World Press Encyclopedia: A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide Vol.1

656 Pages·2002·9.503 MB·English

by  Amanda C. Quick

W
ORLD
P
RESS
E
NCYCLOPEDIA
a survey of press systems worldwide
SECOND EDITION
V 1
OLUME
A–M
W
ORLD
P
RESS
E
NCYCLOPEDIA
a survey of press systems worldwide
SECOND EDITION
V 1
OLUME
A–M
. ,
AMANDA C QUICK PROJECT EDITOR
wpe_fm 8/28/03 4:32 PM Page iv
World Press Encyclopedia, Second Edition
A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide
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Amanda C. Quick Lori Hines Michael Logusz, Jennifer Wahi
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Quick, Amanda C.
World press encyclopedia : a survey of press systems worldwide /
Amanda C. Quick.-- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-5582-1 (set) -- ISBN 0-7876-5583-X (v. 1) -- ISBN
0-7876-5584-8 (v. 2)
1. Press--Encyclopedias. 2. Mass media--Encyclopedias. I. Title.
PN4728 .Q53 2002
070'.03--dc21
2002152063
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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T C
ABLE OF ONTENTS
CONTRIBUTOR NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . .IX Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
ESSAY COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . .XVII Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
V O
OLUME NE Brunei Darussalam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
A
C
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Cayman Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Anguilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Antigua and Barbuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Christmas Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Aruba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Cook Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
B Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
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D
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
Democratic Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Isle of Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474
Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474
Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
E J
East Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 K
Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529
Kiribati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
F
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
Falkland Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
Faroe Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
L
Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
French Guiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555
French Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564
Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566
G
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Liechtenstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570
Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
Gaza Strip and West Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
M
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368 Macau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
Gibraltar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581
Greenland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583
Grenada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
Guadeloupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600
Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .601
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602
Guernsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 Marshall Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603
Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 Martinique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604
Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604
Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .607
H Mayotte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610
Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
Micronesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .616
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
Monaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
I
Montserrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
VI WORLDPRESSENCYCLOPEDIA
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V 2 Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805
OLUME
Serbia and Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .807
Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .815
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
N Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .826
Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
Nauru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .641
Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .836
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .641
Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .837
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
South Korea (Republic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
Netherlands Antilles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .855
New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .863
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657
Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .676
Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .888
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
Norfolk Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891
North Korea (Democratic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901
Northern Mariana Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .911
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .686
T
O
Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .917
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .925
P
Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .939
Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707 Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .948
Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707 Tokelau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950
Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .715 Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .951
Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .723 Trinidad and Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .951
Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .727 Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .955
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .732 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .958
Pitcairn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .740 Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .968
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .740 Turks and Caicos Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .975
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750 Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .975
Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756 U
Q
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .977
Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759 Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .983
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
R
United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
Réunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1018
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765 Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1054
Russian Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .773 Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1058
Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792
V
S
Vanuatu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1067
Saint Helena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 Vatican City State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1068
Saint Kitts and Nevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1069
Saint Lucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1080
Saint Pierre and Miquelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 Virgin Islands (British) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1081
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 Virgin Islands (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1082
Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
W
San Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
Sao Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .799 Wallis and Futuna Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1083
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800 Western Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1083
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Y APPENDIX 2
News Agencies of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1117
Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1087
Press-Related Associations, Organizations, and
Z Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1135
The World’s 100 Great Dailies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1177
Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1089
APPENDIX 3
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1093
Countries by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1181
APPENDIX 1 Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1186
Media Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1099 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1193
VIII WORLDPRESSENCYCLOPEDIA
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C N
ONTRIBUTOR OTES
Öyvind Aadland:Director of Research, Gimlekolen Mediasenter, Siegfried Christoph: Professor, Modern Languages Department,
Kristiansand, Norway University of Wisconsin-Parkside
Binod Agrawal:Ph.D., Director at TALEEM,research foundation William G. Covington, Jr.: Assistant Professor, Department of
in Ahmedabad, India Speech and Communication Studies, Edinboro University of
Pennsylvania
Khalid Al-Jaber: Arab media authority and master’s candidate,
Department of Communication Arts, University of West Florida, Merrilee Cunningham: Associate Professor, University of
Pensacola, Florida Houston Downtown, Houston, Texas
Eduardo Alemán: Doctoral Candidate, Department of Political Jenny B. Davis:Professional writer
Science, University of California, Los Angeles
Haig Der-Houssikian: Professor of Linguistics, University of
William C. Allen: Associate Professor, Journalism and Mass Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Communications, Virginia State University,Petersburg, Virginia
Emily Dial-Driver: Professor, Department of Communications
Philip Auter: Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of and Fine Arts, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma
Communication, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette,
Louisiana Martin DiNatale: Journalist from La Nación, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Clint B. Thomas Baldwin: Instructor and Ph.D. (candidate),
College of Communications & Information Studies, University of Arina Dmitriyeva: B.A., International Affairs, The American
Kentucky,Lexington, Kentucky University
Brigitte H. Bechtold: Professor of Sociology and Director of Grigory Dmitriyev: Professor, College of Education, Georgia
European Studies, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
Michigan
Barbara Lakeberg Dridi: Ph.D., Founder and Principal
Richard W. Benfield: Associate Professor, Department of Researcher, Concordia International Research, Philadelphia,
Geography, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Pennsylvania
Connecticut
Eric H. du Plessis:Professor, Department of Foreign Languages
Karima Benremouga:Associate Dean, Fine Arts and Language and Literatures, Radford University,Radford, Virginia
Arts, San Jacinto College, Texas
Bonnie W. Epstein:Associate Professor, Department of English,
Mark Browning:Associate Professor of English, Johnson County Plymouth State College, Plymouth, New Hampshire
Community College, Overland Park, Kansas
Mark Fackler:Professor, Department of Communication Arts and
Sandra J. Callaghan:Director of Development, Alverno College, Sciences, Calvin College,Grand Rapids, Michigan
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
John P. Ferré: Professor, Department of Communication,
Alice-Catherine Carls: Professor of History, University of University of Louisville, Kentucky
Tennessee at Martin
Denis Fitzgerald:Correspondent, World Press Review
Rafael Chabrán:Associate Dean for Academic Advisement and
First Year Experience and Professor of Spanish, Whittier College, Helen H. Frink: Professor, Department of Modern Languages,
Whittier, California Keene State College, Keene, New Hampshire
WORLDPRESSENCYCLOPEDIA IX
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Leon Ginsberg:Ph.D., Interim Dean and Carolina Distinguished Melanie Moore: Associate Professor, Department of Sociology,
Professor, College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley
Columbia
Suzanne Drapeau Morley: Special Lecturer, Department of
Roy Neil Graves: Professor, Department of English, The Rhetoric, Communication, and Journalism, Oakland University,
University of Tennessee at Martin Rochester, Michigan
Sister/Dr. Pamela M. Gross:Associate Professor of History and Bernard E. Morris:Independent Scholar
Geography, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado
Aggrey Mugisha:Video producer, IFES-Africa,Kampala, Uganda
Mark Hampton: Assistant Professor, Department of History;
Director, Honors Program, Wesleyan College, Macon, Georgia Gladys Mutangadura:Visiting Assistant Professor of Economics,
Elon University, Elon, North Carolina
JenniferHasty:Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology,
Ting Ni:Assistant Professor, Department of History, Saint Mary’s
Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington
University of Minnesota
Joni Hubred:Editor, Farmington Observer(Michigan)
Ashakant Nimbark: Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of
Beverly J. Inman: Adjunct Instructor of German, History, and Sociology, Dowling College,Oakdale, New York
Humanities, Kirkwood Community College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Virginia Davis Nordin: Attorney and Associate Professor,
Mara Iutcovich:Master’s candidate Ethics and Peace, American University of Kentucky, Lexington
University
Levi Obonyo: Ph.D. Student, School of Communication and
Lloyd Johnson: Associate Professor, Department of History, Theater, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina
William A. Paquette:Professor of History, Tidewater Community
Brad Kadrich:Professional writer College, Georgia
Christopher D. Karadjov: Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Yovanna Pineda:Assistant Professor, Department of History, St.
Communication Studies Department, State University of New York Michael’s College,Colchester, Vermont
at Oswego
Marguerite R. Plummer: Assistant Professor of History,
Saliwe M. Kawewe:Professor, School of Social Work, Southern Department of History and Social Sciences, Louisiana State
Illinois University at Carbondale,Carbondale, Illinois University in Shreveport
Howard A. Kerner: Professor, Department of English, Polk Cynthia Pope: Assistant Professor, Department of Geography,
Community College, Winter Haven, Florida Central Connecticut State University, New Britain
Keith Knutson: Assistant Professor, Department of History, Zoltán Raffay: Research Fellow, Transdanubian Research
Viterbo University,LaCrosse, Wisconsin Institute, Center for Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of
Sciences,Pécs, Hungary
Tendayi S. Kumbula:Ph.D., Journalism Department, Ball State
University,Muncie, Indiana Danielle Raquidel: Associate Professor of French and Spanish,
University of South Carolina,Spartanburg, South Carolina
Jae-won Lee: Professor, Department of Communication,
Cleveland State University, Ohio Monica Rector: Professor, Department of Romance Languages
and Literatures, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Andrew Lefebvre:M.A. in History
Raul Reis:Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism,
Richard Lyman:Professor Emeritus of History, Simmons College; California State University Long Beach
Lecturer in Asian History, Brandeis University, Waltham,
Massachusetts Terry Robertson: Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of
Communication Studies, University of South Dakota,Vermillion,
Carol Marshall:Professional writer and editor South Dakota
Leonid Maximenkov: Ph.D., Centre for Russian and East Meshack Sagini: Associate Professor, Department of Social
European Studies, Munk Centre for International Studies,Toronto, Science, Langston University, Oklahoma
Ontario, Canada
Charlene Santos: Graduate Student and Teaching Assistant,
Ritchard Tamba M’Bayo: Professor, Department of Department of Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation,
Communications, Bowie State University,Bowie, Maryland University of Kentucky
Kristen McCleary: Visiting Professor, Department of History, D. R. SarDesai: Emeritus Professor of History, University of
University of California,Los Angeles California, Los Angeles
Thomas McPhail: Professor, Department of Communication, Samuel Sarri: Ph.D., Professor, Economics, Business,
University of Missouri, St. Louis Philosophy, Political Science, University & Community College
System of Nevada
Brij Mohan: Professor, School of Social Work, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge Elizabeth D. Schafer:Professional writer
X WORLDPRESSENCYCLOPEDIA