world fisheries and aquaculture

227 Pages·2017·8.59 MB·English

2018 2018
2018 2018
THE STATE OF
WORLD FISHERIES
AND AQUACULTURE
MEETING THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Recommended citation:
FAO. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the
sustainable development goals. Rome.
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ISBN 978-92-5-130562-1
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© FAO 2018
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2018
THE STATE OF
WORLD FISHERIES
AND AQUACULTURE
MEETING THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome, 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD vi PART 3
HIGHLIGHTS OF
METHODOLOGY viii
ONGOING STUDIES 130
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
Climate change impacts and responses 130
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi
Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture 138
PART 1
Realizing aquaculture’s potential 144
WORLD REVIEW 2
International trade, sustainable value chains
Overview 2
and consumer protection 149
Capture fisheries production 7
Selected ocean pollution concerns 154
Aquaculture production 17
Social issues 157
Fishers and fish farmers 30
The fishing fleet 35 PART 4
OUTLOOK AND
The status of fishery resources 39
EMERGING ISSUES 166
Fish utilization and processing 47
Blue growth in action 166
Fish trade and commodities 52
The emerging role of regional cooperation
Fish consumption 69 for sustainable development 172
Governance and policy 75 The role of regional fishery bodies in aquaculture
development 176
PART 2
FAO FISHERIES Disruptive technologies 178
AND AQUACULTURE Projections of fisheries, aquaculture and markets 182
IN ACTION 86
Fisheries and the Sustainable Development Goals: REFERENCES 194
meeting the 2030 Agenda 86
FAO’s approach to improving the quality and
utility of capture fishery data 92
Combating illegal, unreported and unregulated
fishing: global developments 98
Biodiversity, fisheries and aquaculture 102
Global inland fisheries revisited: their contribution
to achievement of the SDGs 108
Fish for food security and human nutrition 113
Implementing the ecosystem approach to
fisheries and aquaculture – achievements
and challenges 120
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TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES
TABLES 15. Reported number of motorized 4. Trends in three main categories
and non-motorized vessels by LOA of fishing areas 14
1. World fisheries and aquaculture
class in fishing fleets from selected
production and utilization 4 5. World aquaculture production
countries and territories, 2016 38
of food fish and aquatic plants,
2. Marine capture production:
16. Top ten exporters and importers 1990–2016 17
major producer countries 9
of fish and fish products 55
6. Average annual growth rate
3. Marine capture production:
17. Share of main groups of of aquaculture production by
major species and genera 10
species in world trade of fish and volume (excluding aquatic plants) 18
4. Capture production: FAO fish products, 2016 64
7. Aquaculture contribution to total
major fishing areas 13
18. Total and per capita apparent fish production (excluding
5. Inland waters capture fish consumption by region and aquatic plants) 19
production: major producer economic grouping, 2015 72
8. Fed and non-fed food fish
countries 16
19. SDG 14 indicators for which aquaculture production,
6. Aquaculture production of main FAO is custodian or contributing 2001–2016 22
groups of food fish species by agency 89
9. Aquaculture production of major
continent, 2016 20
20. Percentage of countries producing regions and major
7. Major species produced adopting EAF or similar ecosystem producers of main species
in world aquaculture 23 approaches, by region 125 groups, 2001–2016 28
8. World aquaculture production 21. Examples of adaptation 10. Distribution of motorized
of aquatic plants 25 options for fisheries and and non-motorized fishing vessels
aquaculture 135 by region, 2016 35
9. Major farmed seaweed
producers 25 22. Projected fish production, 11. Proportion of fishing vessels
2030 185 with and without engine,
10. Aquaculture food fish
by region, 2016 36
production by region and selected 23. Projected fish trade,
major producers 27 2030 190 12. Distribution of motorized
fishing vessels by region, 2016 36
11. World employment for fishers 24. Scenarios for production,
and fish farmers by region 31 trade and apparent consumption 13. Size distribution of motorized
depending on implementation fishing vessels by region, 2016 37
12. Number of fishers and fish
of China’s Thirteenth Five-
farmers in selected countries and 14. Global trends in the state
Year Plan 192
territories and worldwide 32 of the world’s marine fish stocks,
1974–2015 40
13. Reporting of sex-disaggregated
FIGURES
employment (women, men and 15. Percentages of stocks fished
unspecified) in fisheries and 1. World capture fisheries and at biologically sustainable and
aquaculture, by region, 2016 33 aquaculture production 3 unsustainable levels by FAO
statistical area, 2015 41
14. Sex-disaggregated engagement 2. World fish utilization and
in the primary sector of fisheries and apparent consumption 3 16. The three temporal patterns
aquaculture in selected countries 34 in fish landings, 1950–2015 42
3. Catch trends of valuable
species groups 11
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TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES
17. Utilization of world fisheries 32.. Keeping momentum to achieve 42.. ABALOBI – a range of
production, 1962–2016 48 the 2030 Agenda 77 integrated mobile phone
applications for South African
18. Utilization of world fisheries 33.. The five principles of
small-scale fishers 142
production: developed versus sustainable food and agriculture –
developing countries, 2016 49 FAO’s common vision across 43.. Share of consumption
19. World fisheries and aquaculture agriculture, forestry, fisheries and of total aquaculture feed by
production and quantities aquaculture 87 species group, 1995–2015 146
destined for export 53 34.. Inland fish production per 44.. Example of a semantic
20. Trade flows of fish and capita of population per year, identifier (ID) and a universally
fish products by continent 2015 109 unique identifier (UUID) for
(share of total imports, stocks and fisheries 150
35.. Estimated increase in
in value), 2016 58
greenhouse gas emissions if inland 45.. Blue Growth Framework:
21. Import and export values of fisheries were replaced by other how the three broad phases of the
fish products for different regions, forms of food production 112 Blue Growth Initiative contribute to
indicating net deficit or surplus 60 the three pillars of sustainable
36.. Drivers of change in Pacific
development 168
22. Trade of fish and fish Island food systems 115
products 61 46.. Global distribution of
37.. Countries with high per capita
23.. FAO Fish Price Index 64 availability of fish from freshwater Blue Growth Initiative projects 171
24.. Shrimp prices in Japan 66 capture fisheries, highlighting 47.. Blockchain technology 179
low-income food deficit countries
25. Groundfish prices in and landlocked countries 117 48.. World capture fisheries
and aquaculture production,
Norway 66
38.. Difference between 1990–2030 184
26.. Skipjack tuna prices in projected (2100) and current
49.. Annual growth rate of world
Ecuador and Thailand 67 (2006) species richness for low
aquaculture, 1980–2030 186
and high greenhouse gas
27. Fishmeal and soybean meal
emission pathways 132 50.. Global capture fisheries and
prices in Germany and the
aquaculture production,
Netherlands 68 39.. Examples of projected impacts
1990–2030 186
and vulnerabilities associated with
28.. Fish oil and soybean
climate change in ocean subregions, 51.. World fishmeal
oil prices in the Netherlands 68
with examples of risks to fisheries production, 1996–2030 187
29.. Contribution of fish to animal from observed and projected
protein supply, average impacts 133 52.. Increasing role of
aquaculture 189
2013–2015 70
40.. Risk assessment framework
30.. Apparent fish consumption per incorporating iterative risk 53.. Growth in fish production
capita, average 2013–2015 71 management 136 for different scenarios depending
on implementation of China’s
31.. Relative contribution of 41.. FAO climate change Thirteenth Five-Year Plan,
aquaculture and capture fisheries to adaptation projects 137 2016–2030 193
fish for human consumption 73
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BOXES 14.. The EAF-Nansen 26.. Cabo Verde: adopting blue
programme 124 growth policies to harness the
1. Sex-disaggregated potential of the ocean 169
employment statistics 33 15.. Climate change and
poverty eradication in fisheries 130 27.. Mangrove conservation
2.. About stock status and economic opportunities
classification 39 16.. Predicting changes in Kenya 169
in species distributions 132
3.. Reporting on SDG targets 28.. Global Action Programme
14.4., 14.6 and 14.b 90 17.. Increasing the adaptive (GAP) on Food Security and
capacity of the fisheries and
4.. The gap between developed aquaculture sector: FAO support Nutrition in Small Island
Developing States 170
and developing countries’
to countries 137
sustainability trends in relation 29.. Supporting sustainable
to marine capture fisheries 91 18.. 2022 announced as the aquaculture development at the
International Year of Artisanal
5.. Estimating total fish catches Fisheries and Aquaculture 139 regional and subregional level:
the example of the General
and their meaning 93
19.. Hidden harvest 2: expanding Fisheries Commission for the
6.. Capacity development measures of the socio-economic Mediterranean 177
initiatives to support implementation
contributions of small-scale
30.. Short-term fish demand
of the Port State Measures
fisheries 140
and supply projections for
Agreement and complementary
instruments 99 20.. Information and communication evaluating the growth potential
technology in support of small-scale of aquaculture 182
7.. Examples of initiatives and fisheries and aquaculture 141
31.. China’s Thirteenth Five-Year
measures adopted by RFMOs to
combat IUU fishing 101 21.. Nha Trang indicators to Plan: potential impact on fisheries
measure the contribution of and aquaculture 183
8.. Mainstreaming biodiversity small-scale aquaculture to
concerns in fisheries 103 sustainable rural development 143
9.. Contribution of recreational 22.. Unique identifiers for
fishing in inland waters 110 stocks and fisheries 150
10.. Fish in the food systems of 23.. Promotion of the human
Pacific Island countries 115 rights–based approach in small-
11.. Importance of inland fish for scale fisheries at major international
conferences, 2016–2017 159
low-income food-deficit countries
and landlocked countries 117 24.. Safer dive fishing in Nicaragua
12.. 2016–2017 Margarita through South–South cooperation:
a success story 162
Lizárraga Medal 121
13.. Key FAO information resources 25.. Examples of the four types of
ecosystem goods and services
supporting implementation of the
which are key to blue growth
ecosystem approach to fisheries
interventions 167
and aquaculture 122
| v |
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
Human societies face the enormous challenge of and Supply Vessels (Global Record), a phased and
having to provide food and livelihoods to a collaborative global initiative to make available
population well in excess of 9 billion people by certified vessel data from State authorities, was
the middle of the twenty-first century, while launched in 2017. The FAO Voluntary Guidelines
addressing the disproportionate impacts of on Catch Documentation Schemes for wild-
climate change and environmental degradation captured fish caught for commercial purposes
on the resource base. The United Nations’ 2030 was approved in July 2017, while the FAO
Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Guidelines for the Marking of Fishing Gear to
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer a assist in the prevention of abandoned, lost or
unique, transformative and integrative approach otherwise discarded fishing gear and its harmful
to shift the world on to a sustainable and resilient impacts will be tabled for approval at the 2018
path that leaves no one behind. session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries. The
successful implementation of PSMA, the Global
Food and agriculture are key to achieving the Record and these voluntary guidelines will mark
entire set of SDGs, and many SDGs are directly a turning point in the fight against IUU fishing
relevant to fisheries and aquaculture, in and in favour of the long-term conservation and
particular SDG 14 (Conserve and sustainably use sustainable use of living marine resources.
the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development). Galvanized by public The Paris Agreement of the United Nations
and political attention, in June 2017 the United Framework Convention on Climate Change
Nations convened a high-level Ocean Conference (UNFCCC), which came into force on 4 November
in New York to support the implementation of 2016, has also become omnipresent in the
SDG 14. This event was shortly followed by the international discourse on oceans. The
appointment of Peter Thomson of Fiji as the UN agreement, which aims at keeping the global
Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for the Ocean temperature rise this century well below 2 °C
and the launch of the Communities of Ocean above pre-industrial levels, recognizes the
Action, an initiative to track and build on the fundamental priority of safeguarding food
over 1 400 voluntary commitments registered and security and ending hunger. As co-leader of the
announced at the Ocean Conference. UNFCCC Oceans Action Agenda, and in support
of the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture
The global momentum on SDG implementation launched at the twenty-third Conference of the
has framed much of the international discourse Parties to UNFCCC (COP 23), FAO has elevated
since the publication of the 2016 edition of The recognition of the essential role of fisheries and
State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. I would aquaculture for food security and nutrition in the
particularly highlight the specific SDG 14 target context of climate change, especially in the
of ending illegal, unreported and unregulated developing world.
(IUU) fishing by 2020. On 5 June 2016, the
Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018
Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and highlights the critical importance of fisheries and
Unregulated Fishing (PSMA) entered into force. aquaculture for the food, nutrition and
The first operational version of the Global Record employment of millions of people, many of whom
of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated Transport Vessels struggle to maintain reasonable livelihoods. Total
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fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high increasingly recognized as crucial for societal
of 171 million tonnes, of which 88 percent was success. In addition to reporting major trends and
utilized for direct human consumption, thanks to patterns observed in global fisheries and
relatively stable capture fisheries production, aquaculture, this edition scans the horizon for
reduced wastage and continued aquaculture new and upcoming areas that need to be
growth. This production resulted in a record-high considered if we are to manage aquatic resources
per capita consumption of 20.3 kg in 2016. Since sustainably into the future, including cooperation
1961 the annual global growth in fish through regional fisheries bodies and advances
consumption has been twice as high as such as blockchain technology, to ensure that in
population growth, demonstrating that the delivering the SDGs we tackle the root causes of
fisheries sector is crucial in meeting FAO’s goal poverty and hunger while building a fairer
of a world without hunger and malnutrition. society that leaves no one behind.
While annual growth of aquaculture has declined
in recent years, significant double-digit growth is Previous editions have been accessed on the
still recorded in some countries, particularly in Internet well over 1 500 times a day. I hope this
Africa and Asia. The sector’s contribution to edition will have the same quantitative and
economic growth and the fight against poverty is qualitative impact, making a valuable
growing. Strengthened demand and higher prices contribution to help meet the challenges of the
increased the value of global fish exports in 2017 twenty-first century.
to USD 152 billion, 54 percent originating from
developing countries.
The fisheries and aquaculture sector is not
without challenges, however, including the need
to reduce the percentage of fish stocks fished
José Graziano da Silva
beyond biological sustainability, currently 33.1
FAO Director-General
percent; to ensure that biosecurity and animal
disease challenges are tackled successfully; and
to maintain complete and accurate national
statistics in support of policy development and
implementation. These and other challenges
engendered FAO’s Blue Growth Initiative, an
innovative, integrated and multisectoral approach
to the management of aquatic resources aimed at
maximizing the ecosystem goods and services
obtained from the use of oceans, inland waters
and wetlands, while also providing social and
economic benefits.
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture is the
only publication of its kind, providing technical
insight and factual information on a sector
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METHODOLOGY
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 is the product of an 18-month process, initiated in
January 2017. An editorial board comprising staff of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and
a representative of the Office of Corporate Communication, and chaired by the Director of the FAO
Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division, met at regular intervals to plan the content and
structure, refine terminology and review progress.
The structure was planned to follow that of previous editions for the most part, with some modifications:
Part 2 (previously “Selected issues”) would emphasize FAO’s work and position in key thematic areas;
Part 3 (previously “Highlights of special studies”) would be renamed to focus on ongoing work in
partnership; and Part 4 would address not only projections (outlook), but also emerging issues. The world
review in Part 1 would follow the format and process of past years.
In April 2017, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department staff were invited to identify suitable topics and
contributors for Parts 2, 3 and 4, and the editorial board compiled and refined the outline. Ultimately, the
process from planning through review involved virtually all officers in the department, both headquarters
and decentralized staff. Some 75 FAO authors contributed (many to multiple sections), as well as several
authors external to FAO (see Acknowledgements).
In summer 2017, a summary of Parts 2 to 4 was prepared with the inputs of all lead authors and revised
based on feedback from the editorial board. The summary document was submitted to Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department management and the FAO Deputy-Director-General, Climate and Natural
Resources, for approval in early September 2017. This document formed the blueprint guiding authors in
the drafting of the publication.
Parts 2 to 4 were drafted between September and December 2017, edited for language and technical
content, and sent in January 2018 for review by FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department management,
by three external experts in the areas of capture fisheries, aquaculture and trade and market access, and
by the editorial board.
The world review in Part 1 is based on FAO’s official fishery and aquaculture statistics. To reflect the
most up-to-date statistics available, this part was drafted in March 2018 upon annual closure of the
various thematic databases in which the data are structured (see Overview in Part 1 for details). The
statistics are the outcome of an established mechanism to ensure the best possible information, including
assistance to enhance countries’ capacity to collect and submit data according to international standards
and a careful process of collation, revision and validation. In the absence of national reporting, FAO may
make estimates based on the best data available from other sources or through standard methodologies.
The draft was sent for comments to other FAO departments and regional offices, and a final draft was
submitted to the Office of the FAO Deputy Director General – Climate and Natural Resources and the
Office of the FAO Director-General for approval.
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