Worlds in Interaction: Small Bodies and Planets of the Solar System: Proceedings of the Meeting “Small Bodies in the Solar System and their Interactions with the Planets” held in Mariehamn, Finland, August 8–12, 1994

509 Pages·1996·20.264 MB·English

by  K. A. Innanen (auth.), H. Rickman, M. J. Valtonen (eds.)

WORLDS IN INTERACTION: SMALL BODIES AND PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
WORLDS IN INTERACTION:
SMALL BODIES AND
PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Proceedings o/the Meeting "Small Bodies in the Solar System
and their Interactions with the Planets" held in Mariehamn,
Finland, August 8-12, 1994
Edited by
H. RICKMAN and M. J. VALTONEN
Reprinted from Earth, Moon, and Planets,
Volume 72, Nos. 1-3,1996
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6578-8 e-ISBN- 13: 978-94-009-0209-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0209-1
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
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EARTH, MOON, AND PLANETS / Vol. 72 Nos.1-3 1996
WORLDS IN INTERACTION: SMALL BODIES AND PLANETS
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Edited by H. RICKMAN and MJ. VALTONEN
Preface ix-x
Guide to the photo xi
Photo of the participants xii-xiii
List of participants xv-xx
K.A. INNANEN / The Solar System in the Galactic Environment 1-6
JOHN J. MATESE, PATRICK G. WHITMAN, KIMMO A. INNANEN, and MAURI
J. V ALTONEN / Why We Study the Geological Record for Evidence of the
Solar Oscillation about the Galactic Midplane 7-12
PIOTR A. DYBCZYNSKI and HALINA PRETKA I The Statistical Effects of
Galactic Tides on the Oort Cloud 13-18
A.A. MULLARI and V.V. ORLOV I Encounters of the Sun with Nearby Stars in the
Past and Future 19-23
PAUL R. WEISSMAN I Star Passages through the Oort Cloud 25-30
LV. PETROVSKAY A I Evolution of the Cometary Cloud under the Action of Stellar
Perturbations 31-34
V.V. EMEL'YANENKO and M.E. BAILEY I Dynamical Evolution of Comets and
the Problem of Cometary Fading 35-40
A. SALITIS I Origin and Evolution of the Long-Period Comets 41-44
J.Q'. ZHENG, M.J. VALTONEN, S. MIKKOLA, M. KORPI, and H. RICKMAN I
Orbits of Short Period Comets Captured from the Oort Cloud 45-50
CLAUDE FROESCHLE and ELENA LEGA I Polynomial Approximation of
Poincare Maps for Hamiltonian Systems 51-56
M.E. BAILEY / The Provenance and Evolution of Comets 57-68
FRED L. WHIPPLE I On the Aging of Comets 69-78
E.K. KUHRT and H.U. KELLER I On the Importance of Dust in Cometary Nuclei 79-89
MAX K. WALLIS and SIRWAN AL-MUFTI I Processing of Cometary Grains at the
Nucleus Surface 91-97
ALEX D. STORRS I Dust Outflow Velocity and the Gas-to-Dust Ratio in Comets 99-102
J. KNOLLENBERG, E. KUHRT and H.U. KELLER I Interpretation of HMC Images
by a Combined Thermal and Gasdynamic Model 103-112
A.W. HARRIS I Effects of Shape and Spin on the Tidal Disruption of
P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 113-117
KAREN J. MEECH and HAROLD A. WEAVER I Unusual Comets (?) as Observed
from the Hubble Space Telescope 119-132
MARIO MENICHELLA, PAOLO PAOLICCHI, and PAOLO FARINELLA I The
Main Belt as a Source of Near-Earth Asteroids 133-149
PATRICK MICHEL, CHRISTIANE FROESCHLE, and PAOLO FARINELLA I
Dynamical Evolution of NEAs: Close Encounters, Secular Perturbations
and Resonances 151-164
HIROSHI KINOSHITA and HIROSHI NAKAI I Long-Term Behavior of the Motion
of Pluto over 5.5 Billion Years 165-173
MILOS SIDLICHOVSKY and DAVID NEVORNY I Capture of Dust Grains in
Exterior Resonances with Planets 175-178
T.-Y. HUANG, K.A. INNANEN, C.-B. WANG, and Z.-Y. ZHAO I Symplectic
Methods and Their Application to the Motion of Small Bodies in the Solar
Sys~m 179-183
DAVID JEWITT I From Comets to Asteroids: When Hairy Stars Go Bald 185-201
MAREK BANASZKIEWICZ and HANS RICKMAN I Modeling of Cometary
Evolution by Kinetic Theory: Method and First Results 203-210
S.1. IPATOV I Migration of Small Bodies in the Solar System 211-214
LN. BELSKA YA, D.F. LUPISHKO, and A.N. DOVGOPOL I Near-Earth Asteroids:
Surface Structure and Shapes 215-218
A.
C.-I. LAGERKVIST and CLAESSON I Spin Rates of Asteroids 219-223
MAURI TERHO, LAURI J. PESONEN, and ILMO T. KUKKONEN I Magnetic
Properties of Asteroids from Meteorite Data - Implications for Magnetic
Anomaly Detections 225-231
T. GEHRELS and R. JEDICKE I The Population of Near-Earth Objects Discovered
by Spacewatch 233-242
J.C. BRANDT, M.F. A 'HEARN, C.E. RANDALL, D.G. SCHLEICHER, E.M.
SHOEMAKER, and A.I.F. STEW ART I On the Existence of Small Comets
and Their Interactions with Planets 243-249
E.M. DROBYSHEVSKI I Possibility of Self-Sustaining Bombardment of Inner
Planets 251-255
A. MILANI, A. VILLANI, and M. STIA VELLI I Discovery of Very Small Asteroids
by Automated Trail Detection 257-262
SYUZO ISOBE and MAKOTO YOSHIKAWA I Asteroids Approaching the Earth
from Directions around the Sun 263-266
C.-I. LAGERKVIST, O. HERNIUS, M. LINDGREN, and G. TANCREDI I UESAC
- The Uppsala-ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets 267-274
ERIC W. ELST I Discovery and Rediscovery of Trojan Asteroids 275-277
D.1. STEEL I The Limitations of NEO-Uniformitarianism 279-292
YU.V. OBRUBOV I Possible Collisions of PlHalley and P/Machholz I with Jupiter
and the Terrestrial Planets 293-300
W.M. NAPIER / Structures and Hazards in the NEO System 301-304
P.B. BABADZHANOV I Is 2329 Orthos a Dead Comet? 305-310
ICHIRO HASEGAWA I Possible Associations of Daytime Fireballs and Minor
Planets 311-316
M. YOSHIKAWA / Orbital Evolution of Asteroids with the Effects of Mutual
Gravitational Attraction 317-320
LP. WILLIAMS / What Can Meteoroid Streams Tell Us about the Ejection Velocities
of Dust from Comets 321-326
BO A.S. GUSTAFSON and LARS G. ADOLFSSON / Radiation Pressure Correction
to Meteor Orbits 327-332
E.M. PITTICH and J. KLACKA / On the Importance of the Poynting-Robertson
Effect on Meteoroids 333-338
K. MUINONEN / Light Scattering by Gaussian Random Particles 339-342
S. YABUSHITA / Are Cratering and Probably Related Geological Records Periodic? 343-356
RICHARD A.F. GRIEVE and LAURI J. PESONEN / Terrestrial Impact Craters:
Their Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Impacting Bodies 357-376
LJ. PESONEN / The Impact Cratering Record of Fennoscandia 377-393
Z. CEPLECHA, P. BROWN, R.L. HAWKES, G. WERTHERILL, M. BEECH, and
K. MOSSMAN / Video Observations, Atmospheric Path, Orbit and
Fragmentation Record of the Fall of the Peekskill Meteorite 395-404
LV. NEMTCHINOV, T.V. LOSEVA, and A.V. TETEREV / Impacts into Oceans and
Seas 405-418
K.V. KHOLSHEVNIKOV and V.A. SHOR / Velocity Distribution of Meteoroids in
the Vicinity of Planets and Satellites 419-423
T. OWEN and A. BAR-NUN / Comets, Meteorites and Atmospheres 425-432
S.V.M. CLUBE / Evolution, Punctuational Crises and the Threat to Civilization 433-440
MICHAEL R. RAMPINO and BRUCE M. HAGGERTY / The "Shiv a Hypothesis":
Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and ,the Galaxy 441-460
N.C. WICKRAMASINGHE and MAX K. WALLIS / A Jupiter Fragmented Comet:
Cause of the KIT Boundary Record 461-466
G.V. ANDREEV and N.V. VASILYEV / The Tunguska 1908 Explosion's Region as
an International Park of Studies of the Ecological Consequences of
Collisions of the Earth with the Solar System Small Bodies 467-468
GEORGE J. FLYNN / The Delivery of Organic Matter from Asteroids and Comets to
the Early Surface of Mars 469-474
J.L ZETZER and A.V. VITY AZEV / Experiment "Tsarev" and Differentiation of
Chondritic Bodies 475-480
B.G. GA VRILOV, I.M. PODGORNY, and J.1. ZETZER / Field-Aligned Current
Generation at Plasma Clouds or Bodies with Plasma Shells Moving in
Magnetic Fields 481-486
FRED L. WHIPPLE / Conference Summary: Comets 487-488
A.W. HARRIS / Conference Summary: Asteroids 489-492
D.L STEEL / Rebuttal of the Comments by A.W. Harris 493-494
Z. CEPLECHA / Conference Summary: Meteoroids 495-498
Subject Index 499-506
The 'KLUWER' LaTeX Style File: Instructions for Authors 507-508
PREFACE
When August comes, the Scandinavian nights get darker. One can go for
evening strolls as if in a borderland between near and far, between the flowery
meadows and the starry sky. This is a time to realize one of the grandest
and most intriguing of all connections. Planet Earth, our benign abode,
plays a part in Galactic history. Its atoms, like those in our bodies, were
mostly formed as a result of stellar evolution by processes still occurring in
stars like Antares. Tiny grains are bringing newly formed organic molecules
into the birthplaces of future stars and planets, and this process may once
have been essential for rendering our own planet a lively, fertile place. And
the Galaxy has kept influencing its earthly creatures. One important way
is through gravitational torques applied to our distant reservoir of comets
- the Oort cloud. The August Perseid meteors demonstrate the fact that
we continually live with cometary orbits crossing that of the Earth. And
asteroidal fragments find their ways to us as well. Through the interplay
of planets and minor bodies of the Solar System, material is transported
and ejected on a massive scale, and planetary surfaces get scarred. These
impacts form part of Earth's geologic history as well as its future, and as a
consequence, our climate and living conditions can get seriously perturbed.
When watching the stars, we probe a sinister environment where processes
far beyond our control are taking place over time scales long enough to
give us comfort but ultimately setting limits to our existence, continuing to
upheave the evolution of terrestrial species.
This book came about as a result of the conference Small Bodies in the
Solar System and their Interactions with the Planets, held in Mariehamn,
Aland, August 8-12 1994. The conference was attended by about 140 scien
tists from 23 countries worldwide. It had a particular focus on the collisions
of the small bodies with the Eart~ and other planets, and almost as if
ordered, the most spetacular collision of comet D /Shoemaker-Levy 9 with
Jupiter took place barely a month before the conference. Needless to say,
this was one of the hot topics of the meeting, and the event is also reflected
in these proceedings.
The importance of our Galactic environment in the discussion of the
impacts of small bodies onto the Earth started to be fully realized only in the
1980's, and so the conference on The Galaxy and the Solar System was held
in Tucson in 1985 to gather together experts on the whole range of topics.
The conference Dynamics and Evolution of Minor Bodies with Galactic and
Geological Implications, held in Kyoto in 1991 as a worldwide extension of
a Japanese series of yearly, topical meetings, continued the discussions in
the same spirit. Our participation in this meeting gave us the inspiration to
organize a follow-up three years later at Mariehamn. Meanwhile, research
went on and intensified, and new important developments appeared. The
Earth, Moon, and Planets 72: ix - x, 1996.
x
present proceedings describe and summarize the latest research in this very
active field.
Fittingly to the topic of the conference, the conference site was close to an
ancient impact crater, Lumparn, which is now a roundish bay in the Aland
archipelago and formed an interesting destination for a half-day excursion.
The town of Mariehamn also happens to lie half-way between the two old
university towns, Uppsala and Turku, both of which shared the organiz
ing responsibility. The opening reception was held at Tuorla Observatory
of University of Turku, while the closing happened in the gardens of the
Astronomical Observatory of the University of Uppsala. In between, most
participants took the opportunity to travel by boats of differents sizes to
reach from one destination to the next. For the enthusiasts there was a
post-conference tour to lake Siljan, one of the largest and most important
impact structures known, as well as a prime tourist resort in Sweden.
We would like to take the opportunity here to thank the staffs of the two
observatories for the great organizing effort. Especially one should mention
Sirpa Reinikainen from Tuorla and Mats Dahlgren from Uppsala for work
much beyond duty. In the editorial work we also had very good assistance
by Marcus Gunnarsson and Erik Onnela of Uppsala Observatory. The local
organization in Mariehamn was in the professional hands of Stig-Bj6rn Ulf
sson whose office handled the "small bodies" magnificently. Our thanks are
also due to the town of Mariehamn, the two universities, Nordita, the Inter
national Science Foundation, Academy of Finland, Swedish Natural Science
Research Council, the Swedish Space Board, Turku University foundation
and Finland's Academy for Sciences and Letters for sponsoring the meet
ing.
HANS RICKMAN MAURI VALTONEN
GUIDE TO THE PHOTO
1 H.J. Schober, 2 E. Lohinger, 3 C.B. Cosmovici. 4 P. Farinella, 5 M. Hoffmann,
6 E. Bowell, 7 H. Rickman, 8 F.L. Whipple, 9 M.J. Valtonen, 10 K.V. Khol
shevnikov, 11 K.1. Churyumov, 12 I. Petrovskaya, 13 O. Hernius, 14 Ch. Froeschle,
15 P.B. Babadzhanov, 16 A.W. Harris, 17 H. Pr~tka, 18 J .A. Fermindez, 19 A. Myl
liiri, 20 N.O. Kirsanov, 21 M.-F. He, 22 V.V. Emel'yanenko, 23 C. Keay, 24 I. Bel
skaya, 25 J. Li, 26 D. Jewitt, 27 V. Zappala, 28 Cl. Froeschle, 29 D.1. Steel,
30 P.A. Dybczynski, 31 T. Michalowski, 32 J. Henrard, 33 P. Magnusson, 34 G. And
reev, 35 T. Kwiatkowski, 36 J. Borovicka, 37 P. Pravec, 38 E. Elst, 39 K. EIst,
40 I.P. Williams, 41 M. Lehtinen, 42 D.P. O'Ceallaigh, 43 A. Lemaitre, 44 C.T. Rei
mann, 45 E.M. Pittich, 46 LV. Nemtchinov, 47 U. Motschmann, 48 G. Tancredi,
49 C.-I. Lagerkvist, 50 G.J. Flynn, 51 M. Moons, 52 N. Kotsarenko, 53 D.F. Lupish
ko, 54 B.G. Marsden, 55 A. Milani, 56 M. Elst, 57 S. EIst, 58 J .-Q. Zheng, 59 J.J. Ma
tese, 60 P.K. Seidelmann, 61 A. Morbidelli, 62 M. Lindgren, 63 K. Muinonen,
64 S. Yabushita, 65 Yu.V. Obrubov, 66 A. Brunini, 67 R. Gil-Hutton, 68 L.J. Peso
nen, 70 E. Asphaug, 71 E. Kuhrt, 72 I. Hasegawa, 73 M. Sidlichovsky, 74 N. Solo
vaya, 75 A. Fitzsimmons, 76 W. Bottke, 77 G. Hahn, 78 J. Lagcrros, 79 F. Lopez
Garcia, 80 M. Wolf, 81 S. Szutowicz, 82 S. Innanen, 83 K. Innanen, 84 L. Lauce
nieks, 85 K. Ziolkowski, 86 S. Mikkola, 87 S. Green, 88 W.G. Elford, 89 R. Lorenz,
90 K. Meech, 91 J. Piironen, 92 A. Claesson, 93 R. Tornberg, 94 A. Salitis, 95 J. Zet
zer, 96 W. Waniak, 97 A. Villani, 98 S. Baccili, 99 M. Adolfsson, 100 L. Adolfs
son, 101 J. Knollenberg, 102 P.R. Weissman, 103 A.D. Storrs, 104 Yu. Skorov,
105 J.C. Brandt, 106 R. Jedicke, 107 N. McBride, 108 M. English, 109 H. Lehto,
110 M.K. Wallis, 111 S.V.M. Clube, 112 S. Isobe, 113 N. Isobe, 114 K. Isobe,
115 M. Yoshikawa, 116 G.B. Valsecchi, 117 H. Kinoshita, 118 M. Bailey, 119 E. Dro
byshevski, 120 M. Terho, 121 H.U. Keller, 122 L. Valtaoja, 123 M. Dahlgren,
124 D.C. Boice, 125 T.-Y. Huang, 126 H. Karttunen, 127 Z. Ceplecha, 128 A. Cher
nin, 129 S. Reinikainen, 130 J.L. Hilton, 131 M. Banaszkiewicz, 132 W.M. Napier,
133 Ph. De Jager, 134 M.R. Rampino, 135 T. Nakamura, 136 S. Jpatov, 137 N.
B. Svensson