Table Of Content

WORLD HISTORY IN DOCUMENTS WORLD HISTORY IN DOCUMENTS A COMPARATIVE READER SECOND EDITION Edited by Peter N. Stearns NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London www.nyupress.org © 2008 by New York University All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World history in documents : a comparative reader / edited by Peter N. Stearns. — 2nd. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8147-4047-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8147-4047-2 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8147-4048-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8147-4048- 0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. World history—Sources. I. Stearns, Peter N. D5.W67 2007 909—dc22 2007025223 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction: Comparative World History : River Valley Civilizations, 3500–1000 ., and the Classical Period, 1000 PART I B.C.E .–450 . B.C.E C.E 1. Creation Stories A Kabyl Story A North American Version The Haida Story A Babylonian Story An Egyptian Story The Mayan Story, from Popol Vuh 2. Comparing Laws: The Importance of the State Mesopotamia: Hammurabi’s Code Jewish Law 3. Political Ideals in China and Greece Confucianism: Chinese Political Values Athenian Democracy: Pericles’ Funeral Oration 4. Social Inequality India’s Caste System: The Laws of Manu Roman Slavery 5. Conditions of Women in the Classical Civilizations: China and India China: “Mother of Mencius” and Ban Zhao The Mother of Mencius Ban Zhao’s Admonitions for Women India: The Ramayana 6. Military Roles in China and Rome Sun-Tzu, The Art of War Vegetius, Epitome of Military Science 7. Buddhism and Christianity Buddhism The Four Noble Truths The Way, from the Dhammapada Christianity Letter from Paul to the Romans Vincent of Lerins : The Postclassical Period, 450–1450 PART II 8. Religion and State in Islam and Christianity A Muslim View: Nizam al-Mulk A Christian Debate: Canon Lawyers in the Twelfth Century 9. Conditions of Women in Islam, Byzantine Christianity, and Western Christianity Women in Islam The Quran The Hadith Rules for Muslim Government The Byzantine Empire A Marriage Contract A History of Anna Comnena Legal Status Western Europe: City and Canon Law A German City’s Laws Church (Canon) Law on Marriage 10. Feudalism in Western Europe and Japan European Feudalism European Feudal Documents The Magna Carta Japanese Feudalism Japanese Feudal Documents 11. The Crusades: Muslim and European Reactions A Christian Account The Crusade of Richard I Muslim Accounts Beh-ed-Din Usamah Ibn-Munqidh 12. Merchants and Trade A Muslim View: Ibn Khaldun Characteristics of Traders A Christian View: Reginald of Durham on Saint Godric A Chinese View: Chang Han Essay on Merchants 13. The Mongol Era: Conquests and Connections Mongols in China: Li Chih-Ch’ang and The Secret History of the Mongols Li Chih-Ch’ang The Secret History of the Mongols Russian Reactions: The Novgorod Chronicle The West and the Mongols: Marco Polo 14. Africa in the Postclassical World Abd al-Aziz al-Bakri Ghana and the Customs of Its Inhabitants Ibn Battuta Anecdote concerning the Massufa Who Inhabit Iwalatan Africa through the Eyes of a European Merchant Antonius Malfante 15. Chinese and Portuguese Voyages in the Fifteenth Century Ma Huan Vasco da Gama : The Early Modern Period, 1450–1750 PART III 16. Europeans and American Indians: Explorers, Conquerors, and Aztec Reactions Spanish Reactions: Chanca and Cortés Dr. Diego Alvarez Chanca on the Caribe Indians Cortés in Mexico French Reactions: Champlain French Encounters in North America Aztec Reactions: The Broken Spears 17. The Spread of Slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade The Slave Trader’s View: John Barbot The African Slave Experience: Olaudah Equiano 18. The Scientific Revolution and Global Impact Galileo Galileo’s letter to the Grand Duchess of Tuscany Condorcet and the Enlightenment Idea of Progress Father de Halde and Science in China Science in the Ottoman Empire: Lady Montague Reaction in Japan: Sugita Genpaku 19. The Gunpowder Empires The Ottoman Empire: Busbecq The Mughal Empire: Monserate and Bernier Monserate European Awe at Other Empires Bernier The Russian Empire: Peter the Great (1682–1725) 20. Coffee in Early Modern World History A Middle Eastern Account English Accounts Two Descriptions of English Coffee Houses The Character of a Coffee-House Coffee-Houses Vindicated : The Long Nineteenth Century PART IV 21. The Age of Atlantic Revolutions The American Revolution Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress The French Revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man Decree Abolishing Feudalism Edmund Burke The Haitian Revolution From a French Newspaper 22. Nationalism The French Revolution and Nationalism: A 1792 Decree Fichte A Proclamation by the Prussian King, 1813 The King of Prussia Rouses His People against Napoleon Bismarck Political Ideals and Nationalism in Latin America: Simón Bolívar The 1813 Proclamation The 1819 Proclamation 23. The Opium War: Chinese and English Views China: Official Statements Imperial Edict to the Grand Secretariat Reports by Kiying, Imperial Commissioner Britain: A View from a Participant Wei Yuan’s Defense Plan, 1842 24. The Emancipations and Their Consequences The Emancipation Manifesto, 1861 The Emancipation Proclamation, 1862 Joachim Nabuco and Brazilian Abolitionism Brazilian Abolition Law No. 3353, Abolishing Slavery in Brazil Russian Peasants after Emancipation: Peasant Petitions Petition from Peasants in Balashov District Petition from Peasants in Podosinovka African Americans after Slavery: Petitions in the South Joint Affidavit from George Underwood, Ben Harris, and Isiah Fuller Memorial from Alabama Negroes 25. Russian and Japanese Conservatism Danilevsky Pobedonostsev Yamagata Arimoto 26. Business Values in the Industrial Revolution: Western Europe and Japan Business Ideals in Britain: Samuel Smiles A French Businessman: Narcisse Faucheur Praising Individualism: Fukuzawa Yukichi On Education On Business A Japanese Businessman’s Views: Shibuzawa Eiichi From the Autobiography From “My View of Life” From “Independence and Self-Reliance” 27. Women and Education in the Nineteenth Century France The United States Eliza Duffey Elizabeth Cady Stanton India : The Contemporary Period, 1914–Present PART V 28. Twentieth-Century Revolutions Mexico Francisco Madero: The Plan of San Luis Potosi The Plan of Ayala China Proclamation of the Abdication of the Manchus Sun Yat-sen: Fundamentals of National Reconstruction Russia V.I. Lenin, What Is To Be Done Lenin’s Call to Power The Fundamental Law of Land Socialization 29. Authoritarianism on the Right: Italian Fascism, German Nazism, and Argentine Peronism Italian Fascism: Mussolini