World History: To 1500 PDF
Preview World History: To 1500
T O 1 5 0 0 WORLD HISTORY T O 1 5 0 0 S I X T H E D I T I O N WORLD HISTORY William J. Duiker The Pennsylvania State University Jackson J. Spielvogel The Pennsylvania State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States World History, To 1500, Sixth Edition © 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning William J. Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Permissions Account Manager, Images: Don Schlotman For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Photo Researcher: Abigail Baxter Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred Cover Designer: Kathleen Cunningham online store www.ichapters.com Cover Image: “Commerce in the Gulf of Cambaye” from Le Livre des Merveilles, c.1410. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (Ms. fr. 2810), France//© Giraudon/Art Resource, NY Compositor: International Typesetting and Composition Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 ABOUT THE AUTHORS WILLIAM J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian stud- ies at The Pennsylvania State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam, and Washington, D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown University in 1968, where his dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has writ- ten widely on the history of Vietnam and modern China, including the highly acclaimed The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (revised edition, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding Academic Book Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: The Roots of Confl ict (Berkeley, 1987), Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam (McGraw-Hill, 1995), and Ho Chi Minh (Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. While his research specialization is in the fi eld of nationalism and Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are consid- erably more diverse. He has traveled widely and has taught courses on the history of communism and non-Western civilizations at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in the spring of 1996. TO YVONNE, FOR ADDING SPARKLE TO THIS BOOK AND TO MY LIFE W.J.D. JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization course as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (fi fth edition, 2005). He is the author of Western Civilization, published in 1991 (seventh edition, 2009). Professor Spielvogel has won fi ve major university-wide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 received the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award. TO DIANE, WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE J.J.S. BRIEF CONTENTS MAPS xii PART II CHRONOLOGIES xiii NEW PATTERNS OF CIVILIZATION 164 DOCUMENTS xiv 6 THE AMERICAS 166 PHOTO CREDITS xix 7 FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE RISE PREFACE xxii OF ISLAM 190 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxviii 8 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN AFRICA 219 A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGE 9 THE EXPANSION OF CIVILIZATION AND THE DATING OF TIME xxx IN SOUTHERN ASIA 245 THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING 10 THE FLOWERING OF TRADITIONAL CHINA 274 WORLD HISTORY xxxi 11 THE EAST ASIAN RIMLANDS: EARLY JAPAN, KOREA, AND VIETNAM 306 PART I THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS AND THE RISE 12 THE MAKING OF EUROPE 332 OF EMPIRES (PREHISTORY TO 500 C.E.) 1 13 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN THE WEST 363 1 THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: THE PEOPLES OF WESTERN ASIA AND EGYPT 2 GLOSSARY 395 2 ANCIENT INDIA 39 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 407 3 CHINA IN ANTIQUITY 67 MAP CREDITS 415 4 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 96 INDEX 417 5 THE FIRST WORLD CIVILIZATION: ROME, CHINA, AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE SILK ROAD 129 vi DETAILED CONTENTS MAPS xii Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage 23 CHRONOLOGIES xiii Th e Spread of Egyptian Infl uence: Nubia 24 DOCUMENTS xiv New Centers of Civilization 24 PHOTO CREDITS xix Nomadic Peoples: Impact of the Indo-Europeans 25 Th e Phoenicians 26 PREFACE xxii Th e Hebrews: Th e “Children of Israel” 26 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxviii Th e Rise of New Empires 30 A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGE Th e Assyrian Empire 30 AND THE DATING OF TIME xxx Th e Persian Empire 33 THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING Conclusion 36 WORLD HISTORY xxxi Chapter Notes 37 Suggested Reading 37 P I ART T F C HE IRST IVILIZATIONS AND THE RISE OF EMPIRES (PREHISTORY 2 ANCIENT INDIA 39 500 . .) 1 TO C E Th e Emergence of Civilization in India: 1 THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: THE Harappan Society 40 PEOPLES OF WESTERN ASIA A Land of Diversity 40 Harappan Civilization: A Fascinating Enigma 40 AND EGYPT 2 A Lost Civilization? 43 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e First Humans 3 Writing and Civilization 43 Th e Emergence of Homo sapiens 3 Th e Arrival of the Aryans 44 Th e Hunter-Gatherers of the Paleolithic Age 3 Th e Neolithic Revolution, c. 10,000–4000 b.c.e. 5 Th e Early Aryans 44 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Mauryan Empire 45 From Hunter-Gatherers and Herders Caste and Class: Social Structures to Farmers 7 in Ancient India 47 Daily Life in Ancient India 50 Th e Emergence of Civilization 8 Th e Economy 51 Early Civilizations Around the World 9 Causes of Civilization 10 Escaping the Wheel of Life: Th e Religious World of Ancient India 52 Civilization in Mesopotamia 10 Hinduism 52 Th e City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 10 Buddhism: Th e Middle Path 55 Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 12 Th e Culture of Mesopotamia 14 Th e Rule of the Fishes: India Aft er the Mauryas 59 Egyptian Civilization: “Th e Gift of the Nile” 16 Th e Impact of Geography 16 Th e Exuberant World of Indian Culture 60 Th e Old and Middle Kingdoms 17 Literature 60 Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 19 Architecture and Sculpture 61 Th e Culture of Egypt 20 Science 64 Disorder and a New Order: Th e New Kingdom 21 Conclusion 64 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Akhenaten’s HYMN TO ATEN and Psalm 104 of Chapter Notes 65 the Hebrew Bible 22 Suggested Reading 65 vii 3 CHINA IN ANTIQUITY 67 Th e Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander 117 Th e Dawn of Chinese Civilization 68 Alexander the Great 117 Th e Land and People of China 68 Th e World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 119 Th e Shang Dynasty 69 Hellenistic Monarchies 119 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Political Institutions 119 The use of Metals 73 Hellenistic Cities 119 Th e Zhou Dynasty 73 Th e Importance of Trade 120 Political Structures 74 Social Life: New Opportunities Economy and Society 74 for Women 121 Th e Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy 77 FILM & HISTORY ALEXANDER (2004) 121 Th e First Chinese Empire: Th e Qin Dynasty 81 Culture in the Hellenistic World 122 Th e Qin Dynasty (221–206 b.c.e.) 82 Conclusion 126 Daily Life in Ancient China 85 Chapter Notes 127 Th e Role of the Family 85 Suggested Reading 127 Lifestyles 87 Cities 88 Th e Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China 88 5 THE FIRST WORLD Chinese Culture 88 CIVILIZATION: ROME, CHINA, Metalwork and Sculpture 88 Language and Literature 90 AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE Music 91 SILK ROAD 129 Conclusion 93 Chapter Notes 94 Early Rome and the Republic 130 Early Rome 130 Suggested Reading 95 Th e Roman Republic 131 Th e Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean 4 (264–133 b.c.e.) 133 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE Th e Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic GREEKS 96 (133–31 b.c.e.) 136 Early Greece 97 Th e Roman Empire at Its Height 137 Minoan Crete 97 Th e Age of Augustus (31 b.c.e.–14 c.e.) 138 Th e First Greek State: Mycenae 98 Th e Early Empire (14–180) 138 Th e Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 b.c.e.) 99 Culture and Society in the Roman World 140 FILM & HISTORY Th e Greek City-States (c. 750–c. 500 b.c.e.) 100 SPARTACUS (1960) 145 Th e Polis 101 Colonization and the Growth of Trade 103 Crisis and the Late Empire 146 Tyranny in the Greek Polis 103 Crises in the Th ird Century 146 Sparta 103 Th e Late Roman Empire 146 Athens 105 Transformation of the Roman World: Foreign Infl uence on Early Greek Culture 105 Th e Development of Christianity 148 Th e High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Th e Origins of Christianity 148 Greece 106 Th e Spread of Christianity 149 Th e Challenge of Persia 106 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age Rulers and Gods 149 of Pericles 107 Th e Triumph of Christianity 151 Th e Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Greek States 108 Th e Glorious Han Empire (202 b.c.e.–221 c.e.) 151 Th e Culture of Classical Greece 109 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS COMPARATIVE ESSAY Roman Authorities and a Christian The Axial Age 113 on Christianity 152 Greek Religion 114 Confucianism and the State 153 Daily Life in Classical Athens 114 Th e Economy 153 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Imperial Expansion and the Origins of the Women in Athens and Sparta 116 Silk Road 154 viii DETAILED CONTENTS Social Changes 156 Th e Crusades 200 Religion and Culture 157 Th e Mongols 201 Th e Decline and Fall of the Han 158 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Conclusion 158 Muslim Perspectives 202 Chapter Notes 160 Andalusia: A Muslim Outpost in Europe 202 Suggested Reading 160 Islamic Civilization 204 Political Structures 204 Th e Wealth of Araby: Trade and Cities in the Middle P II East 205 ART COMPARATIVE ESSAY N P EW ATTERNS OF Trade and Civilization 206 CIVILIZATION 164 Islamic Society 208 Th e Culture of Islam 208 6 Conclusion 216 THE AMERICAS 166 Chapter Notes 217 Th e Peopling of the Americas 167 Suggested Reading 217 Th e First Americans 167 Early Civilizations in Central America 167 8 Th e Olmecs: In the Land of Rubber 167 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS Th e Zapotecs 168 IN AFRICA 219 Teotihuaca´n: America’s First Metropolis 168 Th e Maya 169 Th e Emergence of Civilization 220 Th e Aztecs 174 Th e Land 220 Th e First Civilizations in South America 179 Kush 220 Axum and Saba 221 Caral 180 Th e Sahara and Its Environs 221 Moche 180 East Africa 224 Th e Inka 181 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Coming of Islam 225 History and the Environment 182 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Stateless Societies in the Americas 184 The Migration of Peoples 226 African Religious Beliefs Before Islam 226 Th e Eastern Woodlands 184 Th e Arabs in North Africa 227 Cahokia 185 Th e Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island Th e “Ancient Ones”: Th e Anasazi 186 in a Muslim Sea 228 South America: Th e Arawak 187 East Africa: Th e Land of Zanj 228 Amazonia 187 Th e States of West Africa 229 Conclusion 188 States and Stateless Societies in Central Chapter Notes 189 and Southern Africa 234 Suggested Reading 189 Th e Congo River Valley 234 Zimbabwe 234 Southern Africa 235 7 FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST: African Society 235 THE RISE OF ISLAM 190 Urban Life 235 Village Life 236 Th e Rise of Islam 191 Th e Role of Women 236 Th e Role of Muhammad 191 Slavery 237 Th e Teachings of Muhammad 192 African Culture 238 FILM & HISTORY THE MESSAGE (MUHAMMAD: THE MESSENGER Painting and Sculpture 238 OF GOD) (1976) 193 Music 239 Architecture 239 Th e Arab Empire and Its Successors 195 Literature 239 Creation of an Empire 196 Conclusion 243 Th e Rise of the Umayyads 196 Th e Abbasids 197 Chapter Notes 243 Th e Seljuk Turks 199 Suggested Reading 244 Detailed Contents ix
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