World Civilizations

822 Pages·2005·100.98 MB·English

by  Philip J. Adler

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How to Use the Maps in World Civilizations,4th Edition
Here are some basic map concepts that will help you to get the
most out ofthe maps in this textbook.
■ Always look at the scale,which allows you to determine the distance in
miles or kilometers between locations on the map.
■ Examine the legend carefully.It explains the colors and symbols used on
the map.
■ Note the locations ofmountains,rivers,oceans,and other geographic
features,and consider how these would affect such human activities as
agriculture,commerce,travel,and warfare.
■ Read the map caption thoroughly.It provides important information,
sometimes not covered in the text itself.
■ Many ofthe text’s maps also carry a globe icon alongside the title,which
indicates that the map appears in interactive form on the text’s website:
http://history.wadsworth.com/adler04/
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W
ofourthr edition ld
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ivi li zations
+
Philip J. Adler Randall L. Pouwels
East Carolina University + University of Central Arkansas
Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
United Kingdom • United States
(cid:1)
For Gracie, an historical event To Claire Faye Haney Pouwels
—Philip Adler in loving memory
—Randall Pouwels
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Student Edition: ISBN 0-534-59933-8 Latin America
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Brief Contents
Maps xv 14. Islam 186
Preface xvii 15. Mature Islamic Society and Institutions 198
About the Authors xxv 16. Indian Civilization in Its Golden Age 208
Introduction to the Student xxvi 17. Empire of the Middle: China to the
Mongol Conquest 221
Part One: Ancient Civilizations,
18. Japan and Southeast Asia 234
3500–500 B.C.E. 2
19. The European Middle Ages 249
1. Prehistory 4
20. Late Medieval Troubles 264
2. Mesopotamia 16
21. The European Renaissance 277
3. Egypt 28
22. The Mongol Intrusion 290
4. Warriors and Deities in the Near East:
Worldview Three: Equilibrium
Persians and Jews 39
among Polycentric Civilizations,
5. India’s Beginnings 52 500–1500 c.e. 300
6. Ancient China to 500 b.c.e. 64
Part Four: Disequilibrium:
Worldview One: Ancient Civilizations,
The Western Encounter with
3500–500 b.c.e. 76
the Non-Western World,
1500–1700 C.E. 304
Part Two:Classical Mediterranean
Civilizations, 500 B.C.E.–800 C.E. 78 23. A Larger World Opens 306
7. The Greek Adventure 80 24. The Protestant Reformation 319
8. Hellenic Culture 92 25. Foundations of the European States 331
9. Hellenistic Civilization 103 26. Eastern European Empires 345
10. Rome: City-State to Empire 116 27. The Rise and Fall of the Muslim Empires 358
11. Imperial Decline and the Birth of Christian 28. China from the Ming through the Early
Europe 134 Qing Dynasties 371
Worldview Two: Classical Mediterranean 29. Japan and Colonial Southeast Asia 382
Civilizations, 500 b.c.e.–800 c.e. 152 30. From Conquest to Colonies in Hispanic
America 395
Part Three: Equilibrium among
Worldview Four: Disequilibrium:
Polycentric Civilizations,
The Western Encounter with the
500–1500 C.E. 154
Non-Western World, 1500–1700 c.e. 406
12. The Americas before Columbus 156
13. Africa from Kush to the Fifteenth Century 171
iii
iv (cid:1) BRIEF CONTENTS
Part Five: Revolutions, Ideology, 45. Totalitarianism Refined: The Nazi State 606
and the New Imperialism,
46. East Asia in a Century of Change 616
1700–1920 408
47. World War II 630
31. The Scientific Revolution and Its Enlightened
48. High and Low Cultures in the West 643
Aftermath 410
49. Superpower Rivalry and the European
32. Liberalism and the Challenge to Absolute
Recovery 652
Monarchy 425
50. Decolonization and the Third World 663
33. The French Revolution and the Empire
of Napoleon 434 51. The New Asia 672
34. Europe’s Industrialization and Its Social 52. Africa in the Colonial and Independent
Consequences 449 Eras 685
35. Europe in Ideological Conflict 467 53. Latin America in the Twentieth Century
701
36. Consolidation of National States 480
54. The Reemergence of the Muslim World 713
37. The Islamic World and India, 1600–1917 494
55. Collapse and Reemergence in Communist
38. Africa in the Era of Informal Empire 507
Europe 727
39. Latin America from Independence
56. A New Millennium 738
to Dependent States 520
Worldview Six: Equilibrium Reestablished: The
40. Advanced Industrial Society 533
Twentieth-Century World and Beyond,
41. Modern Science and Its Implications 547
1920–Present 748
42. World War I and Its Disputed Settlement 558
Worldview Five: Revolutions, Ideology, and the
Glossary G-1
New Imperialism, 1700–1920 574
Answers to Test Your Knowledge A-1
Part Six:Equilibrium Reestablished: Index I-1
The Twentieth-Century World and
Beyond, 1920–Present 576
43. A Fragile Balance: Europe in the Twenties 579
44. The Soviet Experiment to World War II 592
Contents
Maps xv evidence of the past: Egyptian Wildlife 30
The Pharaoh: Egypt’s God-King 31
Preface xvii
Government Under the Pharaoh 31
About the Authors xxv The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New
Kingdom 31
Introduction to the Student xxvi
Cultural Achievements 32
evidence of the past: “Wonderful Things!” 34
Part One: Ancient Civilizations, Religion and Eternal Life 34
3500–500 B.C.E. 2 Egypt’s People and Their Daily Lives 35
Egypt and Mesopotamia: Contrasts 36
1. Prehistory 4
4. Warriors and Deities in the Near East:
Definition of Terms 6
Persians and Jews 39
The Evolving Past 6
The Assyrian Empire 39
The Paleolithic Age 6
The Phoenicians 41
Human Development during the Paleolithic 7
evidence of the past: Unearthing Our The Persians 41
Ancestors 7 The Persian Empire 42
The Neolithic Age: Agriculture 8 patterns of belief: Zarathustra’s Vision 43
evidence of the past: Paleolithic Art 8 The Hebrews 44
Jewish Religious Belief and Its Evolution 45
Irrigation Civilizations 10
Metal and Its Uses 12 law and government: King Solomon 46
Economic Change and Social Customs 47
2. Mesopotamia 16 A Changing Theology 47
Sumerian Civilization 16 evidence of the past: The Dead Sea Scrolls 48
Earning a Living 18
5. India’s Beginnings 52
The Evolution of Writing 18
Mathematics and Chronology 20 Indus Valley Civilization 52
Religion and the Afterlife 20 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa 53
Law 21 The Vedic Epoch 54
patterns of belief: TheEpic of Gilgamesh 22 The Beginnings of the Caste System 55
Government and Social Structure 22 Hinduism 55
law and government: Hammurabi 23 society and economy: The Laws of Manu 56
The Status of Women 24 Buddhism 57
Successors to Sumeria 25 Teachings of the Buddha 57
The Decline of Mesopotamia in World History 26 patterns of belief: The Buddha 58
The Mauryan Dynasty 59
3. Egypt 28 Daily Life and the Position of Women 60
The Natural Environment 28 Buddhism’s Spread 60
Egypt’s Protective Isolation 29
Egypt’s Uniqueness 30
v