World Energy Balances 2016

693 Pages·2016·11.355 MB·English

by  International Energy Agency

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Wo rld e n e rg y

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2016
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.
Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member
countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member
countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among
its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.
The Agency’s aims include the following objectives:
(cid:132) Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
(cid:132) Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection
in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute
to climate change.
(cid:132) Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of
energy data.
(cid:132) Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies
and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
(cid:132) Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and
dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international
organisations and other stakeholders.
IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Secure
Greece
Sustainable
Hungary Together
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
© OECD/IEA, 2016 Spain
International Energy Agency Sweden
9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
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United Kingdom
United States
Please note that this publication
is subject to specific restrictions
The European Commission
that limit its use and distribution.
The terms and conditions are also participates in
available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ the work of the IEA.
WORLD ENERGY BALANCES (2016 edition) - iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................v
WORLD ENERGY TRENDS ....................................................................................................................... vii
PART I: EXPLANATORY NOTES
1. Methodological notes .......................................... I.3 3. Notes on data quality ........................................ I.17
2. Units and conversions ....................................... I.13 4. Geographical coverage ..................................... I.21
PART II: ENERGY BALANCES AND INDICATORS BY COUNTRY AND REGION
WORLD AND REGIONAL TOTALS
World ...................................................................... II.4 Non-OECD Total .................................................. II.22
OECD Total ............................................................ II.6 Africa .................................................................... II.24
OECD Americas ..................................................... II.9 Non-OECD Americas ........................................... II.26
OECD Asia Oceania ............................................. II.12 Asia (excluding China) ......................................... II.28
OECD Europe ....................................................... II.15 China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong, China) ...... II.30
IEA ....................................................................... II.18 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia ........................... II.32
Middle East ........................................................... II.34
OECD COUNTRIES
Australia ............................................................... II.38 Japan ..................................................................... II.89
Austria .................................................................. II.41 Korea ..................................................................... II.92
Belgium ................................................................ II.44 Luxembourg .......................................................... II.95
Canada .................................................................. II.47 Mexico .................................................................. II.98
Chile ..................................................................... II.50 Netherlands ......................................................... II.101
Czech Republic ..................................................... II.53 New Zealand ....................................................... II.104
Denmark ............................................................... II.56 Norway ................................................................ II.107
Estonia .................................................................. II.59 Poland ................................................................. II.110
Finland .................................................................. II.62 Portugal ............................................................... II.113
France ................................................................... II.65 Slovak Republic .................................................. II.116
Germany ............................................................... II.68 Slovenia ............................................................... II.119
Greece ................................................................... II.71 Spain ................................................................... II.122
Hungary ................................................................ II.74 Sweden ................................................................ II.125
Iceland .................................................................. II.77 Switzerland ......................................................... II.128
Ireland ................................................................... II.80 Turkey ................................................................. II.131
Israel ..................................................................... II.83 United Kingdom .................................................. II.134
Italy .......................................................................II.86 United States ....................................................... II.137
NON-OECD COUNTRIES
Albania ............................................................... II.142 Botswana ............................................................ II.166
Algeria ................................................................ II.144 Brazil ................................................................... II.168
Angola ................................................................ II.146 Brunei Darussalam .............................................. II.170
Argentina ............................................................ II.148 Bulgaria ............................................................... II.172
Armenia .............................................................. II.150 Cambodia ............................................................ II.174
Azerbaijan ........................................................... II.152 Cameroon ............................................................ II.176
Bahrain ............................................................... II.154 China, People’s Republic of ................................ II.178
Bangladesh..........................................................II.156 Colombia ............................................................. II.180
Belarus ................................................................ II.158 Congo .................................................................. II.182
Benin ................................................................... II.160 Costa Rica. .......................................................... II.184
Bolivia ................................................................ II.162 Côte d’Ivoire .......................................................II.186 6
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Bosnia and Herzegovina ..................................... II.164 Croatia ................................................................. II.188 0
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Cuba .................................................................... II.190 Myanmar ............................................................. II.276
Curaçao ............................................................... II.192 Namibia ............................................................... II.278
Cyprus ................................................................. II.194 Nepal ................................................................... II.280
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ............ II.196 Nicaragua ............................................................ II.282
Democratic Republic of the Congo .................... II.198 Niger ................................................................... II.284
Dominican Republic ........................................... II.200 Nigeria ................................................................. II.286
Ecuador ............................................................... II.202 Oman ................................................................... II.288
Egypt ................................................................... II.204 Pakistan ............................................................... II.290
El Salvador ......................................................... II.206 Panama ................................................................ II.292
Eritrea ................................................................. II.208 Paraguay .............................................................. II.294
Ethiopia ............................................................... II.210 Peru ..................................................................... II.296
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia… ........II.212 Philippines ........................................................... II.298
Gabon ................................................................. II.214 Qatar .................................................................... II.300
Georgia ............................................................... II.216 Romania .............................................................. II.302
Ghana .................................................................. II.218 Russian Federation .............................................. II.304
Gibraltar .............................................................. II.220 Saudi Arabia ........................................................ II.306
Guatemala ........................................................... II.222 Senegal ................................................................ II.308
Haiti .................................................................... II.224 Serbia .................................................................. II.310
Honduras ............................................................. II.226 Singapore ............................................................ II.312
Hong Kong, China .............................................. II.228 South Africa ........................................................ II.314
India .................................................................... II.230 South Sudan ........................................................ II.316
Indonesia ............................................................. II.232 Sri Lanka ............................................................. II.318
Iran, Islamic Republic of .................................... II.234 Sudan................................................................... II.320
Iraq ...................................................................... II.236 Suriname ............................................................. II.322
Jamaica ............................................................... II.238 Syrian Arab Republic .......................................... II.324
Jordan ................................................................. II.240 Chinese Taipei.....................................................II.326
Kazakhstan..........................................................II.242 Tajikistan ............................................................. II.328
Kenya .................................................................. II.244 Tanzania .............................................................. II.330
Kosovo ................................................................ II.246 Thailand .............................................................. II.332
Kuwait ................................................................ II.248 Togo .................................................................... II.334
Kyrgyzstan .......................................................... II.250 Trinidad and Tobago ........................................... II.336
Latvia .................................................................. II.252 Tunisia ................................................................. II.338
Lebanon .............................................................. II.254 Turkmenistan ...................................................... II.340
Libya ................................................................... II.256 Ukraine ................................................................II.342
Lithuania ............................................................. II.258 United Arab Emirates .......................................... II.344
Malaysia ............................................................. II.260 Uruguay ............................................................... II.346
Malta ................................................................... II.262 Uzbekistan ........................................................... II.348
Mauritius ............................................................. II.264 Venezuela ............................................................ II.350
Moldova .............................................................. II.266 Viet Nam ............................................................. II.352
Mongolia ............................................................. II.268 Yemen ................................................................. II.354
Montenengro ....................................................... II.270 Zambia ................................................................ II.356
Morocco .............................................................. II.272 Zimbabwe ........................................................... II.358
Mozambique ....................................................... II.274
NET CALORIFIC VALUES ................................................................................................................... II.361
COUNTRY NOTESAND SOURCES .................................................................................................... II.381
PART III: SUMMARY TIME SERIES
Production .............................................................. III.2 Gross domestic product (GDP) .......................... III.125
Net imports .......................................................... III.32 Population .......................................................... III.131
Primary energy supply ......................................... III.47 Energy production/TPES ................................... III.134
Electricity generation ........................................... III.62 TPES/GDP ......................................................... III.137
Final consumption ............................................... III.86 TPES/population ................................................ III.143
Industry consumption ........................................ III.101 Electricity consumption/GDP ............................ III.146 6
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Transport consumption ...................................... III.116 Electricity consumption/population ................... III.149 20
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WORLD ENERGY BALANCES (2016 edition) - v
INTRODUCTION
World Energy Balancesis a new release from the IEA Eurostat, the Economic Commission for Europe of the
presenting comprehensive energy balances for all the United Nations (UNECE), the Organización Latino-
world’s largest energy producing and consuming americana de Energía (OLADE), the Asia Pacific
countries. Formed by merging Energy Balances of Energy Research Centre (APERC), the United
OECD Countriesand Energy Balances of Non-OECD Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), and the Forestry
Countries, previously published separately, this vol- Department of the Food and Agriculture Organisation
ume contains statistics on production, trade and con- of the United Nations (FAO). It draws upon and com-
sumption in a common unit for each source of energy plements the extensive work of the United Nations in
for all 34 OECD countries, over 100 other key energy the field of world energy statistics.
producing and consuming countries, and main geo-
While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of
graphical regions, including the World. Non-OECD
the data, quality is not homogeneous throughout the
countries cover developing countries in Africa, Latin
publication. In some countries data are based on sec-
America and Asia, Central and Eastern European coun-
ondary sources, and where incomplete or unavailable,
tries, and Eurasia. The consistency and complementari-
on estimates. In general, data are likely to be more
ty of OECD and non-OECD countries’ dataensure an
accurate for production, trade and total consumption
accurate picture of the global energy situation.
than for individual sectors in transformation or final
Complementing the data in physical units of the sister
consumption.
publication World Energy Statistics, this book in-
cludes graphs and detailed data by country for all General issues of data quality, as well as country
energy sources – coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables notes and sources, should always be consulted when
and waste - expressed in balance format, for the year using data. In addition, very little official data are
2014. Alongside this, there are summary time series available for 2015 from non-OECD countries, there-
on production, trade, final consumption by sector, as fore estimations have been used in most cases.
well as key energy and economic indicators. It also
Data were collected by the team in the Energy Data
presents provisional 2015 supply data for OECD
Centre (EDC) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by
countries, and initial 2015 estimates for non-OECD
Duncan Millard.
countries production and trade of natural gas, primary
coal and oil. Within the IEA, for OECD members: electricity, coal
and renewable data were prepared, respectively, by
The energy balance is a presentation of the basic sup-
Loïc Coënt, Julian Smith and Dae Yong Kwon, under
ply and demand data for all fuels in a manner which
the responsibility of Vladimir Kubecek; oil and natu-
shows themtogether but separately and expressed ina
ral gas data were prepared, respectively, by Federico
common energy unit. This allows for the easy com-
De Luca and Claire Morel; Ivo Letra and Roman
parison of the contribution each fuel makes to the
Wisznia, under the responsibility of Erica Robin;
economy and their interrelationships through the con-
energy balances data were prepared by Rémi Gigoux,
version of one fuel into another.
under the responsibility of Roberta Quadrelli.
This volume has been prepared in close collaboration Non-OECD countries statistics were prepared by 6
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with other international organisations, including Emmanouil Christinakis, Markus Fager-Pintilä, 20
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Nikolaos Kordevas, Beatriz Martínez, Klaus Pedersen Complete supply and consumption data from 1971 to
and Arnaud Pincet, under the responsibility of Céline 2014 and selected estimates for 2015 are available on
Rouquette. CD-ROM.
Roberta Quadrelli and Céline Rouquette have the over- In addition, a data service is available on the internet.It
all responsibility for this report. The publication and its includes unlimited access through an annual subscription
as well as the possibility to obtain data on a pay-per-
statistics were produced by Emmanouil Christinakis,
view basis. Details are available at www.iea.org.
Markus Fager-Pintilä and Rémi Gigoux. Desktop pub-
lishing was carried out by Sharon Burghgraeve. Enquiries about data, methodology, or comments and
suggestions should be addressed to:
We would like to thank our numerous contacts
worldwide in national administrations and in public Telephone:[phone]
and private companies for their helpful co-operation. E-mail:[email protected]
What’s new?
The World Energy Balances, a new release
In this new release, energy balances and energy indicators are displayed first for the world and different
regions, then for OECD countries, and finally for Non-OECD countries.
New Non-OECD countries
The IEA continues to try to expand the coverage of its statistics reports and encourages more countries to
collaborate on data exchange. This year data have become available for Suriname from 2000 to 2014,
therefore Suriname has been removed from the region Other Latin Americafor those years. These data are
presented in this edition of the publication.
Revisions for People’s Republic of China
In September 2015, the National Bureau of Statistics of China published China’s energy statistics for 2013,
as well as revised statistics for the years 2000 to 2012. The NBS supplied the IEA with detailed energy
balances for 2011 to 2013 and these revised data have been published in November 2015 in the “Special
IEA data release with revisions for People’s Republic of China”. In 2016 NBS supplied the IEA with
detailed energy balances for 2000 to 2010 and the IEA revised its 2000-2010 data based on these newly
available figures, published in this document. For more information, please refer to the section “Country
notes and sources”.
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WORLD ENERGY BALANCES (2016 edition) - vii
WORLD ENERGY TRENDS:
AN OVERVIEW
Among non-fossil sources, biofuels and waste main-
Global trends
tained their share of the world energy production in
2014 (10.2%), though their development has slowed
In 2014,global energy demand increasedbutat a slow- down (+1.7% compared to +2.8% in 2013). Hydro
er rate than in 2013 (1.1% compared to2.5%) to reach increased by 2.5% in 2014, and provided 2.4% of
13700Mtoe. In non-OECD countries, energy demand
global production, just as in 2013. Other renewable
roseby 2.3%, whereas inOECD countriesit decreased
sources such as wind, solar thermal, solar PV, geo-
by 0.7%and remained approximately stable in 2015, as
thermal, kept on expanding at a fast pace (+11.1%,
discussed in more detail in the OECD section.
+7.7%, +35.1%, +8.3% respectively) but still ac-
counted for little more than 1% of global energy pro-
Production
duction. Finally, nuclear slightly increased its share of
energy production (4.7%), producing 2.3% more en-
World energy production was 13 800 Mtoe in 2014 –
ergy in 2014 than in 2013.
1.1% more than in 2013. Fossil fuels accounted for
81.2% of it- a 0.4% decrease compared to 81.6% in For2015, global country level production data is prelim-
2013. Oil production increased the most (+2.1%),
inary and restricted to fossil fuels. Based on these data,
followed by coal and natural gas (+0.8% and 0.6%
production growth of fossil fuels slowed down (+0.5%
respectively). Together the production of these three
higher than in 2014). Lower growth was mainly caused
fossil fuels increased by +1.3% in 2014 (Figure 1).
by a fall in coal production in 2015 (-3.1%),whilst crude
Figure 1. Global annual change in oil and natural gas increased at a higher rate in 2015
energy production by fuel (+3.0% and +1.6% respectively). The decrease in coal
14% production was equally shared between OECD countries
12% and China (-125Mtoe in total, of which -64Mtoe
and -57Mtoe respectively). Around 40% of the growth
10%
in crude oil and 60% for gas in 2015 occurred inOECD
8%
countriesandis largely due to “unconventional” produc-
6% tion. The remainder of the article looks at the detail of
4% 2014 world production and use, and 2015 OECD supply.
2%
At a regional level, the OECD regained its place of
0% largest energy producing area, just ahead of Asia1
in 2014: it produced 30.0% of global energy, whereas
1971 - 2014 2013 - 2014
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* In thisgraph peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 1. In this chapter, Asia includes China region unless otherwise speci- 1
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** Includes geothermal, solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and wind. fied and excludes Asian countries of the OECD. 2
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Asia accounted for 29.6% of it. Indeed in 2014 Figure 3. Largest producersby fuel in 2014
the OECD increased its production by almost 4% 100%
(Figure 2), thanks to the boom of production in
90%
the United States of America (+7.1%) and Canada Others
(+5.2%). On the contrary production growth in Asia 80% Others Others Others
70% Others
slowed down to only 1.3%.
60%
Figure 2. Annual change in USA Other Rus. Fed.
energy productionby region 50% OPEC USA
40% Qatar France Brazil
6% Russian
30% USA Canada
China Fed.
4% 20% Russian USA
Fed. China
2% 10% Saudi USA
Arabia
0%
0% Coal* Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro
* In this graph peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal.
-2%
Energy production is not evenly distributed across
-4%
countries: for each fuel, less than four countries gen-
OECD Africa Non- Non- Middle Asia World
OECD OECD East erally accountfor more than half of global production
Americas Europe
and (Figure 3). China was not far from producing half of
Eurasia
the world coal in 2014, and 27% of hydro.The United
1971 - 2014 2013 - 2014
States and France combined produced 50% of all
nuclear. Saudi Arabia, The Russian Federation and the
The United States and Canada accounted for almost United States contributedslightly less than 40% of the
2 500 of the 4 100 Mtoe of energy produced by the world crude oil – these last two also accounting for
OECD, so almost 60%. Australia, OECD’s third big- 40% of the world natural gas.
gest producer, also greatly increased its production
(+6.1%). Energy production grew in 15 of the Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)
34 member countries of the OECD, but fell in
19 member countries, the most significant in volumes Between 1971 and 2014, world total primary energy
supply (TPES) was multiplied by almost 2.5 times and
being the Netherlands (- 10.7 Mtoe) and Mexico
changed structure somewhat (Figure 4). Oil remained
(- 8.3 Mtoe).
the dominant fuel in 2014, nonetheless fell from 44%
In Asia, energy production increased by 1.3% in 2014, to 31% of TPES.The share of coal has increased con-
mainly in the line with a slowdown in China (+1.2%). stantly in recent years, influenced primarily by in-
Indeed, after a 7.9% growth in 2013, coal production creased consumption in China, reaching its highest
in China stalled in 2014 whilst natural gas, solar and level since 1971, 29% in 2014 and 2013. Meanwhile
natural gas increased from 16% to 21% and nuclear
wind productions also increased at a slower pace.
from 1% to 5%.
They were not balanced by the increasing production
in nuclear and hydro (+18.7% and +15.6% respective-
Figure 4. Total primary energy supplyby fuel
ly). The growth of energy production in India
1971 2014
(+3.4%), the second biggest producer in Asia, hardly Biofuels Biofuels Other
compensated the slowdown in China. Hydro 11% Hydro 10% 2%
2% 2%
With 1820 Mtoe, non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Nu1c%lear Coal* Nu5c%lear Coal*
produced around the same amount of energy than 26% 29%
Nat. gas
Middle East in 2014 (1810Mtoe). But energy pro- 16% Nat. gas
21%
duction decreased in the former (-2.3%) and increased
Oil Oil
in the latter (+1.0%). Africa produced 1100Mtoe in 44% 31%
2014, a level higher than non-OECD America
(820 Mtoe) where energy production nevertheless 5523Mtoe 13700Mtoe
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increased the most after OECD (+2.6%). * In this graph peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 20
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WORLD ENERGY BALANCES (2016 edition) - ix
Energy demand increased at very different rates in the Non-OECD countries account for a continuously
regions between 1971 and 2014. The OECD’s share of growing share of the world energy consumption. In
global TPES fell from 61% in 1971 to 38% in 2014 2014,China accountedfor 22% of global TPES while
(Figure 5). It is now almost on par with Asia, where the United States accounted for 16% (Table 1). India
energy demand was multiplied by seven times, and and the RussianFederation ranked third and fourth,
whose share of TPES almost tripled over the period. respectively. Japan, the second largest OECD con-
Though its energy demand only increased by less than suming country, wasin fifth position.
a third between 1971 and 2014, non-OECD Europe
Table 1. TPES - top-ten countries in 2014 and 1971
and Eurasia was still the third biggest energy consum-
ing region, with more than 1 100 Mtoe TPES. It was
Country TPES Share in world TPES
followed by Africa, where energy demand over the (Mtoe)
period has multiplied by four. 2014 1971
People’s Rep. of China 3 052 22% 7%
Figure 5. Total primary energy supply by region United States 2216 16% 29%
1971 2014 India 825 6% 3%
Russian Federation 711 5% N/A
Middle Bunkers* Bunkers* Japan 442 3% 5%
East 3% 3% Germany 306 2% 6%
ONEoCnD- 1% 1A3s%ia Brazil 303 2% 1%
Europe Asia OECD Canada 280 2% 0.3%
and 35% 38% Korea 268 2% 3%
Eurasia OECD
16% 61% France 243 2% 3%
Rest of the world 5 054 37% 44%
Non-
OECD World 13700 100% 100%
Americas
3% Africa Middle Non- Africa
4% E5a%st EO uEroCpDe ONEoCnD- 6% Global energy demand was even more concentrated in
and Americas 2014 compared to 1971, as the top 10 countries repre-
Eurasia 5%
9% sented 63% of global energy demand, as opposed to
56% in 1971.
5523Mtoe 13700Mtoe
In 2014, the top-five countries in terms of TPES ac-
* Including international marine and aviation bunkers.
counted for less than half of the world GDP2, and
During 2014 the higher increase in TPES were in world population (47% and 46% respectively) but con-
the MiddleEast, Non-OECD Americas and sumed 53% of total world energy. However, the rela-
Africa(+5.9%, +3.2% and +3.1% respectively). It de- tive shares of GDP, population and TPES of these five
countries significantly varied from one to another(Fig-
creased in OECD by 0.7%, and by 2.6% in non OECD
ure7).
Europe and Eurasia (Figure 6). In Asia, TPES in-
creased by 2.7% in 2014 – half the rate seen in2013.
Figure 7. Top-five energy consumers:
2014 relative shares*
Figure 6. Annual change in TPES by region
100%
7%
6% Japan
5% 80%
4% Russian
3% Federation
60%
2% India
1%
0% 40% United States
-1%
-2%
-3% 20% China
-4%
OECD Africa Non- Non- Middle Asia World*
OECD OECD East 0%
Americas Europe TPES Population GDP PPP
and
Eurasia
1971 - 2014 2013 - 2014
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* World also includes international marine and aviation bunkers. 2. In this chapter, GDP refers to GDP usingpurchasing power parities. 2
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