Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People 1492-1995

892 Pages·2005·124.101 MB·English

by  Robert Debs Heinl, Nancy Gordon Heinl, Michael Heinl

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BLOOD
THE STORY OF THE
HAITIAN PEOPLE 1492-1995
ROBERT DEBS HEINE
AND
-X
GORDON
NANCY
HEIN^E
Boston
Public
tlbraiy
MA
Boston,
02116
Written Blood
in
The Story ofthe Haitian People
1492-1995
Robert Debs HeinI
and
Nancv Gordon Heinl
Newly Revised and Expanded by
Michael Heinl
University Press of America,® Inc.
Lanham Boulder New York Toronto Oxford
• • • •
©
Copyright 2005 by
University Press ol America,® Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard
Suite 200
Lanham, Maryland 20706
UPA Acquisitions Department (301 459-3366
)
PO Box 317
Oxford
0X2 9RU, UK
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
British Library Cataloging in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005926030
ISBN 0-7618-3177-0 (paperback alk. ppr.)
:
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum
requirements ofAmerican National Standard for Information
—
Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI Z39.48—1984
This edition of Written in Blood is offered in loving
memory of Nancy Gordon Heinl and Robert Debs HeinI,
who
loved Haiti deeply.
IIy avail une fois une He ou les esclaves vanIurent
Ire lihres; ils se kvh'ent tons ensemble el i/s le furent. Cette He
'appekut autrefois Saint-Domitigue; elle s'appelle a cette heure
Haiti
. . .
Alexandre Dumas, Georges, 1843
1
Contents
Preface ix
Introducing Haiti
1
A
Very Great Island: 1492-1788 9
1 .
Bois Cayman and Carmagnole: 1788-1794 35
2.
Am
3. I Toussaint Louverture: 1794-1801 59
4. The Death of Saint-Domingue: 1801-1803 91
We
5. Must Live Free or Die: 1804-1820 115
6. Chaos and Contentment: 1820-1842 153
Darkness Descends: 1843-1858 171
7.
Black Republic: 1859-1870 199
8.
Misfortunes without Number: 1871-1888 229
9.
10. Plots and Revolutions: 1888-191 273
A
Public Nuisance: 1911-1915 323
1 1.
12. Occupation: 1915-1934 381
Second Independence: 1934-1957 471
13.
Am
14. 1 the State: 1957-1971 539
15. Riding the Tiger: 1971-1986 609
16. Paper and Iron: 1986-1995 669
Appendices
Voodoo 727
Chronology 749
Glossary 757
Acknowledgments 763
Bibliography 765
Source Notes 779
Index 813
About the Authors 869
Illustrations
Map of Haiti's North Coast drawn in 1492 by Columbus
1
1759 Drawing of slaves 34
Slaves revolt 58
French Revolution playing card 58
Toussaint Louverture 58
Jean-Jacques Dessalines 90
Leclerc 90
Henry Christophe 113
Sans Souci Palace 113
Citadel-Henry 114
Jean-Pierre Boyer 150
Emperor Faustin Soulouque 151
Soulouque’s Orb 151
Gonaives Cathedral 152
Fabre Geffrard 169
H.M.S. Bulldog 169
Nissage-Saget 170
Boisrond-Canal 170
Salomon's palace 272
Salomon 272
Palais du Centenaire, Gonaives, 1904 302
Gatling gun in National Palace 320
Admiral Killick 320
La Crete-d-Pierrot Gonaives 320
at
Musiciens du Palais National in 1893 321
President Nord Alexis (Tonton Nord) 321
Artibonite Caco Jean Jumeau and Merisier Jeannis 322
Oreste Zamor's Cacos enter Port-au-Prince, 1914 322
Afiloiue Simon at anchor, Port-au-Prince, 1911 334
Banque Nationale 1910 350
c.
Portail St. Joseph, Port-au-Prince 351
U
S S Washington 361
.
Dr. Rosalvo Bobo 376
Admiral Caperton with President Sudre Dartiguenave 377
Illustrations vii
Charlemagne Peralte and other Cacos j
/ /
Peralte's corpse 378
Major General John H. Russell 379
President Louis Borno 379
Stenio Vincent and Franklin D. Roosevelt 380
Sieur Lescot 380
Dumarsais Estime 470
Magloire and Trujillo 470
Murals in Sainte Trinite Cathedral 507
Magloires and Eisenhowers 516
Bust of Petion 534
Ambassador Drew and Col. Heinl confer with Francois Duvalier 534
Frangois Duvalier surrounded by Macoutes 535
Mme Max Adolphe 535
Clement Barbot and his brother, Harry 536
Corpse of Captain Yvan D. Laraque 536
Francois Duvalier at his desk 537
Numa
Execution ofJeremie invaders and Drouin 537
Papa Doc passes power to Jean-Claude Duvalier 538
Jean-Claude Duvalier and Simone Duvalier in Mourning 608
Jean-Claudist Memorabilia 627
AIDS Awareness Poster 653
Jean-Claude Duvalier Leaves Haiti 668
Country Ounfd 734
Voodoo sacred objects 734
Maps:
Port-au-Prince, facing page
1
vm
Haiti,