World History, Volume II PDF
Preview World History, Volume II
V O L U M E I I : S I N C E 1 5 0 0 WORLD HISTORY V O L U M E I I : S I N C E 1 5 0 0 S I X T H E D I T I O N WORLD HISTORY William J. Duiker The Pennsylvania State University Jackson J. Spielvogel The Pennsylvania State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States World History, Volume II: Since 1500, © 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Sixth Edition William J. Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Text Designer: Kathleen Cunningham Permissions Account Manager, Images: For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Don Schlotman Photo Researcher: Abigail Baxter Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Cover Designer: Kathleen Cunningham Cover Image: Steam Locomotive Demonstration by the United States Navy in Yokohama, Japan, 1854. Japanese woodblock print, 19th century. © Art Resource, NY Compositor: International Typesetting and Composition Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 ABOUT THE AUTHORS WILLIAM J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian stud- ies at The Pennsylvania State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam, and Washington, D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown University in 1968, where his dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has writ- ten widely on the history of Vietnam and modern China, including the highly acclaimedTheCommunist Road to Power in Vietnam (revised edition, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding Academic Book Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: The Roots of Confl ict (Berkeley, 1987), Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam (McGraw-Hill, 1995), and Ho Chi Minh (Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. While his research specialization is in the fi eld of nationalism and Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are consid- erably more diverse. He has traveled widely and has taught courses on the history of communism and non-Western civilizations at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in the spring of 1996. TO YVONNE, FOR ADDING SPARKLE TO THIS BOOK AND TO MY LIFE W.J.D. JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, andAmerican Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles toThe Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization course as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (fi fth edition, 2005). He is the author of Western Civilization, published in 1991 (seventh edition, 2009). Professor Spielvogel has won fi ve major university-wide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 received the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award. TO DIANE, WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE J.J.S. BRIEF CONTENTS MAPS xiv 20 THE AMERICAS AND SOCIETY AND CULTURE CHRONOLOGIES xv IN THE WEST 581 DOCUMENTS xvi 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM 614 MAP CREDITS xxii 22 SHADOWS OVER THE PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE 643 PHOTO CREDITS xxiii 23 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY PREFACE xxvii CRISIS: WAR AND REVOLUTION 671 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxiii 24 NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGE DICTATORSHIP: ASIA, THE MIDDLE EAST, AND AND THE DATING OF TIME xxxv LATIN AMERICA FROM 1919 TO 1939 703 THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING 25 THE CRISIS DEEPENS: WORLD WAR II 731 WORLD HISTORY xxxvii WORLD HISTORY TO 1500 xxxviii PART V TOWARD A GLOBAL CIVILIZATION? PART III THE WORLD SINCE 1945 768 THE EMERGENCE OF NEW WORLD PATTERNS (1500–1800) 394 26 EAST AND WEST IN THE GRIP OF THE COLD WAR 770 14 NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A 27 BRAVE NEW WORLD: COMMUNISM WORLD MARKET 396 ON TRIAL 798 15 EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM AND STATE 28 EUROPE AND THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE BUILDING 427 SINCE 1945 830 16 THE MUSLIM EMPIRES 455 29 CHALLENGES OF NATION-BUILDING 17 THE EAST ASIAN WORLD 483 IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 865 18 THE WEST ON THE EVE OF A NEW WORLD 30 TOWARD THE PACIFIC CENTURY? 900 ORDER 512 EPILOGUE A GLOBAL CIVILIZATION 937 PART IV GLOSSARY 943 MODERN PATTERNS OF WORLD HISTORY PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 955 (1800–1945) 546 INDEX 963 19 THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNIZATION: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 548 vi DETAILED CONTENTS MAPS xiv Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade 417 CHRONOLOGIES xv The Arrival of the West 417 FILM & HISTORY DOCUMENTS xvi MUTINYONTHE BOUNTY (1962) 418 MAP CREDITS xxii State and Society in Precolonial PHOTO CREDITS xxiii Southeast Asia 419 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS PREFACE xxvii An Exchange of Royal ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxiii Correspondence 421 A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGE OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The March of Civilization 423 AND THE DATING OF TIME xxxv Conclusion 424 THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING Chapter Notes 425 WORLD HISTORY xxxvii Suggested Reading 425 WORLD HISTORY TO 1500 xxxiii PART III 15 EUROPE TRANSFORMED: THE EMERGENCE OF NEW WORLD REFORM AND STATE PATTERNS (1500–1800) 394 BUILDING 427 The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 428 14 NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE Background to the Reformation 428 CREATION OF A WORLD Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 430 MARKET 396 The Spread of the Protestant Reformation 432 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS An Age of Exploration and Expansion 397 A Reformation Debate: Confl ict at Marburg 433 Islam and the Spice Trade 397 The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 435 The Spread of Islam in West Africa 398 The Catholic Reformation 435 A New Player: Europe 399 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Portuguese Maritime Empire 402 Marriage in the Early Modern The Portuguese in India 403 World 436 The Search for Spices 403 Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650 438 Spanish Conquests in the “New World” 404 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century 438 The Voyages 404 Economic and Social Crises 440 The Conquests 404 Seventeenth-Century Crises: Governing the Empire 405 Revolution and War 442 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Columbian Exchange 406 Response to Crisis: The Practice of Absolutism 445 The Impact of European Expansion 407 France Under Louis XIV 445 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 447 New Rivals 408 England and Limited Monarchy 447 Africa in Transition 411 Confl ict Between King and Parliament 448 The Portuguese in Africa 411 Civil War and Commonwealth 448 The Dutch in South Africa 411 Restoration and a Glorious Revolution 449 The Slave Trade 412 Political and Social Structures in a Changing The Flourishing of European Culture 450 Continent 415 Art: The Baroque 451 vii Art: Dutch Realism 451 Korea and Vietnam 507 A Golden Age of Literature in England 452 Vietnam: The Perils of Empire 508 Conclusion 453 Conclusion 509 Chapter Notes 454 Chapter Notes 510 Suggested Reading 454 Suggested Reading 510 16 THE MUSLIM EMPIRES 455 18 THE WEST ON THE EVE OF A The Ottoman Empire 456 NEW WORLD ORDER 512 The Rise of the Ottoman Turks 456 Expansion of the Empire 456 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An COMPARATIVE ESSAY Intellectual Revolution in the West 513 The Changing Face of War 458 The Nature of Turkish Rule 460 The Scientifi c Revolution 513 Religion and Society in the Ottoman World 462 Background to the Enlightenment 515 The Ottomans in Decline 463 The Philosophes and Their Ideas 515 Ottoman Art 463 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Scientifi c Revolution 516 The Safavids 466 Culture in an Enlightened Age 520 The Rise of the Safavids 466 Decline of the Dynasty 466 Economic Changes and the Safavid Politics and Society 466 Social Order 522 Safavid Art and Literature 467 New Economic Patterns 522 European Society in the Eighteenth The Grandeur of the Mughals 469 Century 523 The Mughal Dynasty: A “Gunpowder Empire”? 469 Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Western Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization 470 Hemisphere 524 Twilight of the Mughals 471 The Society of Latin America 524 The Impact of Western Power in India 474 British North America 526 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS FILM & HISTORY The Capture of Port Hoogly 475 THE MISSION (1986) 527 Society Under the Mughals 476 Toward a New Political Order and Global Mughal Culture 478 Confl ict 529 Conclusion 481 Prussia: The Army and the Bureaucracy 529 Chapter Notes 482 The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs 529 Suggested Reading 482 Russia Under Catherine the Great 529 Enlightened Absolutism Reconsidered 530 17 Changing Patterns of War: Global THE EAST ASIAN WORLD 483 Confrontation 531 China at Its Apex 484 The French Revolution 531 From the Ming to the Qing 484 Background to the French Revolution 532 The Greatness of the Qing 486 From Estates-General to National Assembly 532 Destruction of the Old Regime 533 Changing China 492 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Population Explosion 492 The Natural Rights of the French People: COMPARATIVE ESSAY Two Views 534 Population Explosion 493 The Radical Revolution 535 Seeds of Industrialization 493 Reaction and the Directory 537 Daily Life in Qing China 494 The Age of Napoleon 538 Cultural Developments 496 The Rise of Napoleon 538 Tokugawa Japan 497 Domestic Policies 538 The Three Great Unifi ers 498 Napoleon’s Empire 540 Opening to the West 498 Conclusion 541 The Tokugawa “Great Peace” 501 Chapter Notes 542 Life in the Village 503 Tokugawa Culture 505 Suggested Reading 543 viii DETAILED CONTENTS PART IV 20 THE AMERICAS AND SOCIETY MODERN PATTERNS OF WORLD AND CULTURE IN THE WEST 581 HISTORY (1800–1945) 546 Latin America in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 582 The Wars for Independence 582 19 THE BEGINNINGS OF The Diffi culties of Nation Building 586 MODERNIZATION: Tradition and Change in the Latin American Economy INDUSTRIALIZATION AND and Society 587 Political Change in Latin America 588 NATIONALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 548 The North American Neighbors: The United States and Canada 589 The Industrial Revolution and The Growth of the United States 589 Its Impact 549 The Rise of the United States 592 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 549 The Making of Canada 593 The Spread of Industrialization 551 The Emergence of Mass Society 594 Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Rest The New Urban Environment 594 of the World 553 The Social Structure of Mass Society 594 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Industrial Revolution 554 The Experiences of Women 596 Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution 555 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Advice to Women: Two Views 598 The Growth of Industrial Prosperity 558 Education in an Age of Mass Society 599 New Products 558 COMPARATIVE ESSAY New Patterns 559 The Rise of Nationalism 600 Emergence of a World Economy 559 Leisure in an Age of Mass Society 600 The Spread of Industrialization 560 Cultural Life: Romanticism and Realism Women and Work: New Job Opportunities 561 in the Western World 601 Organizing the Working Classes 562 The Characteristics of Romanticism 601 Reaction and Revolution: The Growth A New Age of Science 603 of Nationalism 564 Realism in Literature and Art 603 The Conservative Order 564 Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual Forces for Change 565 and Cultural Developments 604 Revolution and Reform, 1830–1832 565 A New Physics 604 The Revolutions of 1848 565 Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis 605 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Response to Revolution: Two Racism 606 Perspectives 567 The Culture of Modernity 607 Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question 568 Conclusion 611 Chapter Notes 612 National Unifi cation and the National State, Suggested Reading 612 1848–1871 569 The Unifi cation of Italy 569 The Unifi cation of Germany 571 21 THE HIGH TIDE OF Nationalism and Reform: The European National State at Mid-Century 572 IMPERIALISM 614 The European State, 1871–1914 573 The Spread of Colonial Rule 615 Western Europe: The Growth of Political The Motives 615 Democracy 573 The Tactics 615 Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order 575 The Colonial System 616 International Rivalries and the The Philosophy of Colonialism 617 Winds of War 576 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Ottoman Empire and Nationalism in the White Man’s Burden, Black Man’s Balkans 576 Sorrow 618 Conclusion 578 India Under the British Raj 618 Chapter Notes 579 Colonial Reforms 619 Suggested Reading 579 The Cost of Colonialism 619 Detailed Contents ix
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