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World Swordfish fisheries : an analysis of Swordfish fisheries, market trends, and trade patterns past-present-future / prepared by The Office of Science and Technology PDF

252 Pages·1997·10.9 MB·English
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C 55.13/2: NMFS-F/SPO-24/V.2 WORLD SWORDFISH FISHERIES Volume II. Africa and the Middle East U.S. Department ofCommerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Thisvolumeshouldbecitedas: WilliamB. Folsom. AfricaandtheMiddleEast-SwordfishFisheries. Publishedin: "WorldSwordfishFisheries: AnAnalysisofSwordfishFisheries, MarketTrends,andTradePatterns, Past-Present- Future. VolumeII." PreparedbytheOfficeofScienceandTechnology,NationalMarineFisheriesService, NOAA, U.S. DepartmentofCommerce,SilverSpring, Maryland, 1997. Preparedby: TheOfficeofScienceandTechnology NationalMarineFisheriesService,NOAA U.S. DepartmentofCommerce 1315East-WestHighway SilverSpring,MD20910-3225 TEL: 301-713-2286 FAX: 301-713-2313 WORLD SWORDFISH FISHERIES An Analysis ofSwordfish Fisheries, Market Trends, and Trade Patterns Past-Present-Future Pennsy LI Volume II. FEB 2 4 1998 Africa and the Middle East DUo.Sc.unDepiositoryopy Prepared by TheOffice ofScience and Technology William B. Folsom November 1997 NOAATech. Memo.NMFS-F/SPO-24 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National MarineFisheriesService SilverSpring,Maryland PREFACE The DivisionofInternationalScienceandTechnology, NationalMarineFisheriesService, nolongerhasan AfricaandMiddleEastDeskOfficer. Asaresult,thisreportdoesnotcontainthein-depthanalysisprovidedintheother regionalreports. Theauthor,however,servedasU.S. RegionalFisheriesAttachetoAfricafrom 1975-78andvisited manyofthecountriesexaminedinthereportandwasabletoprovidesomebackgroundinformationaboutlocalfisheries. TheDivisionofInternationalScienceandTechnologyhashistoricallymaintainedextensivefilesonAfricanfisheries. Theauthorhasattemptedtoprovideinformationaboutworldswordfishfishingoperationsinafactualformat. Insomeinstances,however,thiscanbeverycomplicated. In1991,forexample,threeEuropean-designed,Japanese-style freezerlonglinerswerebuiltintheAstillerosGondanSAshipyardsatFigueras,Spain. ThevesselsincludedtheAl-Shafq, theAl-Nasim, andtheZarqaAl. Theownerofthevessels,PecheurOverseas, Inc. operatedoutofofficesinPireaus, Greece, London, England,andtheCanaryIslands. ThevesselswereflaggedinLiberia,butbasedinTripoli, Libya. They were tobeoperatedby acrewofJapaneseofficers, and Europeanengineers anddeckhands fromthird world countries. ThevesselswereexpectedtofishacrosstheAUanticOceanfromthecoastofWestAfricatoBrazilduring annualtunamigrationsandthenbackacrosstheAUanticOceantowardSouthAfrica. Thevesselswerealsoexpected tofishfortunaintheMediterranean. ItwaslaterreportedthatallthreevesselswerereflaggedinPanamashortlyafter theywereflaggedinLiberia.Theauthorassumesthattheselonglinersarecatchingswordfisheswhichareprobablybeing exportedtoEuropeanand/orAsianmarkets. Thissurveydependsheavilyonunconfirmedpressreportsfrommanyofthecountriesinvolved. TheNational MarineFisheriesService(NMFS)doesnotcertifytheaccuracyofthesereportsnordoestheirselectionreflecttheofficial viewoftheU.S.Government. TheauthorisawareofmanymissingdocumentsintheNMFSfileswhichmighthaveshed additionallightonthissubject. Unfortunately,shiftingnationalprioritieshaveresultedinacutbackintheAfricaand Middle Easternareas and NMFS files are notcurrent. The authorencourages individuals or firms with additional informationtowritetotheauthorattheaddressprovidedinthisreport. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TheauthorwishestoexpresshisspecialappreciationtoRichardB. Stoneforhis interestand support inthis project. Mr.Stonehasworkedtirelesslytosupportmanagementprogramsfortunasandbillfishformanyyearsandwas instrumentalinpromotingprogramstomanageandprotectswordfishresourcesonaglobalbasis. Heretiredfromthe NationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS)onJanuary3, 1996,aftermanyyearsofdedicatedservicetotheGovernment andthefishingindustry. Dr.RebeccaJ.Lentcontributedhertimeandknowledgebyreviewingeachsectionandofferingherinsightand guidance.DeanSwanson, Paul Niemeier,andKimberlyBlankenbekerintheInternational FisheriesDivision,Officeof SustainableFisheriesinNMFS,werealsoextremelyhelpfulinreadingthisdocumentandprovidingconstructiveadvice. RachelHustedandNinaLoewingeroftheOfficeofInternationalSciencebothgavethisreportafinal,carefulproofing whichhelpeduncovermanysmallerrors. SpecialthanksareduetoSarahA. McLaughlinwhowasinstrumental inthe preparationandthefinalreviewofthisreport. TheauthoralsowishestothankLarrySneadandBrianHallmanatthe OfficeofMarineConservation(OES/OCM)attheDepartmentofStateforreviewingandprovidingStateDepartment clearanceforthedocument. A. Srour,Morocco'srepresentativetotheInternationalCommissionfortheConservation ofAtlanticTunas(ICCAT)andtheirleadingswordfishscientist,reviewedthesectiondealingwithMorocco'sswordfish fisheries. AndrewI.L. Payne,whorepresentsthegovernmentofSouthAfricaatICCATmeetingsandMrs. JoelleRow oftheBroadbillFoundationbothreviewedthesectiononSouthAfrica'sswordfishfisheriesandprovidedinformationused inthatreport. ScottSmullenandGordonJ. Helmproofreadthefinaldraftandgaveclearanceforpublicationonbehalf oftheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA). SpecialacknowledgmentisprovidedtoWilliamE. Martin, DeputyAssistantSecretaryforInternationalAffairs intheOfficeofthe AssistantSecretaryand DeputyAdministratorofNOAA forhispersonal efforts toconserveand manageinternationalstocksofswordfishintheAtlanticOceanasUnitedStatesCommissionertoICCAT. Theworkof otherU.S. CommissionersatICCATandthosescientistsandmanagerswhoassistinthiseffortarerecognized. The authoralsowishestoacknowledgethehelpfulassistanceofotherinternationalscientistsandmanagerswhoworkwithin theICCATorganizationorthroughotherinternationalbodiestoregulateandmanageworld-wideresourcesofswordfish. NOTES The author used primarily statistical data collected by ICCAT in Madrid and the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)ofthe UnitedNations inRome. Unfortunately, those data are notalways consistentand some discrepanciesexist. ICCATandFAOdatafrequentlydonotagreewithinformationsuppliedbyvariouscountries. In addition,ICCATandFAOdataarefrequenUyupdated,sothatdatareportedinonestatisticalreportmaynotagreewith dataprovidedinmorerecentpublications. Theauthorusedpressclippingsreportinglandingsofswordfishbycountries whoselandingstatisticsshow "nolandings" inbothICCATandFAOcatchstatistics. Inotherareas, theauthorused importstatisticsprovidedbytheEuropeanUnion(EU)todocumentshipmentsofswordfishfromcountriesthatdonot reportharvestingswordfish. Theauthorbelievesthattheseinstancesarerare,buttheydosuggestthatreadersshould allowformodestadjustmentstofigurescitedinthereport. Theauthorattemptedtoprovidethereaderwiththelatestavailabledata. Initially,thisreportwaswrittenusing 1994data.However,adecisionwasmadetouse 1995data(albeitpartiallyincomplete)afterthisreportwascompleted. Some dataaccurately reflects 1995data, including UnitedStatesand EU import statistics. Informationprovided in ICCAT,ReportoftheStandingCommitteeonResearchandStatistics (SCRS),TenthSpecialMeetingoftheCommission, San Sebastian, Spain, November22 to 29, 1996, COM/95/26, Madrid, Spain, 1996, contained importantupdates. However, thisreportdidnotincludeabreakdownbytypesoffishinggearand, insomecases,didnotincludeactual harvestsofswordfishbysomecountries. Readerswillhavetorefertofinalreportstoobtainthefinal 1995figures. InaccuratestatisticsarefrequentlyaproblemencounteredindealingwithmanyAfricancountries. Limited fundingfortrainedstatisticians,limitedbudgetsforpublications,poorroadstodistantlandingpointsalonghundredsof kilometers(km)ofbeaches,andotherfactorsresultinfragmentaryreportsandsometimesslowpublication. Information aboutexportsandimportsarealsodifficulttoobtain. One importantareaofomissionistheoperationofflag-of-conveniencevessels; thatis, vessels flaggedina country without the resources necessary to enforce proper reporting and management procedures. These flag-of- convenience vessels operate inwatersthroughoutthe worldandsimplydonot reporttheirharvests, thus making it difficultforfisherymanagersaroundtheworldtotracktheactualstatusofdifferentstocksoffish. Thereisworldwideconcernovertheuseofdriftnetsbecauseoftheindiscriminateharvestingcapacityofthese nets. Theuseofhighseasdriftnets-stretchingmanykm-ledtoaUNresolutionlimitingtheuseofpelagicdriftnets to2.5kmininternationalwaters. Driftnetstypicallyconsistofpanelsmeasuring50meters(m)inlengththatarelinked togethertoformlongnets. InmanypartsofAfrica,fishermenstilluse"driftnets,"butthesedriftnetstypicallyareanifa- anifadriftnetsthatrangefrom90to350minlength. Thustheterm"driftnet" mightbemisunderstoodbythecasual reader. West Africanfishermentypically fish in small, woodencanoes which would quickly sink ifthe fishermen attemptedtoretrieveanetthatstretchedmuchmorethan350m. InNorthAfrica, some fishermenalsousedriftnets (calledfiletmaillantinFrench). ThefiletmaillantwasdevelopedforFrenchalbacorefishermenandconsistsofpanels of50-mofnettingthatislinkedtogethertoformalongnet. MostNorthAfricanvesselsarelargerthantheWestAfrican canoesandcanhandledriftnetsupto2.5kminlength. Thosewithlargerpowerblockscanhandlelongernets. Most North African states have adopted legislation limiting the size ofdriftnets used by their fishermen to 2.5 km and complianceappearstobethenorm.

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