World War I. 1914-1916 — A Terrible New Warfare Begins

51 Pages·2014·7.685 MB·English

by  Jane Gould

Crabtree Publishing Company
www.crabtreebooks.com
WORLD WAR I
1914–1916
A Terrible New Warfare Begins
Jane H. Gould
Crabtree Publishing Company
www.crabtreebooks.com
Author:Jane H. Gould Photo Credits:
Editor:Lynn Peppas Alamy: 16 (© GL Archive), 18 (© Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library), 19 (© The
Proofreaders:Lisa Slone, Wendy Scavuzzo Art Archive), 21 (© DIZ Muenchen GmbH, Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo),
Editorial director:Kathy Middleton 24b (PENDING), 27 (© Pictorial Press Ltd), 30t (© The Keasbury-Gordon
Photograph Archive), 36 (© The Art Archive), 37 (© Classic Image),
Production coordinator: Shivi Sharma
38 (© Lordprice Collection), 43 (© Photos 12)
Design concept: Margaret Amy Salter
The Bridgeman Art Library: 5 (‘Over the Top’ 1st Artists’ Rifles at Marcoing, 30th
Cover design: Ken Wright December 1917, 1918 (oil on canvas), Nash, John Northcote (1893–1977)/Imperial
Photo research: Nivisha Sinha, Crystal Sikkens War Museum, London, UK/© IWM (Art.IWM ART 1656)), 10 (Homeless (colour
Maps: Contentra Technologies litho), Jack, Richard (1866–1952) (after)/Private Collection/Peter Newark Military
Production coordinator and Pictures), 32 (Sinking of the Lusitania, Smith, John S. (20th century)/Private
Prepress technician: Ken Wright Collection/© Look and Learn), 33 (The Battle of Jutland, 1916 (oil on canvas),
Print coordinator: Katherine Berti Smith, Robert H. (20th century)/Private Collection/Topham Picturepoint),
35 (L’Enfer (Hell), 1921 (oil on canvas), Leroux, Georges Paul (1877–1957)/
Imperial War Museum, London, UK), 42 (Japanese siege gun in action against the
German fortress of Tsingtao on the China coast, 1914 (photo), Japanese
Written, developed, and produced by
Photographer (20th century)/Private Collection/Peter Newark Pictures)
Contentra Technologies Corbis: 23 (© Bettmann)
Getty Images: 15 (Hulton Archive), 17 (Popperfoto), 22 (Hulton Archive), 24t (Print
Cover: German soldiers wearing gas masks in Collector), 30b (Hulton Archive), 34 (IWM via Getty Images)
their trench © SZ Photo / Scherl / The Image Works: 25
Title page:The French (in blue) are defending © Imperial War Museums (INS 6062): Content Page, 8
a hill against German troops at the Battle of India Picture: 12 (Mary Evans/Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo), 14 (Heritage Images),
Verdun, 1916 28 (Mary Evans/Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo), 40 (©)Robert Hunt
Library/Mary Evans)
Contents page:A German long-range gun used
Library of Congress: 4 (LC-USZC4-10987), 11 (LC-DIG-ggbain-17434), 31 (LC-
to bombarded Paris, France.
USZ62-93699)
Cover: De Agostini Picture Library / The Bridgeman Art Library
Title: Roger Viollet/Getty Images
Back cover: Wikimedia Commons: Library and Archives Canada (background)
Shutterstock: I. Pilon (medals); Shuttertock: IanC66 (airplane)
t=Top, b=Bottom, l=Left, r=Right
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gould, Jane H., 1956-, author Gould, Jane H.
World War I : 1914-1916 : a terrible new warfare begins / Jane H. World War I, 1914-1916 : a terrible new warfare begins / Jane H. Gould.
Gould. pages cm. -- (World War I: remembering the Great War)
Includes index.
(World War I : remembering the Great War) ISBN 978-0-7787-0325-9 (reinforced library binding : alk. paper) -- ISBN
Includes index. 978-0-7787-0390-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-4271-7502-1 (electronic
Issued in print and electronic formats. pdf : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-4271-7496-3 (electronic html : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-7787-0325-9 (bound).--ISBN 978-0-7787-0390-7 (pbk.).-- 1. World War, 1914-1918--Juvenile literature. 2. World War,
ISBN 978-1-4271-7502-1 (pdf).--ISBN 978-1-4271-7496-3 (html) 1914-1918--Campaigns--Juvenile literature. I. Title.
1. World War, 1914-1918--Trench warfare--Juvenile literature. 2. World D522.7.G69 2014
War, 1914-1918--Campaigns--Western Front--Juvenile literature. I. Title. 940.4--dc23
II. Title: World War One. III. Title: World War 1. IV. Title: Terrible new
warfare begins.
D530.G68 2014 j940.4'144 C2014-903260-9 2014017859
C2014-903261-7
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CONTENTS
Introduction
4
Assassinationtowar
Chapter1
8
Waronthewesternfront
Chapter2
20
WarontheEasternFront
Chapter3
26
WarontheBalkanFront
Chapter4
29
WaratSea
Chapter5
36
WorldWarIatGallipoli
Chapter6
39
WorldWarIonOtherFronts
FurtherReading
andWebsites 45
Glossary 46
Index 48
n
o
ASSASSiNATiON
ti
c
u
d
o
TO WAr
r
t
n
I
When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of The Archduke was heir to the throne of
Austria was murdered on June 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary, an empire that ruled
Europe was at peace. His death started a many nations. The people in these
chain reaction leading to what was then nations came from different ethnic
called the Great War. It was a war that groups and cultures. Serbia, one of those
eventually involved dozens of countries countries, wanted to be independent.
around the world. A Bosnian-Serb killed Franz Ferdinand
as a protest against Austria. Austria
wanted to punish Serbia.
Many people believed the tragedy would
not have to lead to a war between Austria
and Serbia. Unfortunately, Austria was
looking for an excuse to start a war. It
wanted to defeatSerbia and gain territory
in Eastern Europe.
Austria’s ally, Germany, also wanted an
excuse to expand its power in Europe.
Germany had agreed to support Austria-
Hungary if there was a war. In the
meantime, Russia had agreed to help
Serbia. Few people thought there would
actually be a war. If there was one, most
believed it would be over in weeks.
The Austrians sent a list of demands to
Serbia. Serbia agreed to many of the
demands, but Austria was still not
satisfied. On July 28, Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia. The next day,
above:World War I British recruitment poster
Russia began to mobilize troops and
4
prepare for war. Germany mobilized in Central Powers—Germany and Austria-
response, and it declared war against Hungary. The colonies of each empire
Russia on August 1. were drawn into the war as well,
sending troops and supplies to the fight
France was an ally of Russia. It had to
in Europe and other places around the
decide whether to support Russia or to
world. Each side thought it would
not take sides and stay neutral. France
quickly win the war and its soldiers
decided to prepare for war with
would be home by the end of the year.
Germany. The British held back. They
were allies with France but hoped that In cities, citizens were excited by the
the situation would not escalate. thought of war. People were swept up
in patriotic fever and many young men
Germany hoped to quickly defeat France,
signed up to fight.
then send troops to fight against Russia’s
huge army. The Germans attacked France Little did they know that the glorious
through Belgium, which was neutral. On war they imagined would soon become
August 4, Germany moved into Belgium. a nightmare. Instead of going home
Britain, which was allied with Belgium, within months, men found themselves
then declared war on Germany. bogged down in muddy trenches for
years. They faced enemies across fields
Now all of the five major powers in
of barbed wire and dead or wounded
Europe were at war with each other.
soldiers. In the first two years, from 1914
The Allies—France, Russia, and
to 1916, deadlocked armies spent month
Britain—were fighting the
after month in battle.
There were few clear
victories and millions of
casualties. The march
toward death and
destruction
had begun.
left: This painting by British
artist John Nash entitled
Over the Topcommemorates
the fighting near Cambrai,
where British soldiers
suffered heavy losses.
5
European Alliances a
Allied (Entente) Powers
Norway Sweden
Central Powers
Neutral Powers
Major battlefronts
North
Italy aligned with Germany Sea
in 1914 but joined the war
on the Allied side in 1915
Denmark

Great
Britain
Netherlands
London Berlin
E
German Empire
Belgium
Atlantic
Ocean Luxembourg
Paris
WESTERN
FRONT
France Switzerland ITALIAN A
FRONT

Montenegro Campaign
Italy
Portugal
Corsica
Spain A

Sardinia
Campaign

Campaign
Sicily
Spanish

Morocco
Campaign
Tunisia
Morocco

Algeria
0 800 miles
Libya
0 800 km
6
nd Battlefronts 1914

Baltic
Sea
Moscow

Russian E mpire
EEAASTERN FRONT

Romanian
Caspian
AAustro-Hungarian Campaign
Sea
Empire

Romania
Black Sea
C aucasus
Serbia
C ampaign
Bulgaria
Balkan
Constantinople
Campaign
AAlbania
Persia
Dardanelles Ottoman E mpire
Campaign
M esopotamian
C ampaign
Greece
S
P alestinian
C ampaign
Cyprus
Mediterranean Sea
Arabia
Egypt
7

1 WAr ON ThE

r
e
t
p
a
WESTErN FrONT
h
c
Once war was declared, troops from the Allied and
Major Events
Central Powers quickly went into action. Both sides
1914
thought they had the advantage. The fighting on the
June 28
Western Front soon became a stalemate. Neither side
A Bosnian-Serb assassinates
Archduke Franz-Ferdinand of was able to advance very far. Battles were fought
Austria and his wife Sophie.
from trenches, especially on the Western Front, with
July 28
a bloody “No Man’s Land” in between.
Austria-Hungary declares
war on Serbia.
August 1 WorldWarIBegins
Germany declares war on Russia.
August 3
A war against France and Russia meant that Germany
Germany declares war on France
and prepares to invade Belgium. had to fight on two fronts. They fought France on the
August 4
Western Front. The war with Russia took place on the
Britain declares war on Germany
Eastern Front. Germany had to divide its forces to
and Austria-Hungary.
August 6 fight in two places at once.
Battle of the Frontiers begins in
Alsace-Lorraine.
August 7 below:Troops advanced to the battlefront on foot and on horse.
British troops arrive in France.
August 23
Battle of Mons
September 6–12
First Battle of the Marne
1915
April 22–May 25
Second Battle of Ypres; first
successful use of poison gas
1916
February 21–December 18
Battle of Verdun
July 1–November 18
Battle of the Somme
8