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Reference Guide to WORLD LITERATURE THIRD EDITION Volume 1 AUTHORS EDITORS SARAH PENDERGAST and TOM PENDERGAST ST. JAMES REFERENCE GUIDES American Literature English Literature, 3 vols. French Literature, 2 vols. Holocaust Literature Short Fiction World Literature, 2 vols. Reference Guide to World Literature, 3rd edition Sara and Tom Pendergast Project Editor Kristin Hart Editorial Erin Bealmear, Joann Cerrito, Jim Craddock, Stephen Cusack, Miranda H. Ferrara, Peter M. Gareffa, Margaret Mazurkiewicz, Carol A. Schwartz, Christine Tomassini, Michael J. Tyrkus Manufacturing Rhonda Williams ©2003 by St. James Press. St. James Press is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design®, St. James Press®, and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information contact St. James Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com/stjames ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, St. James Press does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. St. James Press accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG NUMBER Reference guide to world literature / editors, Sara Pendergast, Tom Pendergast.— 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55862-490-2 (hardcover : set) — ISBN 1-55862-491-0 (v. 1) — ISBN 1-55862-492-9 (v. 2) 1. Literature—History and criticism. I. Pendergast, Sara. II. Pendergast, Tom. PN524.R44 2003 809—dc21 2002015410 ISBN: 1-55862-490-2 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS EDITOR’S NOTE vii INTRODUCTION ix ADVISERS xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WRITERS AND WORKS xvii CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WRITERS xxv ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WORKS xxxi CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS xxxvii REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE AUTHORS A-Z 1 REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE WORKS A-Z 1125 NOTES ON ADVISERS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1591 LANGUAGE INDEX 1615 TITLE INDEX 1623 vii EDITOR’S NOTE You are holding in your hands the third edition of the Reference Guide to World Literature, the second edition of which was published in 1995 and was itself an updated and expanded edition of Great Foreign Language Writers, published in 1984. Expanding on the coverage of these earlier works, the present edition contains some 1100 entries, divided nearly evenly between entries on writers and literary works. The scope of the Reference Guide spans recorded history and reaches up to the present. The Reference Guide to World Literature contains two distinct types of entries: those covering the work of an author and those covering a literary work. Each author entry begins with a biographical summary of the subject and includes details (where known) of the author’s birth, education and training, military service, family, career, awards, honors, and honorary degrees. Then follows a selected list of publications by the author, and a selected list of bibliographical and critical works about the author. Finally, each author entry contains a signed critical essay which assesses the author’s work, reputation, and influence. Each entry on a literary work contains a brief header indicating the author and date of creation and a signed critical essay. In the case that the author of the literary work is unknown, an introductory section provides information about the known circumstances of the work’s creation and a brief listing of critical studies about the work. The publications section of the author entries attempts to account for all separately published books by the author, including translations into English. Broadsheets, single sermons and lectures, minor pamphlets, exhibition catalogs, etc., are omitted. Dates refer to the first publication in book form unless indicated otherwise; we have attempted to list the actual year of publication, which is sometimes different from the date given on the title page. Reprints of works including facsimile editions are generally not listed unless they involve a revision of the title. Titles are given in modern spelling and are often in ‘‘short’’ form. They are always in italic, except for those that are literal (i.e. non-published) translations, which appear in square brackets. The publication list may contain some or all of the following categories: Collections: This contains a selection of ‘‘standard’’ editions, including the most recent collection of the complete works and of the individual genres (verse, plays, fiction, etc.). For those collections published after the author’s death, only those that have some editorial authority are cited. Fiction: Where it is not made apparent by the title, collections of short fiction are indicated by the inclusion of ‘‘stories’’ in parentheses after the title. Verse: This includes collections and individual poems that were published in book form, listed chronologically by date of publication. Plays: This includes original plays, adaptations, and other works for the stage (libretti, ballet scenarios, etc.). Dates for both publication and production are given. Titles are arranged chronologically by date of first performance or date of first publication, whichever is earliest. Published English translations are listed, but not those of individual productions. Screenplays/Television Plays/Radio Plays: These categories include original works and adaptations for these media, listed by date of release or first broadcast. Other: This includes publications that do not fit readily into the above categories, principally miscellanies and nonfiction writing, such as journalism, essays, theoretical works, travel writing, memoirs, letters, etc. A separate section contains selected works about the author. This section may contain one or both of the following categories: Bibliography: This includes published works relating to primary and secondary literature. General bibliographies of literary periods, genres, or counties, etc., are rarely listed. Critical Studies: This includes critical works and biographies of the subject, listed in chronological order of publication. This section concentrates on book-length studies in English published after 1945, although in a few cases selected earlier material is cited. Where there is a noticeable scarcity of critical works in English, publications written in the subject’s own language are included. On occasion articles, usually written in English, have also been listed. EDITOR’S NOTE REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE, 3rd EDITION viii This book concludes with a Title Index to the publications lists. This contains titles of all works listed in the fiction, verse, and plays sections of each entry including titles in the writer’s original language and English translations, as well as selected important works of nonfiction. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A reference work such as this is the product of many hands. Our thanks begin with Steven Serafin, whose guiding hand in selecting advisers and entries and whose expertise with the languages represented in this collection were indispensable. We would like to thank our advisers for their skill and expertise in selecting suitable entrants to include in this edition. Thanks also to the authors of the entries; many of these authors are the acknowledged authorities on their subject, and their expertise and acumen can be clearly seen in their thoughtful introductions to each of the subjects. We would like to thank our copyeditors, Jennifer Wallace and Michael Najjar, as well as our contacts/friends Kristin Hart and Peter Gareffa at St. James Press. Finally, we would like to thank all those at St. James Press whose names we do not know, but who help turn the electronic files that we work with into the reality that you hold today. ix INTRODUCTION In his letters dating from the second century AD, the Roman orator and statesman Pliny the Younger wrote of finding solace in poetry as a means to embrace the uncertainties of life and to accept, albeit reluctantly, the inevitability of death. ‘‘Literature,’’ he said, ‘‘is both my joy and my comfort: it can add to every happiness and there is no sorrow it cannot console.’’ The poet took refuge in his work and sought to communicate to others the depth of his emotion and the expanse of his intellect. It is through literature that we embrace our potential and acknowledge our limitations, and it was undoubtedly this presence of mind and spirit that forged the first attempts at literary expression and that continues in our own time to define the essence and value of artistic endeavor. The growth and development of literature is most often viewed as a reflection of history, mapping the evolution of human culture and serving in its earliest renderings as either documentation or eulogy: to record for posterity or to sing praise and exaltation. It was a task assigned to the scribe not the artist, but in time the purpose and practice of literature would evolve in form and meaning to where the telling of the tale became as important as the tale itself. The nature of literature broadened in scope and objective to provide entertainment as well as instruction. As a result, the reader found pleasure in literature as the imagination unfolded in stories of gods and monsters, the death of kings, and the making of legend. If we believe as posited by philosopher Bernard Berenson that literature is ‘‘the autobiography of humanity,’’ then we come to better know ourselves by knowing those who came before us and those with whom we share our existence. In effect, literature becomes a means to examine and to understand the differences, as well as the similarities, among peoples, languages, and societies. It serves to engage our expectation, to enrich our sensibilities, and to elevate our perception of self-awareness and identity. Designed as a complement to the St. James Reference Guides to American and British literatures, the third edition of the Reference Guide to World Literature represents a comprehensive and authoritative survey to literatures written in languages other than English from the earliest known manuscripts to the works of present-day writers of international stature. Merging East and West, the ancient with the contemporary, the Reference Guide provides a broad spectrum of world literature extending from the anonymous prose and verse of the Vedas, the sacred texts of Hinduism, originating in the third millennium BC, to the ancient Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh; from the Hebrew texts of the Old Testament to The Iliad of Homer; from the Golden Age of Greek drama to the Indian folk epic the Mahābhārata; from the Confessions of St. Augustine to the classical poetry of the Tang dynasty; from The Conference of the Birds by the Persian poet Farid al-Din Attār to The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighiera; from The Praise of Folly by Desiderius Erasmus to Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes; from Molière’s Don Juan to Goethe’s Faust; from realism and naturalism to the advent of modernism; from existentialism to the theater of the absurd; from postmodernism to the literature of the new millennium. The present edition provides expanded coverage of literatures in less represented languages, the primary focus being Arabic, Chinese, and Japanese, as well as previously unrepresented languages including Albanian, Estonian, Indonesian, Kurdish, and Thai. Writers from the Arab world added to the edition include the pre-Islamic poet Imru’ al-Qays, the poetess al-Khansā’, the classical poet al-Mutanabbī, the Andalusian poet Ibn Khafājah, and the Sufi poets Ibn al-Fārid and Ibn al-‘Arabī and contemporary authors such as the Iranian novelist and short-story writer Jalal Al-e Ahmad, the Egyptian short-story writer and dramatist Yūsuf Idrīs, and the Syrian-Lebanese poet Adūnīs. Chinese authors include the Ming dynasty dramatist Tang Xianzu, the novelist Ding Ling, and dramatist, novelist, and Nobel laureate Gao Xingjian. Japanese authors include poets Miyazawa Kenji, Hagiwara Sakutaro, and Nishiwaki Junzaburo and novelists Lao She, Shimazaki Toson, Shiga Naoya, Ibuse Masuji, and Abe Kobo. Authors writing in previously unrepresented languages include the Albanian novelist and poet Ismail Kadaré, the Estonian poet Jaan Kaplinski and the poet and novelist Jaan Kross, the Indonesian novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer and the poet Chairil Anwar, the Kurdish poet Abdulla Goran, and the Thai novelist Siburapha. Authors from previously underrepresented literatures include East and Central European writers such as the dramatist Václav Havel, the novelist Ivan Klíma, and the novelist Milan Kundera, writing in Czech; the short-story writer and poet Tadeusz Borowski, and the poet and dramatist Tadeusz Różewicz, writing in Polish; francophone and lusophone writers from North, East, and West Africa including the Moroccan novelist and poet Tahar Ben Jelloun and the novelist Abdelkebir Khatibi, the Tunisian novelist Albert Memmi, and the Ivorian novelist Ahmadou Kourouma, writing in French, and Mozambican poet José Craveirinha, writing in Portuguese. This edition is also noteworthy for its expanded coverage of contemporary women writers, including the Lebanese novelist Evelyne Accad, the Algerian novelist Assia Djebar, and the Canadian poet and novelist Nicole Brossard, writing in French; the Chilean novelist Isabel Allende, the Nicaraguan poet and novelist Gioconda Belli, and the Argentinian novelist Luisa Valenzuela, writing in Spanish; the Polish poet and Nobel laureate Wisława Szymborska; the Indian novelist Qurratulain Hyder, writing in Urdu; the INTRODUCTION REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE, 3rd EDITION x Italian novelist Francesca Duranti; the Russian novelist Tatyana Tolstaya; the Japanese novelist Tsushima Yuko; and the Chinese short-story writer and novelist Li Ang. Within the context of the social and political transformation from the postwar twentieth century to the present, the increasing representation and contribution of women on an international basis has redefined the scope and dimension of world literature. Other major contemporary authors include the Martinican novelist Patrick Chamoiseau, writing in French; the Hungarian novelist and short-story writer Péter Esterházy, the Danish novelist Peter Høeg; the Chinese poet Bei Dao and the novelists Mo Yan and Su Tong; and the Japanese novelist Murakami Haruki. Literature in the new millennium is complex as it is convoluted, informed by diverse and elements: postmodernism, multiculturalism, and global diaspora. Yet it is the voice of Pliny the Younger that resonates to remind us of the true essence of literary endeavor: to bring joy and comfort; to provide inspiration and understanding; to justify our being; and to bear witness on the times in which we live. As noted by author Salman Rushdie, ‘‘Literature is where I go to explore the highest and lowest places in human society and in the human spirit, where I hope to find not absolute truth but the truth of the tale, of the imagination and of the heart.’’ —Steven R. Serafin Hunter College of the City University of New York xi ADVISERS Roger Allen University of Pennsylvania Alison Bailey University of London Christopher Cairns University College, Wales Marvin Carlson CUNY, New York Ruby Cohn University of California, Davis Bogdan Czaykowski University of British Columbia James Diggle Queen’s College, Cambridge David William Foster Arizona State University Michael Freeman University of Leicester Janet Garton University of East Anglia, Norwich Howard Goldblatt University of Notre Dame Theo Hermans University College, London Hosea Hirata Tufts University Peter Hutchinson Trinity Hall, Cambridge R.S. McGregor University of Cambridge A.B. McMillin University of London David O’Connell Georgia State University P.A. Odber de Baubeta University of Birmingham Jerzy Peterkiewicz London Christopher R. Pike University of Keele Girdar Rathi New Delhi Sven H. Rossel University of Vienna Steven Serafin Hunter College, CUNY, New York G. Singh formerly of Queen’s University, Belfast Peter Skrine University of Bristol Daniel Weissbort University of Iowa xiii CONTRIBUTORS Donald Adamson Peter F. Ainsworth Robin Aizlewood Ahmed Ali Margrethe Alexandroni Hans Christian Andersen J.K. Anderson D.J. Andrews Alireza Anushiravani Brigitte Edith Zapp Archibald A. James Arnold William Arrowsmith B. Ashbrook Keith Aspley Stuart Atkins Howard Atkinson Harry Aveling Peter Avery K.P. Bahadur Ehrhard Bahr D.R. Shackleton Bailey David M. Bain Barry Baldwin Aida A. Bamia Alan F. Bance Gabrielle Barfoot John Barsby Peter I. Barta Susan Bassnett Edward Batley Roderick Beaton Janine Beichman David Bell Ian A. Bell Thomas G. Bergin Alan Best Binghong Lu Sandra Blane Elizabeth Bobrick Joan Booth Paul W. Borgeson, Jr. Patrick Brady Denis Brass Gerard J. Brault S.H. Braund Peter Broome Michael Brophy Catherine Savage Brosman Gordon Brotherston Jennifer Brown Penny Brown Dorothy Bryson A.W. Bulloch Alan Bullock B. Burns J.M. Buscall Alessandro Cancian Francisco Carenas Steven D. Carter Anthony J. Cascardi Remo Catani Philip Cavendish Mary Ann Caws Andrea C. Cervi C. Chadwick Roland A. Champagne Linda H. Chance Tom Cheeseman Ying-Ying Chein Diana Chlebek Erik C. Christensen Mirna Cicioni John R. Clark Stephen Clark Shirley Clarke David Coad Michael Collie Desmond J. Conacher David Constantine Ray Cooke Thomas L. Cooksey Neil Cornwell C.D.N. Costa Sally McMullen (Croft) Carmen Cross G.P. Cubbin Jan Čulík James M. Curtis G.F. Cushing Edmund Cusick Adam Czerniawski Lóránt Czigány James N. Davidson Catherine Davies Santiago Daydi-Tolson René de Costa Alan Deighton John Dickie Sheila J. Dickson C.E.J. Dolamore Ken Dowden Sam Driver John Dunkley Osman Durrani Gwynne Edwards Stanislaw Eile Sarah Ekdawi Robert Elsie Herman Ermolaev Jo Evans Michael Falchikov Nancy Kanach Fehsenfeld Jane Fenoulhet Alvaro Fernández-Bravo Bruno Ferraro John Fletcher John L. Flood A.P. Foulkes Wallace Fowlie Frank J. Frost Barbara P. Fulks Michael A. Fuller David Gascoyne John Gatt-Rutter Tina Gianoulis Margaret Gibson Robert Gibson Mary E. Giles Donald Gilman Nahum N. Glatzer John Gledson Gary Godfrey Ingeborg M. Goesll Marketa Goetz-Stankiewicz Janet N. Gold Sander M. Goldberg George Gömöri D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke Colin Graham Peter J. Graves Roger Green R.P.H. Green Claire E. Gruzelier Albert E. Gurganus Oscar A. Haac David T. Haberly Brigid Haines Igor Hájek David M. Halperin P.T. Harries Nigel Harris Patricia Harry John Hart Thomas R. Hart E.C. Hawkesworth Ronald Hayman Patrick Heenan John Hibberd James Higgins David Hill Sabine Hillen CONTRIBUTORS REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE, 3rd EDITION xiv Ian Hilton Hosea Hirata Keith Hitchins Leighton Hodson Th. Emil Homerin Edward Waters Hood Louise Hopkins Thomas K. Hubbard Lothar Huber William M. Hutchins Lois Boe Hyslop Margaret C. Ives David Jackson Tony James Regina Janes D.E. Jenkinson Lewis Jillings Jeffrey Johnson D. Mervyn Jones Roger Jones W. Glyn Jones Bożena Karwowska Brian Keith-Smith Hanaa Kilany Rachel Killick J.H. King Peter King Robert Kirsner W.J.S. Kirton Charles Klopp A.V. Knowles Wulf Koepke Jack Kolbert Kathleen L. Komar Linn Bratteteig Konrad David Konstan Myrto Konstantarakos Charles Kwong F.J. Lamport Jordan Lancaster Pierre J. Lapaire David H.J. Larmour Rex W. Last Dan Latimer Renate Latimer John Lee Mabel Lee André Lefevere Harry Levin Silvano Levy Virginia L. Lewis Dian Li Emanuele Licastro Sylvia Li-Chun Lin Maria Manuel Lisboa Heather Lloyd Rosemary Lloyd Ladislaus Löb Rosa Lombardi Jacqueline Long Dagmar C.G. Lorenz Andrea Loselle Gregory L. Lucente David S. Luft Torborg Lundell Christopher Lupke J.F. Marfany Gaetana Marrone Heitor Martins David Maskell Eve Mason Haydn Mason Derek Maus Gita May Jane McAdoo E.A. McCobb Patrick McCarthy A. McDermott David McDuff Richard J.A. McGregor Martin L. McLaughlin Alexander G. McKay Keith McMahon Arnold McMillin Rory McTurk Gordon McVay A.J. Meech Siegfried Mews Vasa D. Mihailovich Michael J. Mikós Gary B. Miles Paul Allen Miller Kristina Milnor Earl Miner John Douglas Minyard Masao Miyoshi Matthew Mizenko Edward Moran Nicole Mosher Warren Motte Anna Lydia Motto Vanna Motta Kenneth Muir Brian Murdoch S.M. Murk-Jansen Brian Murphy Walter Musolino William E. Naff Susan Napier Frank J. Nisetich Paul Norlen R.J. Oakley Jeanne A. Ojala Tom O’Neill Dayna Oscherwitz Seija Paddon Cecil Parrott Alan K.G. Paterson Georgina Paul D. Keith Peacock Noel A. Peacock Roger Pearson Janet Pérez Elli Philokyprou Donald Peter Alexander Pirie David Platton Gordon Pocock Beth Pollack Valentina Polukhina Charles A. Porter Oralia Preble-Niemi Michael P. Predmore Nicole Prunster Joseph Pucci Judith Purver Dušan Puvačić Olga Ragusa Ana M. Ranero Judy Rawson J.H. Reid Robert Reid John H. Reilly Barbara Reynolds Hugh Ridley Norma Rinsler Colin Riordan Michael Robinson Philip E.J. Robinson David Rock Eamonn Rodgers Margaret Rogister Michele Valerie Ronnick Hugh Rorrison Wendy Rosslyn John Rothenberg Andrew Rothwell Donald Roy Lisa M. Ruch R.B. Rutherford William Merritt Sale, III Thomas Salumets Jeffrey L. Sammons N.K. Sandars L. Natalie Sandomirsky Gerlinde Ulm Sanford Hélène N. Sanko Kumiko Sato Barbara Saunders Barry P. Scherr Gerd K. Schneider CONTRIBUTORS REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE, 3rd EDITION xv Thomas Schnellbächer Irene Scobbie Mary Scott Edward Seidensticker Dorothy S. Severin Sabina Sharkey Jocelyn Sharlet Ruth Sharman Barnett Shaw David Shaw Faiza W. Shereen Emi Shimokawa Shoichi Saeki David Sices Tony Simoes da Silva John D. Simons Colin Smethurst Christopher Smith Natalie Smith Sarah Cox Smith David Smyth J. Kelly Sowards Ronald Speirs James Russell Stamm Noel Stanley Roy Starrs Paul Starkey C.C. Stathatos Susan Isabel Stein Carl Steiner R.H. Stephenson Eric Sterling Mary E. Stewart Alexander Stillmark Elisabeth C. Stopp Ian C. Storey Matthew Strecher Sarah Strong J.R. Stubbs Arrigo V. Subiotto Mary Sugar Henry W. Sullivan Helena Szépe Elzbieta Szoka John E. Tailby Myron Taylor Anna-Marie Taylor Philip Thody David Thomas Judith Thurman Shawkat M. Toorawa Robert M. Torrance Tamara Trojanowska Andrew T. Tsubaki Sabine Vanacker Rolf Venner Hugo J. Verani Maïr Verthuy Robert Vilain Pascale Voilley Frank W. Walbank Bruce Walker Albert H. Wallace George Walsh J. Michael Walton Edward Wasiolek Bruce Watson Shawncey J. Webb David Welsh Alfred D. White Sally A. White-Wallis Kenneth S. Whitton Juliet Wigmore Faith Wigzell Mark Williams Rhys Williams Jason Wilson Jerry Phillips Winfield Michael Winkler A.J. Woodman M.J. Woods Tim Woods James B. Woodward A. Colin Wright Barbara Wright Elizabeth Wright Xiaobin Yang John D. Yohannan Howard T. Young Robin Young Magdalena J. Zaborowska G. Zanker Jeanne Morgan Zarucchi xvii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WRITERS AND WORKS Abe Kōbō The Woman in the Dunes Evelyne Accad Arthur Adamov Professor Taranne Adonis Aeschylus The Oresteia The Persians Prometheus Bound The Seven Against Thebes The Suppliant Maidens S. Y. Agnon Demetrio Aguilera Malta Anna Akhmatova Poem Without a Hero Requiem Akutagawa Ryūnosuke al-Qasim ibn ‘Ali Abu Muhammad al-Basri al-Hariri al-Khansa’ Ahmad ibn al-Husayn Abu al-Tayyib al-Ju’fi al-Kindi al-Mutanabbi Imru’ al-Qays Alain-Fournier The Wanderer Rafael Alberti Jalâl Âl-e Ahmad Plagued by the West Vicente Aleixandre Vittorio Alfieri Saul Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy The New Life Isabel Allende The House of the Spirits Jorge Amado Anacreon Hans Christian Andersen “The Emperor’s New Clothes” “The Snow Queen” Carlos Drummond de Andrade Mário de Andrade Ivo Andrić The Bridge on the Drina Jerzy Andrzejewski Ashes and Diamonds Jean Anouilh Antigone Chairil Anwar Guillaume Apollinaire “La Chanson du mal-aimé” “Zone” Apollonius of Rhodes Lucius Apuleius Cupid and Psyche Louis Aragon Le Crève-coeur Paris Peasant Reinaldo Arenas Pietro Aretino La Cortigiana José María Arguedas Deep Rivers Manlio Argueta Ludovico Ariosto Orlando Furioso Aristophanes The Birds The Clouds The Frogs Lysistrata Aristotle Bettina von Arnim Antonin Artaud The Theatre and its Double Miguel Ángel Asturias The President Farid al-Din Abu Hamid Mohammad Attār The Conference of the Birds Aucassin and Nicolette St. Augustine The City of God Confessions, Book I Marcus Aurelius Meditations Decimus Magnus Ausonius The Mosella Marcel Aymé Isaak Babel Red Cavalry Ingeborg Bachmann Bai Juyi Honoré de Balzac Cousin Bette Eugenie Grandet Lost Illusions Le Père Goriot Henri Barbusse Under Fire: The Story of a Squad Bashō Giorgio Bassani Charles Baudelaire “Spleen” “To The Reader” “Windows” Beaumarchais The Barber of Seville Simone de Beauvoir The Mandarins The Second Sex Samuel Beckett Endgame Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnamable Waiting for Godot Bei Dao Gioconda Belli Andrei Belyi Petersburg Pietro Bembo Tahar Ben Jelloun Gottfried Benn “Palau” Georges Bernanos Thomas Bernhard The Lime Works Ugo Betti Bhagavadgītā The Bible Willem Bilderdijk Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Peasant Tales Aleksandr Blok The Twelve Johannes Bobrowski Giovanni Boccaccio “The Ninth Tale of the Fifth Day of The Decameron” Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy Nicolas Boileau The Art Of Poetry Heinrich Böll Group Portrait with Lady The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum Jorge Luis Borges “Death and the Compass” Tadeusz Borowski Sebastian Brant The Ship of Fools Robert Brasillach Bertolt Brecht Baal The Caucasian Chalk Circle The Good Person of Szechwan The Life of Galileo Mother Courage and her Children The Threepenny Opera Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WRITERS AND WORKS REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE, 3rd EDITION xviii Clemens Brentano The Story of Just Caspar and Fair Annie André Breton “Free Union” Mad Love Ode to Charles Fourier Hermann Broch The Death of Virgil The Sleepwalkers Iosif Brodskii A Part of Speech Nicole Brossard Giordano Bruno Georg Büchner Danton’s Death Woyzcek Mikhail Bulgakov The Master and Margarita The White Guard Ivan Alekseevich Bunin The Gentleman from San Francisco Dino Buzzati Vasil Bykaw The Ordeal Julius Caesar Pedro Calderón de la Barca The Great Stage of the World Life is a Dream Callimachus Aetia Hecale Italo Calvino If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller Luís de Camões The Lusiads Tommaso Campanella Albert Camus The Fall The Outsider The Plague Elias Canetti Auto-da-Fé Karel Čapek The Insect Play R.U.R. Ernesto Cardenal Giosuè Carducci Alejo Carpentier The Kingdom Of This World The Lost Steps Carlo Cassola Rosario Castellanos Baldassarre Castiglione Catullus Poem 85 Three Poems: 2, 63, and 76 C. P. Cavafy “Waiting for the Barbarians” Guido Cavalcanti Camilo José Cela Pascual Duarte’s Family Paul Celan “Death Fugue” Louis-Ferdinand Céline Journey to the End of the Night Blaise Cendrars Luis Cernuda Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote Adelbert von Chamisso Peter Schlemihl Patrick Chamoiseau René Char Vicomte de Chateaubriand Memoirs René Anton Chekhov The Cherry Orchard “The Lady with a Dog” The Seagull The Three Sisters Uncle Vanya Chikamatsu Monzaemon Chrétien de Troyes Erec and Énide Lancelot Christine De Pizan (or Pisan) The Book of The City of Ladies Cicero In Defence of Marcus Caelius Rufus On Old Age On The Commonwealth Paul Claudel The Satin Slipper Claudian The Rape of Proserpine Hugo Claus Jean Cocteau The Holy Terrors The Infernal Machine Colette Chéri Vittoria Colonna Pierre Corneille The Cid The Theatrical Illusion Julio Cortázar Louis Marie Anne Couperus José Craveirinha Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac Voyages to the Moon and the Sun Gabriele D’Annunzio The Flame Francesca Da Rimini “Rain in the Pine Forest” Daphnis and Chloe Rubén Darío “Mía” Dazai Osamu Eduardo De Filippo Filumena Marturano Grazia Deledda Demosthenes On the Crown René Depestre Denis Diderot Jacques The Fatalist The Test of Virtue Isak Dinesen Ding Ling Assia Djebar Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade Alfred Döblin Berlin Alexanderplatz Heimito von Doderer Die Strudlhofstiege Fedor Dostoevskii The Brothers Karamazov Crime and Punishment The Devils The Idiot Notes from the Underground Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbina The Dream of the Red Chamber Annette von Droste-Hülshoff The Jew’s Beech Tree Joachim Du Bellay “Heureux Qui, Comme Ulysse, a Fait Un Beau Voyage” Du Fu Alexandre Dumas fils Camille Alexandre Dumas père The Three Musketeers Francesca Duranti Marguerite Duras Friedrich Dürrenmatt The Physicists The Visit José Maria de Eça de Queirós Umberto Eco The Name of the Rose Egils Saga Günter Eich Joseph von Eichendorff Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing Mircea Eliade Paul Éluard “You the only one” Odysseus Elytis Endō Shūsaku Silence Quintus Ennius Baron József Eötvös The Village Notary ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WRITERS AND WORKS REFERENCE GUIDE TO WORLD LITERATURE, 3rd EDITION xix Epic of Gilgamesh Desiderius Erasmus The Colloquies The Praise of Folly Sergei Aleksandrovich Esenin Péter Esterházy Euripides Electra Hippolytus Ion Medea Orestes The Trojan Women Evgenii Evtushenko Abu‘l Qāsim Ferdowsi Georges Feydeau A Flea in her Ear Gustave Flaubert Madame Bovary Sentimental Education “A Simple Heart” Theodor Fontane Before the Storm Effi Briest Denis Fonvizin The Minor Caroline de la Motte Fouqué Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué Anatole France The Gods Are Athirst Gilberto Freyre Max Frisch Andorra The Fire Raisers I’m Not Stiller Jean Froissart Carlos Fuentes Gao Xingjian Federico García Lorca Blood Wedding The House of Bernarda Alba Yerma Gabriel García Márquez Love in the Time of Cholera One Hundred Years of Solitude Théophile Gautier “Art” Jean Genet The Balcony The Maids Guido Gezelle Asadullāh Khān Ghālib André Gide The Counterfeiters The Immoralist Natalia Ginzburg Voices in the Evening Jean Giono The Hussar On The Roof Jean Giraudoux The Madwoman of Chaillot Tiger At The Gates José María Gironella Edouard Glissant Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Elective Affinities Faust Goetz of Berlichingen with the Iron Hand The Sufferings of Young Werther Torquato Tasso Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship Nikolai Gogol’ Dead Souls “Diary of a Madman” The Government Inspector Golden Lotus Carlo Goldoni The Comic Theatre The Mistress of the Inn Ivan Goll Witold Gombrowicz Ferdydurke Ivan Goncharov Oblomov Edmond and Jules de Goncourt Luis de Góngora Abdulla Goran Maksim Gor’kii The Lower Depths “Twenty-Six Men and a Girl” Gottfried von Strassburg Jeremias Gotthelf Christian Dietrich Grabbe Günter Grass The Tin Drum Aleksandr Griboedov Woes of Wit Franz Grillparzer Family Strife in Hapsburg The Waves of Sea and Love Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm “Hansel and Gretel” Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen Andreas Gryphius Guillaume de Machaut Jorge Guillén Nicolás Guillén João Guimarães Rosa Hadewijch Hafiz Hagiwara Sakutarō Knut Hamsun Hunger Hartmann von Aue Jaroslav Hašek The Good Soldier Švejk and His Fortunes In the World War Gerhart Hauptmann The Weavers Václav Havel Friedrich Hebbel Maria Magdalena Heinrich Heine “The Homecoming” William Heinesen Dorothea Rosa Herliany José Hernández The Gaucho Martín Fierro Herodotus Hesiod Hermann Hesse The Glass Bead Game Siddhartha Steppenwolf Fritz Hochwälder Peter Høeg E. T. A. Hoffmann The Devil’s Elixirs Hugo von Hofmannsthal Andreas The Difficult Man The Tower Ludvig Holberg Friedrich Hölderlin “Bread and Wine” Miroslav Holub Homer The Iliad The Odyssey Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft Horace Odes Book I, Poem 5 Odes Book IV, Poem 7 The Poetic Art Ödön von Horváth Tales from the Vienna Woods Huang Chunming Victor Hugo The Hunchback of Notre-Dame Les Misérables Constantijn Huygens Joris-Karl Huysmans Qurratulain Hyder Muhyi al-Din Ibn al-Arabi ‘Umar Ibn al-Fârid Ibrahim ibn Abi al-Fath Abu Ishaq Ibn Khafajah Henrik Ibsen Brand A Doll’s House Ghosts Hedda Gabler The Master Builder Peer Gynt The Wild Duck Ibuse Masuji Yusuf Idris

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