de la República de Turquía (WT/TPR/G/331)

Pregunta 1. WT/TPR/G/331 • Turquía; Informe de la República de Turquía; 3 POLÍTICA
COMERCIAL; 3.1 Política comercial multilateral:

Página 8, párrafo 3.4. Turquía considera que la OMC ha sabido salvaguardar y hacer cumplir las
normas comerciales multilaterales que han sostenido el orden económico internacional durante
casi 70 años. Las normas comerciales multilaterales han dado una estabilidad y previsibilidad muy
necesarias a las relaciones comerciales internacionales. Hoy en día, el entorno del comercio
mundial evoluciona muy rápidamente, lo que hace aún más necesario poder contar con un sistema
multilateral de comercio eficaz. La resistencia al proteccionismo y el apoyo a un sistema
multilateral de comercio sólido siguen siendo una prioridad para Turquía.

México pregunta 1: ¿Cómo apoya Turquía un sistema de comercio multilateral fuerte?

Turkey’s Answer: As a founding member of the WTO, Turkey has been a staunch supporter of an
open, fair and non-distortive multilateral trading system. In agricultural products, Turkey has
bound 100% of its tariff lines. Besides, Turkey has actively participated in the Non-Agricultural
Market Access Negotiations within the context of Doha Development Agenda and is still committed
and will bind its remaining tariff lines according to the agreed final outcome.

From the beginning of the Doha Development Round, Turkey has been deeply involved in the
negotiations. Turkey always believed any outcome should be balanced and development oriented
not disregarding the principles of Special and Differential Treatment and Less Than Full Reciprocity
for developing countries.

Turkey has acted within the spirit of the Bali Decisions and will be following the same path with
regards to the Nairobi Package.

During the course of its G20 Term Presidency, Turkey attached great importance to the
strengthening of the multilateral system within its trade agenda.

Pregunta 2. WT/TPR/G/331 • Turquía; Informe de la República de Turquía; 3 POLÍTICA
COMERCIAL; 3.3 Relaciones Turquía-EU; 3.3.1 Acuerdos de libre comercio y
preferenciales:

Página 11, párrafo 3.31. La Unión Aduanera entre Turquía y la UE constituye el fundamento
jurídico de los acuerdos de libre comercio (ALC) y los regímenes preferenciales autónomos de
Turquía. En virtud de la Unión Aduanera, Turquía armonizará su política comercial con la política
comercial común de la UE. El régimen de comercio preferencial, junto con el arancel aduanero
común, constituye la parte más importante de la política comercial de Turquía aplicada a terceros
países.

México pregunta 2: ¿Qué porcentaje de las líneas arancelarias de Turquía se encuentra alineado
con las de la Unión Europea en el marco de esta Unión Aduanera?

Turkey’s Answer: With the entry of the Customs Union, Turkey eliminated all customs duties and
charges having equivalent effect on imports of industrial products from the EU and started to apply
the Community's Common Customs Tariff (CCT) for imports from the third countries with the
exception of a limited number of sensitive products such as automobiles, footwear, leather
products and furniture, for which Turkey retained customs duties higher than the CCT between
1996 to 2000. However, in 2001 the transition period ended and alignment with the CCT for all of
the industrial products was accomplished.

Customs Union with the EU requires Turkey to apply same tariff rates towards third countries.
Normally, similar treatment is expected to be in place for EU’s FTA partners too. However, delays
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in starting up and/or continuing negotiations with EU’s FTA partners, lead certain deviations such
as experienced with Algeria, Mexico and South Africa

For the agricultural products that are not covered by the Customs Union, Turkey determines its
own tariffs for the imports coming from the EU and the third countries.

For processed agricultural products (PAPs), Turkey has established a similar mechanism parallel to
the EU practice, which means Turkey charges two separate duties in imports of PAPs. As a result,
since the industrial products are within the coverage of the Customs Union, the ad-valorem part of
the duty representing the industrial processing has been abolished between the Parties. Yet,
Turkey maintains its customs duties for the agricultural raw material component in imports from
the EU and the third countries.

Pregunta 3. WT/TPR/G/331 • Turquía; Informe de la República de Turquía; 3 POLÍTICA
COMERCIAL; 3.3 Relaciones Turquía-EU; 3.3.1 Acuerdos de libre comercio y
preferenciales; 3.3.1.2 Actualización de acuerdos de libre comercio vigentes:

Página 13, párrafo 3.50. En este proceso, las Partes se proponen revisar los capítulos vigentes del
ALC que tratan del comercio de mercancías y ámbitos afines (como obstáculos técnicos al
comercio, medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, medidas comerciales correctivas), los derechos de
propiedad intelectual, la competencia y disposiciones horizontales y jurídicas, así como ampliar el
alcance del ALC mediante la inclusión de nuevos capítulos sobre servicios, facilitación del comercio
y comercio y desarrollo sostenible.

México pregunta 3: ¿Turquía incluirá los capítulos de comercio de servicios; facilitación del
comercio, y comercio y desarrollo sostenible en los nuevos Tratados que está negociando?

Turkey’s Answer: In recent years, Turkey started negotiating FTAs covering a wide range of
areas like intellectual property rights, trade facilitation, trade in services, investment, trade and
sustainable development, environment, and public procurement.

In this context, the Korea-Turkey FTA, which entered into force in 2013 and initially contained
Chapters on Intellectual Property Rights, Trade Facilitation and Trade and Sustainable
Development, now has a larger scope with the signing of “Trade in Services Agreement” and
“Investment Agreement” in February 2015.

FTA with Singapore, which was signed in December 2015, in addition Chapters on Trade
Facilitation, Intellectual Property Rights, Services, and investment, includes a comprehensive
Public Procurement Chapter for the first time.

Turkey is following and will continue to follow this trend in its FTAs. In fact, Turkey’s ongoing FTA
negotiations with a number of countries like Peru, Japan, Mexico or Ukraine covers areas of trade
facilitation, intellectual property rights, trade in services and investment. Turkey has also
initiatives to extend the scope of its FTAs, which are already in force, to the area of services.

Pregunta 4. WT/TPR/G/331 • Turquía; Informe de la República de Turquía; 3 POLÍTICA
COMERCIAL; 3.4 Turquía en otros foros multilaterales; 3.4.2 MIKTA:

Página 14, párrafo 3.62. Para Turquía, desde que se creó como plataforma de consulta
intrarregional en 2013, MIKTA ha sido un instrumento valioso para ayudar a las partes a conocerse
mejor, fortalecer los lazos bilaterales y encontrar puntos de convergencia que permitan intensificar
la cooperación entre los países integrantes. Los países MIKTA son ya todos socios comerciales y
económicos importantes de Turquía, a pesar de la distancia geográfica que a menudo impide
lograr mayores flujos de comercio e inversión entre ellos.

México pregunta 4: ¿Cuando Turquía se refiere a cooperación adicional estaría en posibilidades de
implementar esfuerzos de cooperación regulatoria?

Turkey’s Answer: Turkey is ready to discuss and evaluate all means of cooperation.