World Prehistory and Archaeology

465 Pages·2015·128.79 MB·English

by  Michael Chazan

WORLD
PREHISTORY
AND
ARCHAEOLOGY
PATHWAYS THROUGH TIME

WORLD
PREHISTORY
AND
ARCHAEOLOGY
PATHWAYS THROUGH TIME
THIRD CANADIAN EDITION
MICHAEL CHAZAN
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
PEARSON
Toronto
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (WC]
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Chazan, Michael
World prehistory and archaeology: path\vays through ti.111e/Michael Chazan.- Th.i.rd Canadian edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-205-89670-7 (pbk.)
1. Prehistoric peoples- Textbooks. 2. Anthropology, Prehistoric- Textbooks.
3 . .A rchaeology-Textbooks. I. Title.
GN470.C43 2013 930.1 C2013-90567 2-6
PEARSON
ISBN 978-0-205-89670-7
FOR MICHELLE
BRIEF CONTENTS
PART ONE
THE PAST IS A FOREIGN COUNTRY: GETTING FROM HERE TO THERE 2
CHAPTER 1 GETTING STARTED IN ARCHAEOLOGY 6
CHAPTER 2 PUTTING THE PICTURE TOGETHER 32
HUMAN EVOLUTION 56
CHAPTER 3 EARLY HOMININS 64
CHAPTER 4 FROM Homo erectus TO NEANDERTHALS 90
CHAPTER 5 THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS 118
CHAPTER 6 THE PEOPLING OF AUSTRALIA AND THE NEW WORLD 148
PART THREE
PERSPECTIVES ON AGRICULTURE 180
CHAPTER 7 TOWERS, VILLAGES, AND LONGHOUSES 190
CHAPTER 8 MOUNDS AND MAIZE 216
CHAPTER 9 A FEAST OF DIVERSITY 240
PART FOUR
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY 262
CHAPTER 10 COMPLEXITY WITHOUT THE STATE 270
CHAPTER 11 CITIES, PYRAMIDS, AND PALACES: Early States of Mesopotamia, Egypt,
and the Aegean 302
CHAPTER 12 LOCATING THE SOURCE OF AUTHORITY: Earrly States in Asia 338
CHAPTER 13 FROM CITY TO EMPIRE: Social Complexity in Mesoamerica 362
CHAPTER 14 BRINGING THE FOUR PARTS TOGETHER: States and Empire in the Andes 394
EPILOGUE BRINGING IT BACK HOME 418
APPENDICES 427
GLOSSARY 434
REFERENCES 442
NAME INDEX 464
SUBJECT INDEX 469
vi
CONTENTS
List of Boxed Features xv
Preface xvii
About the Author 1
PART ONE
THE PAST IS A FOREIGN COUNTRY:
GETTING FROM HERE TO THERE 2
Introduction: Questions of Time and Ethics 3
QO
<)
1 2
GETTING STARTED PUTTING THE PICTURE
IN ARCHAEOLOGY 6 TOGETHER 32
Reading the Landscape 8 Origins of Archaeology 34
1.1 2.1
Survey Design 8 A Brief History of Canadian
• ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD:
Geological Factors 9 Archaeology 36
Recovery Methods and GIS 9
The Emergence of Archaeology 3 7
2.2
1.2 Excavation 1 0 Organizing Time 37
Horizontal Excavation 11 The Establishment of Human Antiquity 37
Vertical Excavation 1 2 Imperial Archaeology 38
Controlling Horizontal and Vertical Space 14
Developing Method and Theory 39
2.3
Recovery Methods 1 6
Stratigraphic Method and Culture History 39
Recording Methods 1 7
V. Gordon Childe 40
1.3 Artifacts and Ecofacts 17 A CANADIAN RESEARCH: Ste. Marie Among the Hurons 41
.. FROM THE FIELD: The Author on His Fieldwork at 2.4 Archaeology as Science 42
Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa 1 8
Developing Scientific Methods 42
The New Archaeology 42
Biases in Preservation 19
1.4
Systems Theory 44
Arctic Explorers of the
.. CANADIAN RESEARCH:
Cultural Resource Management 44
Nineteenth Century 20
Fauna! Analysis and Taphonomy 46
• TOOLBOX:
1.s Quantification and Sampling 20
Alternative Perspectives 46
2.s
Counting Bones 21
Postprocessual Archaeology 47
Counting Artifacts 22
Gender and Agency 49
Creating a Chronology 23
1.6 Archaeoacoustics 50
• TOOLBOX:
Ethnoarchaeology 24
• TOOLBOX:
Why Do I "Do" Archaeology?, by Joe
.. FROM THE FIELD:
Comparison 26 Watkins 51
1.1
Evolutionary Archaeology 52
Radiocarbon Dating 27
• TOOLBOX:
1.s Conservation and Display 28 2.6 Archaeology at the Trowel's Edge 52
Summary 54 Key Terms 54
Cultural Resource Management 28
1.9
e Review Questions 54
Community Archaeology 29
ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD:
Canadian Archaeologists 55
Summary 3 0 Key Terms 3 0
Review Questions 3 0
Canadian Archaeologists 3 0
vii
HUMAN EVOLUTION 56
Introduction: Our Place in Nature 57
3 4
EARLY HOMININS 64 FROM Homo erectus TO
NEANDERTHALS 90
The Fossil Record 66
3.1
The Early Hominin Radiation 67
Defining the Ice Age 92
4 .1
Setting the Scene 69
3.2
Before the Neanderthals 94
4.2
The East African Rift Valley 69
The Initial Occupation of Western Europe 94
Fraud-Piltdown and
• ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD:
The Acheulian in Europe and Asia 94
Kama-takamori 70
Beyond Stone Tools 97
Lower Paleolithic 71
A CANADIAN RESEARCH: Davidson Black and Zhoukoudian 97
A FROM THE FIELD: Early Hominins in the Nihewan Basin, by
Neanderthals 99
4.3
Chen Shen 72
e
Neanderthal Genetics 101
Stone Tools 74
TOOLBOX:
Chronology and Ecology 102
3.3 The Origin of Tool Use 75 e
Religion and Evolution 103
ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD:
Tool Use by Animals 75
Aspects of Neanderthal Culture and
4 .4
A CANADIAN RESEARCH: Primate Tool Use 77
Adaptation 104
The Archaeological Evidence 77
Stone Tools 104
Hunting and Sharing Food 78
3.4
Hunting 108
Were They Hunters? 79 e
TOOLBOX: Chafne Operatoire and the Levallois
e
TOOLBOX: Dating Early Hominin Sites 80 Method 109
Living Floors and Base Camps 83 Site Organization and the Use of Fire 111
The Use of Fire 85 Treatment of the Dead 111
Geoarchaeology and Micromorphology 112
• TOOLBOX:
The Expansion of the Hominin World 86
3.5
Artwork 11 3
Ubeidiya and Dmanisi 86
East Asia 87 • FROM THE FIELD: Understanding the Neanderthal Way of
Life, by Ariane Burke 114
Summing Up the Evidence 88
Neanderthal Society 114
Summary 88 Key Terms 89
Summary 116 Key Terms 11 7
Review Questions 89
Review Questions 117
Canadian Archaeologists 89
Canadian Archaeologists 11 7
viii CONTENTS
(}fJD Ob <JOD Dt>O
5 6
THE ORIGIN OF MODERN THE PEOPLING OF AUSTRALIA
HUMANS 118 AND THE NEW WORLD 148
s.1 What Is a Modern Human? 120 6.1 Modern Humans in East Asia 150
s.2 Early Modern Humans in Africa 121 6.2 Australia 1 51
The African Middle Stone Age 121 Dating the Earliest Human Occupation 153
Comparing the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Paleolithic 125 Megafauna Extinction 154
Rock Art 156
s.3 Early Modern Humans in the Middle East 125
Voyaging On 156
The Archaeological Record 1 26
Experimental Archaeology 158
• TOOLBOX:
Chronology 126
Assessing the Middle Eastern Pattern 126 6.3 The New World 159
Luminescence Dating 127 Clovis First 159
• TOOLBOX:
Radiocarbon Calibration 162
• TOOLBOX:
s.4 The Arrival of Modern Humans in Europe
Pre-Clovis 163
and the Fate of the Neanderthals 128
Repatriation of Indigenous
• ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD:
The Fossil Record 129
Burial Remains 166
Genetic Evidence 129
Early Arrival Model 166
Modern Human Origins and
• ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: The Solutrean Hypothesis 168
Questions of Race 130
Mawlukhotepun- Working Together, by
Archaeological Evidence 1 31 .... FROM THE FIELD:
Susan Blair 169
The Last Neanderthals 1 32
The Skeletal Evidence 1 70
Summing Up the Evidence 1 32
Clovis Adaptations and Megafauna Extinction 170
s.s The Upper Paleolithic 133
Early Adaptations in the
.... CANADIAN RESEARCH:
Chronology 1 33 Northeast 172
Stone and Bone Tools 134 Beyond Clovis 1 72
Human Burials 134 The Arctic 1 75
Artwork 135
Summary 77 7 Key Terms 178
e
Use-Wear Analysis 136
TOOLBOX:
Review Questions 77 8
"' FROM THE FIELD: The Strange Case of the Grimaldi Figurines, Canadian Archaeologists 178
by Michael S. Bisson 1 38
Site Structure 143
Subsistence 143
s.6 Explaining the Upper Paleolithic 144
Rock Art in Canada 145
.... CANADIAN RESEARCH:
Summary 146 Key Terms 74 6
Review Questions 74 6 Canadian Archaeologists 74 7
ix
CONTENTS
PART THREE
PERSPECTIVES ON AGRICULTURE 180
Introduction: Definitions of Agriculture 181
0 fl D
7 8
TOWERS, VILLAGES, AND MOUNDS AND MAIZE 216
LONGHOUSES 190
Plant Domestication in Mesoamerica 219
8.1
Setting the Scene 192
1.1 Maize Agriculture in the American
8.2
Political
• ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Southwest 221
Borders and Archaeology 193 e
AMS Radiocarbon Dating 222
TOOLBOX:
Stage 1 : Kebaran and Geometric The Formative Period 224
1.2
Kebaran 194 Summing Up the Evidence 225
Technology 194
Eastern North America 225
8.3
Settlements 194 e
Hand-Built Pottery 226
TOOLBOX:
The Author on His Fieldwork at The Indigenous Domestication of Plants 226
... FROM THE FIELD:
Wadi Mataha 195 The Adena and Hopewell 230
Domestication 196 Intensification of Maize Agriculture 232
A CANADIAN RESEARCH: The Princess Point Complex 232
Stage 2: The Natufian 196
7.3
The People Behind the Transition 233
Technology 196
e
Who Owns the Past? 234
ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD:
Settlements 197
Domestication 1 9 7 A FROM THE FIELD: "Towns They Have None":
In Search of New England's Mobile Farmers,
Stage 3: The Early Neolithic 198
7.4
by Elizabeth S. Chilton 236
Technology 198
Summing Up the Evidence 237
Settlements 199
Summary 237 Key Terms 238
e
Harris Matrix 201
TOOLBOX:
Review Questions 238
Ritual 202
Canadian Archaeologists 2 3 8
Stage 4: Late Neolithic 205
1.s
Paleoethnobotany 206
• TOOLBOX:
Technology 207
Settlement and Ritual 207
Settlement Archaeology in the Wadi
... CANADIAN RESEARCH:
Ziqlab, Jordan Place 208
Domestication 209
Assessing the Neolithic Revolution 209
1.6
The Spread of Agriculture to Europe 210
1.1
Summing Up the Evidence 213
Summary 27 3 Key Terms 214
Review Questions 2 74 Canadian Archaeologists 214
X CONTENTS