World Eras : Ancient Egypt 2615-332 B.C PDF
Preview World Eras : Ancient Egypt 2615-332 B.C
WORLD ERAS VOLUME 5 A N C I E NT EGYPT 261 5 - 332 B.C.E. WORLD ERAS VOLUME 5 ANCIENT EGYPT 261 5 - 332 B.C.E. E D W A RD I. B L E I B E RG A MANLY, INC. BOOK GALE GROUP THOMSON LEARNING Detroit • New York • San Diego • San Francisco Boston • New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine London • Munich WORLD ERAS VOL. 5 ANCIENT EGYPT 2615-332 B.C.E. Matthew J. Bruccoli and Richard Layman, Editorial Directors Anthony J. Scottijr., Series Editor While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the sat- isfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and clas- sification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2002 by Gale Group 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Gale Group and Design is a trademark used herein under license. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in the United States of America Library Of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World Eras vol. 5: Ancient Egypt, 2615-332 B.C.E./ edited by Edward Bleiberg. p. cm.— (World eras; v. 5) "A Manly, Inc. book." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-4505-2 (alk. paper) 1. Egypt—Civilization—To 332 B.C. I. Bleiberg, Edward, 1951- II. Series. DT61.A552000 932—dc21 2001040387 10987654321 ADVISORY BOARD JOHN M. AREVALO Harlandale High School San Antonio, Texas ROBERT F. BAADER Brother Rice High School Chicago, Illinois CATHY CHAUVETTE Sherwood Library Alexandria, Virginia HEIDI ROUPP World History Association Aspen, Colorado CONTENTS ABOUT THE SERIES xiii TIMELINE xv INTRODUCTION xxiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii CHAPTER 1: WORLD EVENTS Chronology 1 CHAPTER 2: GEOGRAPHY Chronology 22 Overview 24 Topics in Geography Climate 25 Knowledge of Geography 26 The People 29 The Surrounding World 30 Topography 32 Significant People Nectanebo I 35 Neferkare Pepy II 35 Sneferu 35 Documentary Sources 36 CHAPTER 3: THE ARTS Chronology 38 Overview 41 Topics in the Arts Architecture: Private Tombs 42 Grid Systems in Visual Art 44 Love Poems 47 Musical Instruments 47 Standing Sculpture: King Menkaure and Queen Kha-merer-nebu II 48 Story of Sinuhe 51 Stories and Tales 53 Temple Plan: New Kingdom 53 Tjetji and Autobiography 55 Significant People Bek 57 Ineni 58 VII Khafre (Chephren) 58 Senmut (Senenmut) 59 Documentary Sources 59 CHAPTER 4: COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND EXPLORATION Chronology 64 Overview 67 Topics in Communication, Transportation, and Exploration Contact: Aegean 70 Contact: Mesopotamia 72 Contact: Syria-Palestine 74 Coptic 75 Dialects of Egyptian 76 Foreign Languages in Egypt 77 Interpreters and Ambassadors 79 Literacy 80 Pilgrimages 82 Punt: Roads and Routes 83 Ship Construction 84 Theban Desert: Road Survey 86 Wheeled Vehicles 87 Women in Transportation 88 Writing 88 Significant People Dhutmose 91 Henenu 91 Sahure 92 Documentary Sources 93 CHAPTER 5: SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM AND THE ECONOMY Chronology 96 Overview 99 Topics in Social Class System and the Economy Farmers and Peasants 102 Prices of Commodities 103 Priests 106 Punt Expeditions 108 Scribes 108 Serfs and Slaves 109 Sinai Desert Expeditions 111 Skilled Workers at Deir el Medina 112 Soldiers 114 Wages 115 Significant People Harkhuf 117 VIII Wenamun 117 Weni 118 Documentary Sources 119 CHAPTER 6: POLITICS, LAW, AND THE MILITARY Chronology 124 Overview 127 Topics in Politics, Law, and the Military Battle of Qadesh 130 The Bureaucracy 132 Crime and Punishment 133 Forts 134 The Hyksos 137 The King 138 War 141 Women: Role in Government 143 Significant People Amenhotep III 145 Hatshepsut 146 Khufu 147 Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II 148 Ramesses II 149 Ramesses III 150 Thutmose III 151 Tutankhamun 152 Documentary Sources 153 CHAPTER 7: LEISURE, RECREATION, AND DAILY LIFE Chronology 156 Overview 158 Topics in Leisure, Recreation, and Daily Life Banquets 159 Beer and Wine 161 Clothing and Jewelry: The Tombs of Kha and Hatnofre 163 Cosmetics and Perfumes 165 Footwear 166 Furniture 167 Gardens 169 Hairstyles 170 Housing and Lighting: The Amarna House and Villa 173 Leisure Activities: Nonelite Sports 174 Meat Consumption 176 Significant People Amenhotep II 179 Taharqa 180 Documentary Sources 180 IX CHAPTER 8: THE FAMILY AND SOCIAL TRENDS Chronology 184 Overview 186 Topics in the Family and Social Trends Birth 187 Children 190 Homosexuality 192 Kinship 193 Marriage: Annuity Contracts 196 Marriage: Brother and Sister 198 Marriage: Celebrations 199 Old Age 199 Prostitution 202 Scribal Education 204 Significant People Nanefer (Rennefer) 207 Naunakhte 207 Paneb 208 Seneb 209 Documentary Sources 210 Chapter 9: RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY Chronology 212 Overview 215 Topics in Religion and Philosophy The Afterlife 217 Amun 219 Animals 221 Ethics 223 Funerary Beliefs and Practices 227 The Gods 230 Horus 232 Iconography of the Gods 233 The King 234 Kingship Rituals 236 Myths: Creation Stories 239 Osiris 243 Personal Religion 244 Public Chapels and Private Shrines 246 Re 247 Temple Architecture and Symbolism 249 Temple Personnel 253 Temple Ritual 255 Terminology: Netjer 257 Significant People Akhenaten 259 X Amenhotep, Son of Hapu 260 Imhotep 260 Documentary Sources 261 Chapter 10: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HEALTH Chronology 266 Overview 268 Topics in Science, Technology, and Health Astronomy and Time Measurement 269 Cartography 272 Horoscopes 274 Magic 275 Mathematics 277 Medicine 278 Mummification 281 Technology and Engineering: Building the Pyramids 283 Significant People Pentu 285 Peseshe 286 Psamtik (Psammetichus) I 286 Documentary Sources 287 GLOSSARY 289 GENERAL REFERENCES 293 CONTRIBUTORS 299 INDEX OF PHOTOGRAPHS 301 INDEX 307 XI
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