World encyclopedia of political systems and parties

1581 Pages·2006·15.33 MB·English

by  George E Delury, Neil Schlager

World EncyclopEdia
of political SyStEmS
and partiES
Fourth Edition
E

Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt, Editors
Orlando J. Pérez, Consulting Editor
World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2006, 1999, 1987, 1983 by George E. Delury
Changes to the third and fourth editions copyright © Infobase Publishing

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
World encyclopedia of political systems and parties—4th ed. / edited by
Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt ; consulting editor, Orlando J. Pérez.
p. cm.
Includes Index
ISBN 0-8160-5953-5
1. Political parties—Encyclopedias. 2. Comparative government—
Encyclopedias. I. Delury, George E. II. Schlager, Neil, 1966–
JF2011.W67 2006
324.203—dc22 2005028118
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Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Dorothy Preston
Illustrations by Dale Williams

Printed in the United States of America
VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
contents
E
Contributors to the Fourth Edition vii Burkina Faso 189
Preface to the Fourth Edition xv Burundi 193
Introduction to the First Edition xix Cambodia 196
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii Cameroon 202
Canada 207
Afghanistan 1 Cape Verde 228
Albania 7 Central African Republic 232
Algeria 13 Chad 237
Andorra 22 Chile 243
Angola 25 China, People’s Republic of 255
Antigua and Barbuda 32 Colombia 270
Argentina 35 Comoros 286
Armenia 46 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 290
Australia 52 Congo, Republic of the 300
Austria 69 Costa Rica 305
Azerbaijan 84 Croatia 312
Bahamas 91 Cuba 321
Bahrain 95 Cyprus 333
Bangladesh 101 Czech Republic 340
Barbados 108 Denmark 349
Belarus 111 Djibouti 365
Belgium 117 Dominica 369
Belize 127 Dominican Republic 372
Benin 132 Ecuador 380
Bhutan 136 Egypt 392
Bolivia 139 El Salvador 404
Bosnia and Herzegovina 150 Equatorial Guinea 412
Botswana 159 Eritrea 415
Brazil 164 Estonia 420
Brunei 179 Ethiopia 425
Bulgaria 182 Fiji 430
Finland 433 Madagascar 829
France 446 Malawi 836
Gabon 464 Malaysia 842
Gambia 468 Maldives 854
Georgia 472 Mali 857
Germany 479 Malta 862
Ghana 497 Marshall Islands 868
Greece 503 Mauritania 871
Grenada 517 Mauritius 877
Guatemala 521 Mexico 881
Guinea 530 Micronesia 894
Guinea-Bissau 534 Moldova 897
Guyana 538 Monaco 903
Haiti 543 Mongolia 906
Honduras 550 Morocco 912
Hungary 559 Mozambique 922
Iceland 569 Myanmar 928
India 581 Namibia 933
Indonesia 606 Nauru 938
Iran 618 Nepal 941
Iraq 632 Netherlands 946
Ireland 636 New Zealand 957
Israel 646 Nicaragua 969
Italy 666 Niger 984
Ivory Coast 683 Nigeria 989
Jamaica 688 Norway 997
Japan 693 Oman 1009
Jordan 707 Pakistan 1013
Kazakhstan 716 Palau 1029
Kenya 723 Palestinian Authority 1033
Kiribati 734 Panama 1041
Korea, North 737 Papua New Guinea 1050
Korea, South 744 Paraguay 1054
Kuwait 755 Peru 1062
Kyrgyzstan 761 Philippines 1074
Laos 768 Poland 1085
Latvia 773 Portugal 1095
Lebanon 779 Puerto Rico 1105
Lesotho 788 Qatar 1114
Liberia 793 Romania 1118
Libya 798 Russia 1127
Liechtenstein 807 Rwanda 1143
Lithuania 811 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1147
Luxembourg 816 Saint Lucia 1150
Macedonia 821 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1153
Samoa 1156 Thailand 1330
San Marino 1159 Timor-Leste 1343
São Tomé and Príncipe 1162 Togo 1349
Saudi Arabia 1166 Tonga 1353
Senegal 1175 Trinidad and Tobago 1356
Serbia and Montenegro 1183
Tunisia 1360
Seychelles 1192
Turkey 1367
Sierra Leone 1195
Turkmenistan 1381
Singapore 1201
Tuvalu 1387
Slovakia 1210
Uganda 1389
Slovenia 1217
Ukraine 1395
Solomon Islands 1223
United Arab Emirates 1404
Somalia 1226
United Kingdom 1409
South Africa 1229
Northern Ireland 1428
Spain 1241
United States 1447
Sri Lanka 1253
Uruguay 1468
Sudan 1262
Uzbekistan 1477
Suriname 1271
Vanuatu 1484
Swaziland 1275
Vatican City 1487
Sweden 1278
Switzerland 1292 Venezuela 1490
Syria 1299 Vietnam 1500
Taiwan 1310 Yemen 1511
Tajikistan 1316 Zambia 1517
Tanzania 1321 Zimbabwe 1524

Contributors
to the Fourth Edition
E
Jeroen Adam holds a master’s degree in contemporary Center, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He has published over
history and another in conflict and development. He is 100 articles and edited three journals. His books include
a research fellow at the Conflict Research Group at the Liberation Ethics (1985) and Passion for Change (1989).
University of Ghent, Belgium, where he is researching He received his Ph.D. from Princeton Theological
religious and ethnic conflicts in Pacific Asia. Adam Seminary.
has published papers on political Islam in Bangladesh,
youth and conflict in Ambon, Indonesia, and terrorism Christopher P. Atwood, Ph.D., currently teaches
in Indonesia. Mongolian Studies at Indiana University’s Central
Eurasian Studies Department. He is the author of
Peter Aimer, Ph.D., is senior lecturer (retired) in Young Mongols and Vigilantes in Inner Mongolia’s
political studies, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Interregnum Decades, 1911–1931 (Brill, 2002) and
He is author of Politics, Power and Persuasion: The Liberals Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (Facts
in Victoria (Melbourne, James Bennett, 1974) and co- On File, 2004).
editor and co-author of Proportional Representation on
Trial. The 1999 New Zealand General Election and the Srikrishna Ayyangar is a doctoral candidate in the
Fate of MMP (Auckland University Press, 2002) and Department of Political Science at the Maxwell School

Voters’ Veto. The 2002 Election in New Zealand and of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.
the Consolidation of Minority Government (Auckland His research focuses on the political economy of
University Press, 2004). development in South Asia. He has co-authored a book
on the voluntary sector in Madhya Pradesh, a state in
Nadine Akhund, Ph.D., teaches at Columbia University, India, and has contributed articles to the Economic and
New York. She holds a Ph.D. in history from the Political Weekly.
Sorbonne and has presented papers at the Association
for the Studies of Nationalities (ASN) conventions since Abdul Karim Bangura, Ph.D., holds Ph.Ds in Political
1999 and the Mid-Atlantic Slavic Conference (MASC) Science, Development Economics, Linguistics, and
since 2000. Her interests include the formation of Computer Science. He is currently a researcher-in-
national identity in the Southern Balkans and new residence at the Center for Global Peace; an assistant
trends in ethnic politics. professor of international relations; the coordinator
of the Islamic Lecture Series; the coordinator of
Charles Amjad-Ali, Ph.D., holds the Martin Luther the National Conference on Undergraduate Research
King, Jr., Chair of Justice and Christian Community (NCUR); the faculty advisor of the American University
and is professor of Islamics at Luther Seminary, Undergraduate Research Association (AUURA), the
St. Paul. Previously he directed the Christian Study International Peace and Conflict Resolution Association
vii
viii World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties
(IPCRA), the Student Organization for African Studies University, Oglethorpe University, and China
(SOFAS), and the Muslim Student Association (MSA) Agricultural University-Beijing. He has spent over
at American University; the United Nations Ambassador three years in Thailand, including a year as a Fulbright
of the Association of Third World Studies (ATWS), and researcher at the National Institute of Development
the director of The African Institution in Washington, Administration. He teaches courses in international
DC. Bangura is the author and/or editor of 40 books political economy and Asian studies and has published
and more than 300 scholarly articles. research on Thai politics and political economy.
Jan Knippers Black, Ph.D., is a professor in the Juan M. del Aguila, Ph.D., is associate professor of
Graduate School of International Policy Studies at political science at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
the Monterey Institute of International Studies in He is author of Cuba, Dilemmas of a Revolution (Westview
California. She has been a senior associate member at Press, 1984, 1988, 1994). He has also published in
St. Antony’s College, Oxford; a faculty member in the the Journal of Interamerican Studies and the Journal of
University of Pittsburgh’s Semester-at-Sea Program; a American History. Since 1997 he has contributed the
research professor at the University of New Mexico; section on Cuba for the Handbook of Latin American
and a research team supervisor at American University. Studies, Hispanic Division, of the Library of Congress.
She is author or editor and co-author of a dozen books
and co-author of another dozen. She has also published Edward M. Dew, Ph.D., is chair of the Politics
about 170 chapters and articles in reference books, Department, Fairfield University, Connecticut. He is
anthologies, journals, magazines, and newspapers. the author of Politics in the Altiplano: The Dynamics
of Change in Rural Peru (University of Texas), The
John A. Booth, Ph.D., received his Ph.D. in comparative Difficult Flowering of Suriname: Ethnicity and Politics in
politics from the University of Texas at Austin. His is a Plural Society (Martinus Nijhoff), and The Trouble in
Regents Professor of Political Science at the University Suriname, 1975–1994 (Praeger).
of North Texas. He is author of The End and the
Beginning: The Nicaraguan Revolution and Costa Rica: Auron Dodi is author of articles and analyses on
Quest for Democracy and co-author of Understanding the developments in Southeast Europe of the last
Central America (with T. W. Walker). He has published decade that have been published in different Southeast
articles and chapters on politics, participation, European countries and in Germany. His contributions
revolution, political violence, civil society, political have been translated and broadcast into several
culture, democracy and democratization, and U.S. languages by the German international broadcasting
policy with a focus on Central America. service, Deutsche Welle, where he has worked as an
editor since 1992. He travels regularly to Macedonia,
Kirk Scott Bowman, Ph.D., is assistant professor at Montenegro, Kosovo, and Albania.
the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia
Institute of Technology. He lived an d conducted Christine Ehrick, Ph.D., is assistant professor of
fieldwork in Belize, Costa Rica, and Honduras. His history at the University of Northern Iowa. Her
research has been published in various books and Ph.D. thesis compared a number of women’s political
journals, including the Journal of Peace Research and organizations and studied the relationship between
World Development. Two of the focuses of his research Uruguayan feminism and the emerging welfare state.
are the relationship between militarization and Her publications include “Madrinas and Missionaries:
development and the political economy of tourism in Uruguay and the Pan-American Women’s Movement,”
developing countries. published in Gender and History (1998).
Murat Cemrek, Ph.D., is assistant professor of Sheila Elliott, Ph.D., is associate professor at Columbia
international relations at Selcuk University (Turkey). College, Columbia, South Carolina. Her areas of
His research interests focus on human rights in the research are women, women’s religious association,
relations between Turkey and the European Union. and social change in Africa. She has traveled extensively
in southern Africa and Asia.
Robert A. Dayley, Ph.D., is associate professor,
Department of Political Economy, Albertson College. T. Bruce Fryer, Ph.D., is distinguished professor emeritus
He has taught at Davidson College, St. Lawrence at the University of South Carolina-Columbia. Dr. Fryer
Contributors to the Fourth Edition ix
has served on numerous editorial boards for business social change, political and economic sociology, and the
language instruction. sociology of power. He is currently finishing a project
on Russian market reforms and is beginning a project
Tamar Gablinger is a postgraduate at the Institute on politics, legitimacy, and war, examining the Siege of
of Social Sciences in Humboldt Universitat, Berlin Leningrad (1941–1944).
(Germany).
Mary A. Hendrickson, Ph.D., is associate professor
William Godnick is senior policy adviser for the of political science at Wilson College, Chambersburg,
European-based NGO International Alert and a Ph.D. Pennsylvania. Her interests include women in
candidate with the Department of Peace Studies at the comparative perspective, judicial systems, and American
University of Bradford (UK). His research interests politics.
include comparative politics, international cooperation
policy of the European Union member states, and the Ha Huong is a Ph.D. candidate in econometrics and
social aspects of security and disarmament. His latest business statistics at Monash University in Melbourne
publication is Stray Bullets: The Impact of Small Arms and assistant course director at the TMC Business
Misuse in Central America (Geneva: Small Arms Survey, School in Singapore. His research interests include
2002). He has been a lecturer in global politics at Barry public and economic policy, and he has published
University (Florida) and California State University, numerous articles on Vietnam’s political system and
Monterey Bay. Euro-Asian perspectives.
David M. Goldberg, Ph.D., teaches comparative Eugene Huskey, Ph.D., is William R. Kenan, Jr.
politics, international relations, and American Professor of Political Science and Russian Studies at
government at the College of DuPage in Glen Ellyn, Stetson University in DeLand, Florida. His Ph.D. is
Illinois. His research interests include democracy from the London School of Economics and Political
promotion efforts by international organizations Science. Professor Huskey writes on politics and legal
and their theoretical implications. He is particularly affairs in the USSR and in the successor states of Russia
interested in Latin American politics. and Kyrgystan. Among his works are Russian Lawyers
and the Soviet State (Princeton, 1986), Presidential
Robert J. Griffiths, Ph.D., is associate professor Power in Russia (Sharpe, 1999), and Executive Power
of political science and director of the international and Soviet Politics (editor; Sharpe, 1992).
studies program at The University of North Carolina
at Greensboro. He is the editor of Annual Editions The Dora Ioveva is a Ph.D. candidate in political science
Developing World (published by Dushkin/McGraw- and an adjunct lecturer and consultant in international
Hill). His research interests focus on democracy and organizations and governments.
security issues in southern Africa.
Stephen Jones, Ph.D., is a professor of Russian and
Rima Habasch, Ph.D., holds a Ph.D. in political science Eurasian Studies at Mount Holyoke College. He has
with specialties in political and social development and written over 60 articles and chapters on Georgian
human rights and democracy. Dr. Habasch’s current politics and his book, A Wind from Across the Sea: A
research interests involve the NGO sector in Lebanon History of Georgian Social Democracy, was published by
and good governance and democracy. Publications Harvard University Press in 2005.
include “Palestinians in Search of a New Home
Country. On Palestinian Emigration to the USA” (Freie Roger Kangas, Ph.D., is a specialist on Central Asian
Universitat Berlin, Press Department, Pressedienst politics and economics, having written numerous
Wissenschaft, September 1989). articles, book chapters, and a book on Central
Asian politics, concentrating on Uzbekistan. He is a
Olafur Th. Hardarson, Ph.D., is professor of political government consultant who coordinates the Central
science and dean of the faculty of social sciences at the Asia Area Studies Program at the Foreign Service
University of Iceland in Reykjavik. Institute (U.S. State Department) and is an instructor
at Georgetown University. He has also worked at Johns
Jeffrey Hass, Ph.D., is a lecturer in sociology at the Hopkins University SAIS, the Open Media Research
University of Reading (UK). He specializes in comparative Institute (OMRI), and the University of Mississippi.