World Geography, Grades 9-12: Mcdougal Littell World Geography

900 Pages·2006·184.03 MB·english

by  Inez M. Miyares

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Masai warriors, Kenya
Namche Bazaar, Nepal Leaning tower, Pisa, Italy
ii
Volcano, Hawaii
A DIVISION OF HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
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Copyright © 2007 by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
Maps on pages A1–A37, 64, 102–115, 131, 179, 190–199, 206, 248, 262–271, 281, 322, 336–343, 357,
391, 402–413, 419, 464, 478–485, 494, 528, 542–549, 559, 596, 610–617, 624, 664, 678–687, 693, 733
© Rand McNally & Company. All rights reserved.
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Acknowledgments begin on page R66.
ISBN-13: 978-0-618-68998-9 ISBN10: 0-618-68998-2
Printed in the United States of America
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9—VEI—10 09 08 07 06
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Daniel D. Arreola is Professor of Geography and an affiliate faculty
member of the Center for Latin American Studies at Arizona State
University. He has taught world regional geography for more than a
decade at universities in Arizona and Texas. Dr. Arreola has published
extensively on topics relating to the cultural geography of the Mexican-
American borderlands. He is co-author of The Mexican Border Cities:
Landscape Anatomy and Place Personality and author of Tejano South
Texas: A Mexican American Cultural Province.
Marci Smith Deal is the K-12 Social Studies Curriculum Coordinator
for Hurst-Euless-Bedford Independent School District in Texas. She
received the 2000 Distinguished Geographer Award for the State of Texas,
and was one of the honorees of the 2001 National Council for Geographic
Education Distinguished Teacher Award. She has served as president for
the Texas Council for Social Studies Supervisors and as vice-president for
the Texas Council for Social Studies. She currently serves as a teacher
consultant for National Geographic Society.
James F. Petersen is Professor of Geography at Southwest Texas
State University. He served as president of the National Council for
Geographic Education in 2000. As a charter member of the National
Geographic Society’s Alliance,Dr. Petersen has directed summer institutes
and national conferences for teachers and educational organizations. He
is the author of many articles on geographic education,as well as
media/book reviews,textbooks,and curricular materials.
Rickie Sanders is Professor and Chair of Geography/Urban Studies
at Temple University. She recently served on the team that directed the
National Science Foundation/National Council for Geographic Education’s
“Finding A Way”project,which produced learning modules for integrating
gender into geography classrooms. Dr. Sanders has received numerous
awards for teaching,including the NCGE Distinguished Teaching Award
and the Temple University Distinguished Teaching Award. She has
numerous publications and is co-author of Growing Up in America:
An Atlas of Youth in the U.S.A.
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Content Consultants
C. Cindy Fan Charles Kovacik Joseph Stoltman
Department of Geography Department of Geography Department of Geography
UCLA University of South Carolina Western Michigan University
Los Angeles,California Columbia,South Carolina Kalamazoo,Michigan
Howard Johnson Barbara McDade Donald Zeigler
Department of Physical and Earth Department of Geography Department of Political Science and
Sciences University of Florida Geography
Jacksonville State University Gainesville,Florida Old Dominion University
Jacksonville,Alabama Norfolk,Virginia
Inés Miyares
Cheryl Johnson-Odim Department of Geography
Liberal Education Division Hunter College
Columbia College New York City,New York
Chicago,Illinois
Multicultural Advisory Board
Betty Dean Barbara McDade Betto Ramirez
Social Studies Consultant Department of Geography Region One Education Service
Pearland,Texas University of Florida Center
Gainesville,Florida Edinburg,Texas
C. Cindy Fan
Department of Geography Inés Miyares Jon Reyhner
UCLA Department of Geography Department of Education
Los Angeles,California Hunter College Northern Arizona University
New York City,New York Flagstaff,Arizona
Cheryl Johnson-Odim
Liberal Education Division Pat Payne
Columbia College Office of Multicultural Education
Chicago,Illinois Indianapolis Public Schools
Indianapolis,Indiana
Teacher Consultants
The following educators reviewed manuscript or wrote classroom activities.
Deborah Althouse Deborah Bittner Fred Cibik
Thomas J. Anderson High School Sandra Day O’Connor High School Brown Deer High School
Southgate,Michigan Helotes,Texas Brown Deer,Wisconsin
Jamie Berlin Dora Bradley Jim Curtis
South High School Lakewood Middle School Antioch High School
Sheboygan,Wisconsin North Little Rock,Arkansas Antioch,Illinois
Heather Berry Denise Butler Sam Eigel
Hazelwood East High School Hillcrest High School Cody High School
St. Louis,Missouri Dallas,Texas Detroit,Michigan
Jewel Berryman Deborah Canales Jan Ellersieck
Kashmere High School Austin High School Ft. Zummalt South High School
Houston,Texas Houston,Texas St. Peters,Missouri
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Thomas Figurski Sherry Kusenberger Dan Richardson
Thomas J. Anderson High School MacArthur High School East Troy High School
Southgate,Michigan San Antonio,Texas East Troy,Illinois
Karen Fletcher Rick Looze Martha B. Sharma
Haltom High School Ft. Atkinson High School National Cathedral School
Haltom City,Texas Ft. Atkinson,Wisconsin Washington,D.C.
Kathy Gilbert Jerome Love Robert Schutt
Mukwonago High School Beaumont High School Detroit High School for the Fine and
Mukwonago,Wisconsin St. Louis,Missouri Performing Arts
Detroit,Michigan
Manuel Gomez Kara Lukens
McAllen Memorial High School Dakota High School Brenda Smith
McAllen,Texas Macomb,Michigan Social Studies Instructional
Supervisor
Richard Goodwin Matt Lyons
Colorado Springs School District #11
Yvonne A. Ewell Township Center Hastings Ninth Grade Center Colorado Springs,Colorado
Dallas,Texas Houston,Texas
Jody Smothers-Marcello
Craig Grace Gene Mahurin
Sitka School District
Lanier High School Western Hills High School Sitka,Alaska
West Austin,Texas Ft. Worth,Texas
Linda Tillis
David Haas Joy McKee
South Oak Cliff High School
Waukegan High School Lamar High School Dallas,Texas
Waukegan,Illinois Arlington,Texas
Mark Van Hecke
Britin Hanson Patricia Medina
Anchor Bay High School
Granite Hills High School Ray High School New Baltimore,Michigan
El Cajon,California Corpus Christi,Texas
Glenn Watt
William Hoffman Tim Murray
Grayslake High School
Capistrano Valley High School Plano Senior High School Grayslake,Illinois
Mission Viejo,California Plano,Texas
Alice White
Alan Hunt Joseph Naumann
Bryan Adams High School
Coronado High School McCluer North High School Dallas,Texas
El Paso,Texas Florissant,Missouri
Sarah White
Amy Kiehl Phillip Owens
Dakota High School
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School Galveston,Texas
Milwaukee,Wisconsin Tom Wissink
Robert Parker
Oshkosh West High School
Cliff Kinder St. Margaret’s High School Oshkosh,Wisconsin
Bowie High School San Juan Capistrano,California
Arlington,Texas Anne Woods
Cathy Probst
Orchard Farms High School
Korri Kinney Nathan Hale High School St. Charles,Missouri
Meridian High School West Allis,Wisconsin
Meridian,Idaho Tom Wurst
Langham Creek High School
Houston,Texas
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STRATEGIES FOR TAKING STANDARDIZED TESTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S1
PART 1: STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING GEOGRAPHY S2
PART 2: TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES AND PRACTICE S6
RAND McNALLY ATLAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Cha1pter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Looking at the Earth
1 The Five Themes of Geography 5
2 The Geographer’s Tools 10
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS HANDBOOK 14
Reading a Map
Scale
Using the Geographic Grid
Projections
Using Different Types of Maps
Thematic Maps
Ch2apter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A Living Planet
1 The Earth Inside and Out 27
Volcano in
Costa Rica (p. 2) DISASTERS! Asteroid Hit! 30
2 Bodies of Water and Landforms 32
3 Internal Forces Shaping the Earth 37
Nanjing Road, 4 External Forces Shaping the Earth 42
Shanghai, China
(p. 81)
Ch3apter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Climate and Vegetation
1 Seasons and Weather 49
2 Climate 54
3 World Climate Regions 59
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS
Interpreting Climographs 64
4 Soils and Vegetation 65
Ch4apter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
People and Places
1 The Elements of Culture 71
2 Population Geography 78
3 Political Geography 83
4 Urban Geography 87
5 Economic Geography 91
For more information on the basics of geography . . .
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Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
• The Depletion of Resources
• Urban Sprawl
• Diverse Societies Face Change
UNIT 2 ATLAS 102
REGIONAL DATA FILE 108
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Ch5apter OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
A Land of Contrasts
1 Landforms and Resources 117
2 Climate and Vegetation 123
3 Human-Environment Interaction 127
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS
Reading a Highway Map 131
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6 Shaping an Abundant Land
1 History and Government of the United States 135
2 Economy and Culture of the United States 140 Mesa Verde
3 Subregions of the United States 145 National Park,
Colorado (p. 135)
DISASTERS! The Dust Bowl 150
Ch7apter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Developing a Vast Wilderness
1 History and Government of Canada 155
2 Economy and Culture of Canada 159
COMPARING CULTURES Transportation 164
3 Subregions of Canada 166
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Parliament
8 The United States and Canada
guards, Ottawa,
Ontario(p. 158)
1 The Depletion of Resources 173
2 Urban Sprawl 176
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS
Reading a Bounded-Area Map 179
CASE STUDY
Diverse Societies Face Change
180
For more information on the United States and Canada . . .
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Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
• Rain Forest Resources
• Giving Citizens a Voice
• The Income Gap
UNIT 3 ATLAS 190
REGIONAL DATA FILE 196
Ch9apter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
From the Andes to the Amazon
1 Landforms and Resources 201
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS
Interpreting a Precipitation Map 206
2 Climate and Vegetation 207
3 Human-Environment Interaction 210
Ch1a0pter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
A Blending of Cultures
1 Mexico 217
2 Central America and the Caribbean 222
DISASTERS! Volcano on Montserrat 228
Chacobo Indians
3 Spanish-Speaking South America 230
on the Amazon
River, Bolivia 4 Brazil 236
(p. 186)
COMPARING CULTURES Festivals and Holidays 240
São Paulo,
Brazil(p. 251) Ch1ap1ter TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Latin America
1 Rain Forest Resources 245
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS
Interpreting Satellite Images 248
2 Giving Citizens a Voice 249
CASE STUDY
The Income Gap
252
For more information on Latin America . . .
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