World Drug Report 2018: Booklets 1 - 5

2018·11.5 MB·English

by  Fedotov, Yury (Executive Director)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS AND
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
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WORLD 8
ISBN 978-92-1-148304-8
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DRUG
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REPORT
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9 789211 483048
© United Nations, June 2018. All rights reserved worldwide.
ISBN: 978-92-1-148304-8
eISBN: 978-92-1-045058-4
United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9
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Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to:
Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs
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PREFACE
Both the range of drugs and drug markets are Drug treatment and health services continue to fall
expanding and diversifying as never before. The short: the number of people suffering from drug use
findings of this year’s World Drug Report make clear disorders who are receiving treatment has remained
that the international community needs to step up low, just one in six. Some 450,000 people died in
its responses to cope with these challenges. 2015 as a result of drug use. Of those deaths,
167,750 were a direct result of drug use disorders,
We are facing a potential supply-driven expansion
in most cases involving opioids.
of drug markets, with production of opium and
manufacture of cocaine at the highest levels ever These threats to health and well-being, as well as to
recorded. Markets for cocaine and methampheta- security, safety and sustainable development,
mine are extending beyond their usual regions and, demand an urgent response.
while drug trafficking online using the darknet con-
The outcome document of the special session of the
tinues to represent only a fraction of drug trafficking
General Assembly on the world drug problem held
as a whole, it continues to grow rapidly, despite
in 2016 contains more than 100 recommendations
successes in shutting down popular trading
on promoting evidence-based prevention, care and
platforms.
other measures to address both supply and demand.
Non-medical use of prescription drugs has reached
We need to do more to advance this consensus,
epidemic proportions in parts of the world. The
increasing support to countries that need it most
opioid crisis in North America is rightly getting
and improving international cooperation and law
attention, and the international community has
enforcement capacities to dismantle organized crimi-
taken action. In March 2018, the Commission on
nal groups and stop drug trafficking.
Narcotic Drugs scheduled six analogues of fentanyl,
including carfentanil, which are contributing to the The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
deadly toll. This builds on the decision by the (UNODC) continues to work closely with its
Commission at its sixtieth session, in 2017, to place United Nations partners to assist countries in imple-
two precursor chemicals used in the manufacture menting the recommendations contained in the
of fentanyl and an analogue under international outcome document of the special session, in line
control. with the international drug control conventions,
human rights instruments and the 2030 Agenda for
However, as this World Drug Report shows, the prob-
Sustainable Development.
lems go far beyond the headlines. We need to raise
the alarm about addiction to tramadol, rates of In close cooperation with the World Health Organi-
which are soaring in parts of Africa. Non-medical zation, we are supporting the implementation of
use of this opioid painkiller, which is not under the International Standards on Drug Use Prevention
international control, is also expanding in Asia. The and the international standards for the treatment of
impact on vulnerable populations is cause for seri- drug use disorders, as well as the guidelines on treat-
ous concern, putting pressure on already strained ment and care for people with drug use disorders in
health-care systems. contact with the criminal justice system.
At the same time, more new psychoactive substances The World Drug Report 2018 highlights the impor-
are being synthesized and more are available than tance of gender- and age-sensitive drug policies,
ever, with increasing reports of associated harm and exploring the particular needs and challenges of
fatalities. women and young people. Moreover, it looks into
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P increased drug use among older people, a develop- Next year, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs will
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G R ment requiring specific treatment and care. host a high-level ministerial segment on the 2019
U target date of the 2009 Political Declaration and
R UNODC is also working on the ground to promote
D Plan of Action on International Cooperation
D balanced, comprehensive approaches. The Office
L towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to
R has further enhanced its integrated support to
O Counter the World Drug Problem. Preparations are
W Afghanistan and neighbouring regions to tackle
under way. I urge the international community to
record levels of opiate production and related secu-
take this opportunity to reinforce cooperation and
rity risks. We are supporting the Government of
agree upon effective solutions.
Colombia and the peace process with the Revolu-
tionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) through
alternative development to provide licit livelihoods
free from coca cultivation.
Furthermore, our Office continues to support efforts
to improve the availability of controlled substances
for medical and scientific purposes, while prevent-
ing misuse and diversion – a critical challenge if we Yury Fedotov
want to help countries in Africa and other regions Executive Director
come to grips with the tramadol crisis. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
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CONTENTS
BOOKLET 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY — CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
PREFACE ......................................................................................................1
EXPLANATORY NOTES .................................................................................5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................7
Latest trends .....................................................................................................................................8
Market developments .....................................................................................................................10
Vulnerabilities of particular groups .................................................................................................15
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ..............................................23
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................29
REGIONAL GROUPINGS .............................................................................31
GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF DRUG DEMAND AND SUPPLY
BOOKLET 2
Latest trends, cross-cutting issues
ANALYSIS OF DRUG MARKETS
BOOKLET 3
Opioids, cocaine, cannabis, synthetic drugs
DRUGS AND AGE
BOOKLET 4
Drugs and associated issues among young people and older people
WOMEN AND DRUGS
BOOKLET 5
Drug use, drug supply and their consequences
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P Acknowledgements
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G The World Drug Report 2018 was prepared by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for
U
R Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, under the supervision
D
D of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division, and Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend
L
R Analysis Branch.
O
W
General coordination and content overview Jesus Maria Garcia Calleja (WHO)
Chloé Carpentier Riku Lehtovuori
Angela Me Tun Nay Soe
Andrea Oterová
Analysis and drafting
Umidjon Rakhmonberdiev
Pablo Carvacho
Ali Saadeddin
Conor Crean
Keith Sabin (UNAIDS)
Philip Davis
Antoine Vella
Catalina Droppelmann
Diana Fishbein Editing
Natascha Eichinger Joseph Boyle
Susan Ifeagwu Jonathan Gibbons
Theodore Leggett
Graphic design and production
Sabrina Levissianos
Anja Korenblik
Kamran Niaz
Suzanne Kunnen
José Luis Pardo Veiras
Kristina Kuttnig
Thomas Pietschmann
Fifa Rahman Coordination
Martin Raithelhuber Francesca Massanello
Alejandra Sánchez Inzunza
Data support
Claudia Stoicescu
Diana Camerini
Justice Tettey
Chung Kai Chan
Amalia Valdés
Sarika Dewan
Data management and estimates production Smriti Ganapathi
Enrico Bisogno
Administrative support
Coen Bussink
Anja Held
Hernan Epstein
Iulia Lazar
Review and comments
The World Drug Report 2018 benefited from the expertise of and invaluable contributions from
UNODC colleagues in all divisions.
The Research and Trend Analysis Branch acknowledges the invaluable contributions and advice
provided by the World Drug Report Scientific Advisory Committee:
Paul Griffiths Charles Parry In memoriam
Marya Hynes Peter Reuter Brice de Ruyver
Vicknasingam B. Kasinather Francisco Thoumi
Letizia Paoli Alison Ritter
The research and production of the joint UNODC/UNAIDS/WHO/World Bank estimates of
the number of people who inject drugs were partly funded by the HIV/AIDS Section of the Drug
Prevention and Health Branch of the Division for Operations of UNODC.
The research for booklets 4 and 5 was made possible by the generous contribution of Germany
(German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ)).
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EXPLANATORY NOTES
The boundaries and names shown and the designa- All analysis contained in the World Drug Report is
tions used on maps do not imply official endorsement based on the official data submitted by Member
or acceptance by the United Nations. A dotted line States to the United Nations Office on Drugs and
represents approximately the line of control in Crime through the annual report questionnaire
Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Paki- unless indicated otherwise.
stan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has
The data on population used in the World Drug
not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Disputed
Report are taken from: World Population Prospects:
boundaries (China/India) are represented by cross-
The 2017 Revision (United Nations, Department of
hatch owing to the difficulty of showing sufficient
Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division).
detail.
References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars,
The designations employed and the presentation of
unless otherwise stated.
the material in the World Drug Report do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the References to tons are to metric tons, unless other-
part of the Secretariat of the United Nations con- wise stated.
cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city
The following abbreviations have been used in the
or area, or of its authorities or concerning the delimi-
present booklet:
tation of its frontiers or boundaries.
GHB gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
Countries and areas are referred to by the names
ha hectares
that were in official use at the time the relevant data
were collected. LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide
All references to Kosovo in the World Drug Report, MDMA 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
if any, should be understood to be in compliance
NPS new psychoactive substances
with Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).
PWID people who inject drugs
Since there is some scientific and legal ambiguity
about the distinctions between “drug use”, “drug UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs
misuse” and “drug abuse”, the neutral terms “drug and Crime
use” and “drug consumption” are used in the World WHO World Health Organization
Drug Report. The term “misuse” is used only to
denote the non-medical use of prescription drugs.
All uses of the word “drug” in the World Drug Report
refer to substances controlled under the international
drug control conventions.
5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
About 275 million people worldwide, which is Opioids continued to cause the most harm, account-
roughly 5.6 per cent of the global population aged ing for 76 per cent of deaths where drug use disorders
15–64 years, used drugs at least once during 2016. were implicated. PWID — some 10.6 million world-
Some 31 million of people who use drugs suffer from wide in 2016 — endure the greatest health risks. More
drug use disorders, meaning that their drug use is than half of them live with hepatitis C, and one in
harmful to the point where they may need treatment. eight live with HIV.
Initial estimations suggest that, globally, 13.8 million
The headline figures for drug users have changed
young people aged 15–16 years used cannabis in the
little in recent years, but this stability masks the
past year, equivalent to a rate of 5.6 per cent.
striking ongoing changes in drug markets. Drugs
Roughly 450,000 people died as a result of drug use such as heroin and cocaine that have been available
in 2015, according to WHO. Of those deaths, for a long time increasingly coexist with NPS and
167,750 were directly associated with drug use dis- there has been an increase in the non-medical use
orders (mainly overdoses). The rest were indirectly of prescription drugs (either diverted from licit chan-
attributable to drug use and included deaths related nels or illicitly manufactured).The use of substances
to HIV and hepatitis C acquired through unsafe of unclear origin supplied through illicit channels
injecting practices. that are sold as purported medicines but are destined
for non-medical use is also on the increase. The
range of substances and combinations available to
users has never been wider.
Number of past-year users in 2016
192 34 34
million million million
cannabis opioids amphetamines and
prescription stimulants
21 19 18
million million million
“ecstasy” opiates cocaine
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P LATEST TRENDS Global coca bush cultivation and cocaine
E
R manufacture, 2006–2016
G
U Record levels of plant-based drug
D DR production have been reached vation 220500,,000000 11,,250000n tons
WORL ArTeofctgaohlr agdln oo bopapli aioutpemi up mproo pdpruopdcytu iccoutnilotniv jautmiopne dd briyv e6s5 per der coca culti 110500,,000000 690000 e of cocaine ient purity)
chsbteeianggrhtitn eefdnrso timn megos 2tnoi0ifmt 1toah6rtie etn o tgwr 2egec0lnoo1tbr7yda,- left idoorps 1tbi u0cyme, 5nU 0tpNu0rr oOtydo.nuDcsC,t ieo asnsii nalyct ett hhieet Hectares un 50,0000 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 0300 al manufactur(at 100 per c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 nti
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (ha) e
A marked increase in opium poppy cultivation and Peru (ha) Pot
a gradual increase in opium poppy yields in Colombia (ha)
Global cocaine manufacture ('new' conversion ratio)
Afghanistan resulted in opium production in the
country reaching 9,000 tons in 2017, an increase
Sources: UNODC, coca cultivation surveys in Bolivia (Plurina-
of 87 per cent from the previous year. Among the tional State of), Colombia and Peru, 2014 and previous years.
drivers of that increase were political instability, lack
of government control and reduced economic seized globally reached a record high of 91 tons in
opportunities for rural communities, which may 2016. Most opiates were seized near the manufac-
have left the rural population vulnerable to the turing hubs in Afghanistan.
influence of groups involved in the drug trade.
A notable increase has been seen in cocaine
The surge in opium poppy cultivation in Afghani- production
stan meant that the total area under opium poppy
Global cocaine manufacture in 2016 reached its
cultivation worldwide increased by 37 per cent from
highest level ever: an estimated 1,410 tons. After
2016 to 2017, to almost 420,000 ha. More than 75
falling during the period 2005–2013, global cocaine
per cent of that area is in Afghanistan.
manufacture rose by 56 per cent during the period
Overall seizures of opiates rose by almost 50 per 2013–2016. The increase from 2015 to 2016 was
cent from 2015 to 2016. The quantity of heroin 25 per cent.
Opium poppy cultivation and production of opium, 2006-2017a
11,000 440,000 Production in other countries
10,000 400,000 Production in Mexico
n (tons) 789,,,000000000 233826000,,,000000000 hectares) PPPLarrrooooddd Puuuecccotititipooolnenn' siiinnn D MAtehfmyega honacmnraiastitrca nRepublic
tio 6,000 240,000 n ( Total area under cultivation
c o
u 5,000 200,000 ti
Prod 34,,000000 112600,,000000 Cultiva
2,000 80,000
1,000 40,000
0 0
6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sources: UNODC, calculations are based on UNODC illicit crop monitoring surveys and the responses to the annual report
questionnaire.
a Data for 2017 are still preliminary.
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