World architecture : an illustrated history

352 Pages·1966·62.67 MB·English

by  Seton Lloyd

—
WORLD ARCHITECTURE
All Illustrated History
1026 black and while illustrations
and32 pages ofcolourplates
The history of architecture is the history
of mankind.
Each culture produces new versions
ofthe house ot God, the house ofman,
and the house of the dead.
In their outward form, these structures
express and project the deepest feeUngs
and highest aspirations of mankind.
Although architecture by itselflacks the
subject matter of painting or sculpture,
it is often able to tell us far more
aboutho—wpeopleworshipped,lived,loved,
and died what they glorified,
and what they feared. ^-
From the forbidding shrine ofan
Egyptian temple to the soaring vaults of
a Gothic cathedral
from the simple circular hut
of a neohthic settlement to the
mechanised complexity ofa Le Corbusier
housing project, the story of architecture
ishereunfoldedinitsbrilliantlyimaginative
conception and its masterly execution.
From many of the epochs of man's
history nothing has survived but a few
fragments of his buildings; from these
slender clues we piece together the
appearance and purposes ofsome ofthe
great cultural achievements ofall time.
WORLD ARCHITECTURE
provides a
full-scale authoritative text,
divided into nine sections:
Introduction, in which the
meaning ofarchitecture in its long
continuous tradition is clearly and
succinctly presented; Ancient and Classical,
which extends from the neolithic to
the superb classical architecture ofGreece
and Rome; Chinese, a clear exposition
ofthe method and development of
building in ancient and modern China; ^
Japanese, a survey of domestic and t
religious architecture in relation to the
country's tumultuous but isolated history;
Indian, which describes and clarifies the
main forms of Hindu shrmes and
temples; Islamic, a history
of Moslem architecture in Egypt,
North Africa, Spain, Persia, Turkey and
India; Medieval, which covers Early
Christian, Byzantine, Russian, Romanesque
and Gothic in Europe; ^
Renaissance, Europe from the fifteenth to
eighteenth centuries; and finally Modern, >
a full survey of architecture in Europe,
America and elsewhere during the
nineetcnth and twentieth centuries.
There are short sections on
Pre-Columbian America and on primitive
dwellings today, and a comprehensive >
glossary ofarchitectural terms.
Now
reprinted and revised,
WORLD ARCHITECTURE
is completely up to date, presenting the
work of Aalto, Saarinen, Kahn, Rudolph,
Smithson, Stirling and Gowan and many
others, whose exciting innovations
are fully illustrated and discussed.

^m.
Overleaf: Stonehenge

WORLD
ARCHITECTURE
AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY
INTRODUCTION BY H. R. HITCHCOCK D SETON LLOYD DAVID TALBOT RICE
NORBERT LYNTON ANDREW BOYD ANDREW CARDEN PHILIP RAWSON JOHN JACOBUS
GENERAL EDITOR: TREWIN COPPLESTONE
HAMLYN
LONDON NEW YORK SYDNEY TORONTO
• • •
:
The illustrations on the half title page,
from 1. to r.
Statue of Rameses II: Paul Popper. Wu
Men, Peking: Colin Penn. Jingoji Tem-
ple, Kyoto: Wim Swaan. RoyaJ Mosque,
Isfahan: John Donat. Votive Stupa,
Kanheri Cave: R. Lakshmi. Stained glass
window,FairfordChurch,nearGloucester:
Kersting. Staircase in Dijon: Eric de
Mare. Caracas: Camera Press.
Thepublisherswishtoextendtheirthanks
tothefollowingforpermissiontorepro-
duce and redraw illustrations:
TheAthlonePress, UniversityofLondon:
A History ofArchitecture on the Compa-
rative Method, Banister Fletcher. Cam-
bridge University Press: Handbook of
Greek and Roman Architecture, D. S.
Robertson. Hirmer Vcrlag, Munich
Egypt,Max Flirmer. Penguin Books Ltd
(Pelican History of Art): The Art and
Architecture ofJapan, Robert Treat Paine
and Alexander Soper. Princeton Uni-
versity Press: EvoUiiion of Buddhist
Architecture in Japan, Alexander Soper.
Thames andHudson Ltd: 71ie Artofthe
Ancient Near East, Seton Lloyd. The
Estate of the late Andrew Boyd. An-
drew Carden, A.R.I.B.A.
Drav«ngs by Peter Pratt and Martin
Weaver, architectural draughtsmen.
PUBLISHED BY
THE HAMLYN PUBLISHING GROUP LIMITED
LONDON NEW YORK SYDNEY TORONTO
•
HAMLYN HOUSE, FELTHAM, MIDDLESEX, ENGLAND
©
COPYRIGHT THE HAMLYN PUBLISHING GROUP LIMITED I963
FIRST EDITION 1963
SECOND IMPRESSION (rEVISEd) I966
FIFTH IMPRESSION I97I
ISBN O 600 03954 4
PRINTED IN ITALY BY ARNOLDO MONDADORI
CONTENTS LIST OF COLOUR PLATES
INTRODUCTION: Ji Megalithic Monument, Stonehenge, 199 Notre-Dame, Paris, 1163-c. 1250
Henry-Russell Hitchcock Wiltshire, c. 1500 B.C. Frontispiece
200 Amiens Cathedral, i2i8-88
ANCIENT & CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE: 15 23 Colossus, erected
Sctoii LloyJ by Amenhotep III, Thebes, c. 1400 B.C. 217 Peterborough Cathedral, 1118-94.
Prehistoric and Mcsopotainim, Egypt, Crete East end, choir
and the Aegean, Greek and Hellenistic, Roman, 24 Pylons of the temple 218 Henry VII's chapel, Westminster Abbey,
Primitive Dwellings Today of Horus, Edfu, 140-124 B.C. London, c. 1512
ACnHdIrNeEwSEBoAyRdCHITECTURE: 81 24 TscermepenlebeotfweHeornusc,olEudmfnus., Pco.rt2i5c0o-5w7itBh.C. 235 Santiago de Compostela Cathedral,
Spain, facade, 1738-49.
The Cliincse Building, 1500-221 B.C. 57 Palace of Minos at Cnossos, Fernando de Casas y Novoa
TofheBuUdndihfiicsamt,ionThoefMColinignao,lTIhnevasIinotnr,oduction c. 1800-1600 B.C. North Porch 236 Palazzo del Senatore, the Capilol, Rome.
The Manchus, 58 Parthenon by night, Athens, 438 B.C. Planned by Michelangelo,
TFahmeilyLa,stThFeeudCahlinDeysneasGtayr,deTnheanHdouAsrteifiacnidal 75 Roman theatre, Aspendos, c. 160-70 236 cTohmeplEestceordialb,yneGairroMlaadmroidR,ai1n5a6l3d-i84a.fter 1592
Landscape 75 The Forum, Pompeii, c. 200 B.C. Begun forPhilip II byJuan Bautisu
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: 109 75 House ofthe Vetii, de Toledo, completed byJuan de Herrera
Andrew Garden Pompeii, c. a.d. 50 269 Sta Maria della Salute, Venice, 1631-85.
Race, Geography and Climate, Materials,
The Pre-Buddhist Period, Asuka Period, 76 Temple ofJupiter, Baldassare Longhcna
Nara Period, Heian Period, Kamakura Period, Baalbek, Lebanon, A.D. 10-249 270 Church at Wies, Bavaria,
Muromachi Period, Momoyama Period, 76 Propylaea at Jerash (Gerasa), Jordan, 1746-54. Zimmermann
Ycdo Period
c.A.D. 150 287 Church of St Peter in Vierma, 1702-13.
IPhNiDliIpANRaAwRsCoHnITECTURE: 127 93 Temple of Heaven, Peking, c. 1420 Hddebrandt
The Ciries ofthe Indus Valley, Early Forms 94 Bronze lion at Peking, seventeenth 288 Grand Trianon, Versailles, 1687.
of Architecture, The Hindu Temple century Jules Hardouin Mansart
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: 147 94 Summer Palace, 288 Chiswick Villa, London, 1725.
Philip Rawson Peking, Ch'ing dynasty, 1644-1911 LordBurlington
TAfhreicaTyapneds oSpfaiBnu,ildMiensgo,poEtgaympti,a NaonrdthPersia, 94 Great Wall of China, 221-210 B.C. 321 JCoahrnltoNnasHhouse Terrace, London, 1827.
Turkey, India 111 Kasuga Shrine, Nara. Founded
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE: 167 in A.D. 768 321 Paris Opera, 1861-74. Charles Gamier.
David Talbot Rice 112 Palace ofthe Shoguns, Kyoto, 322 Guaranty Building, Buffalo,
Early Christian, B\'zantme, Russia, Art in Yedo period, 1615-1867 N.Y., 1894-95.
the West, Romanesque in France, Louis H. Sullivan and Dankmar Adler
Romanesque in Spain, Romanesque m Britain, 112 Ninomaru Palace Hall within the Nijo Castle,
Romanesque in Italy, Romanesque Kyoto, early seventeenth century 322 Walter Gale House, Oak Park, Illinois,
in Germany, Problems 129 Kandariya Mahadevo temple, 1893. Frank Lloyd Wright
ofVaulting, Gothic on the Continent, Khajuraho, c. 1000 322 Avery Coonley Play House,
Gothic in Britain Riverside, Illinois, 1912. Frank Lloyd
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE: 233 130 Mamallapuram shore temple, Wright
Norbert Lynton Mamalla dynasty, 625-74
339 Congress Building, Brasilia, i960. Oscar Nie-
Italy in the Fifteenth Century, the Early 130 Detail of sculptural decoration, meyer
Renaissance, Italy in the Sixteenth Century, Somnathpur, Mysore, 1050-1300
High Renaissance and Mannerism, 339 Mexico City, University Library,
The Sixteenth Century Outside Italy, 130 Pillartop carving Chidambaram, 1915-53. Juan O'Gorman, Gustavo
Italy in the Seventeenth Century, France in the thirteenth century Saavedra andJuan Martmezde Velasco
SSNeeovvreetnnhtteeereennntthEhurCCoeepnnett,uurryEy,n,glPSiapslahliandAiraicnnhiitstemhcetiunre from 163 tShtiartMeaerntihacleantBluarnyca, Toledo, Spain, 339 MSieeasgrvaamnBudielrdiRnogh,eNeanwd York, 1956-58.
the Restoration to George I, The Netherlands, 164 Cupola of Masjid-i-Vakil, Shiraz PhilipJohnson
L1a7t1e5rtSoeavbenotueten1t7h60,CeRnotcuoryc,o Farnadnctehefrom 164 The Bab Zuwela, Cairo 340 IMlileinsoisvaInnsdteirtutReohoef.TEencthrnaonlcoegyt,o CChriocwango.
Classical Tradition, Baroque and Rococo in 164 Mosque of Sheik Lutfulla, Isfahan, Persia Hall, completed 1956
Central Europe, Early Eighteenth
Century, England 1715-1760, Disintegration of the 164 Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, 340 Saynatsalo Civic Centre, Finland, 1949-53.
Renaissance, Pre-Columbian 1377 Alvar Aalto
MODERN ARCHITECTURE: 297 181 St Sophia, Constantinople, a.d. 532-37 340 Interior, Notre-Dame-du-Haut,
John jacobns Jr Ronchamp,
181 St Demetrius, Salonica, Greece, fifth century
Introduction, Romantic Classicism: the Style France, 1950-55. Le Corbusier
of 1800, Nationalism and Imperialism, Towards a 181 St Mark's, Venice, 1042-85
New Architecture, The Classic Moment in 340 Forest Crematorium, Stockholm
Modem Architecture, The Expansion of 182 Baptistery and cathedral, Pisa, 1153-1278 and South Cemetery, 1935-40.
Modem Architecture 1063-92 Erik Giinnar Asplund
GLOSSARY 342 182 Mosaic from Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ra- 340 Exterior, Notre-Dame-du-Haut,
INDEX 345 venna, c. 540 Ronchamp
: :;
PHOTOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Reproduced by Gracious Permission of De Burgh Galwey: 208, 212, 670. 915, New York Historical Society: 965
H. M. The Queen: 763 918 Nordisk Prcssefoto: 907
A.C.L., Brussels: 642 Leonard and Marjorie Gayton: 832, 844, Offentlichc Kunstsammlung, Basle: 643
Aerofilms Ltd: 43, 88, 161, 521. J23,665, 879 Oriental Institute, University ofChicago:
841 General Depanment of Information and 20. 30
Airvicws (M/CR) Ltd: 517, 828, 846 Broadcasting, Teheran: 407 Orion Press. Tokyo: 293, 296, 301, 306,
Alinah: 139, 157, 166, 192. 195. 463, German Archaeological Institute. Athens: 313. 318, 332
465, 471, 480, 482, 528, 567, 607, 608, 135 Colin Penn: 256, 257. 264. 267, 276, 278,
660. 662, 686, 690, 693, 694, 695, 701, German Tourist Information Bureau, 279
702. 704. 705. 707. 709. 719. 721. 723, London: 866 Antoneilo Perissinotto: 19. 473, 496, 499
726, 727. 730. 735. 737. 738. 739. 741. Giraudon: 232, 562, 569, 580, 626, 826 Photo Researchers: 423
742. 745. 746. 748. 788. 790. 792, 794, Peter Goodliffe: 685 Pictorial Press: p. 321. XLV
801, 805, 810, 812, p. 233 Greek Sute Tourist Office, London Picturepoint: 57. 85, 98. 105, 108, no,
AWnadyenresonA-nAdUrneawrsi::940649,,964623,,95721.8.95749,9956, So6l9o.m9o5n. R13.1Guggenheim Museum, New 617165., 716186,, 813197,, 911138.. 941342.. 943548,, 944950., 957135,,
957. 958, 964, 966, 984, 985, 986. 1008, York: 944, 1020 1006
1013, 1024 Musee Guimet, Paris: 361 Pix Photos: 932
Annan-Glasgow: 970 Studio Haig, Amman: 404, 477 Paul Popper: 49. 366, 371, 373, 376. 382,
Architects'Journal: 1014, 1021 Paul HamlynLtd: 160,696,720, 744,811, 390, 401, 403. 438, 439. 457. 778. 892.
Austrian State Tourist Department, Lon- 870 893.p.23,1;p.57.IV
don, 939 Hedrich-Blessing: 999 JosephinePowell:70.72,74,p.182,XXXI
Bamaby's Picture Library: 97, 199, 204, Heikki-Havas: lOiS PressandInformationBureau,Government
843, p. 130, XIX, XXI Luaen Herve: 1000 of India: 356. 372, 377. 380, 388, 389.
Bauhaus-Archiv: 995 Michael Holford: 878, p. 163, XXII; 451. 452. 455. 1007
BildarchiV Foto Marburg: 52, 59, 64, p. 236. XXXVIII Radio Times Hulton Picture Library:
71, 114. 168, 171, 172, 174, 178, 191, E. O. Hoppe; 185, 524. 683. 857, 865, 156, 394. 398. 4"
206, 410, 417, 467, 474, 476, 488, 489, 941 Rapho: 552. 1015
493. 495. 497. 501, 504, 507, 520, 527, Hsinhua News Agency: 222, 235, 238, PhUip Rawson: 341. 344, 345, 346, 347.
529. 531. 533. 535. 536. 537. 539. 556." 239, 244, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 260, 350. 351. 352. 353. 360, 362, 363, 364.
566, 571, 572. 573. 576. 579. 581. 583. 261, 268, 271, 272. 277, 282, 291 365. 367. 391. 393
587. 592. 594. 596. 597. 6". 613, 614, Hunting Surveys: 32 Marc Riboud - Magnum: p. 93. XI
630, 631, 632. 635, 646, 654. 655, 656, Independent Features: 342. 358, 381 p. 94, Xn, XIII, XTV
657. 666, 678, 687. 692, 729. 754, 772, Indian Government Tourist Office. Lon- Rijksdienst Monumentenzorg: 771
773. 781, 795. 796. 798. 803, 817. 818, don: 386, 387 Roger-VioUet: 82, 419, 422, 431, 433,
819. 824, 825. 830, 848, 850. 852. 853. Irish Tourist Office, London: 887 435, 440. 442, 559. 568, 582, 584, 585,
855, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 867. 868, Alan Irvine: 1002, p. 322, XLVI, XLVII, 610. 612, 634, 641, 645, 649, 650, 653,
874, 877, 901, 926. 928, 929, 930, 931, XLVIII; p. 339. LI; p. 340, LII, LIV. 751. 752, 753. 760. 766, 820. 821. 829,
936, 972. 974, 975. 976. 998, p. 297 LV. LVI 886, 898, 925, 927. 937. loio, p. 147
G. Douglas Bolton: 677, 775 ise Shrine: 297 Jean Roubier: 532, 534, 547. 548, 549.
Boston Museum ofScience: 42 Italian Institute, London: 717 550. 551. 553, 555. 557. 558. 5'5i. 564.
Boudot-Laniotte: 399, 405, 420, 449, Italian StateTouristDepartment, London; 565, 577. 578. 586. 591. 629, 636, 638.
462. 478. 522. 554, 621, 628, 644, 749, 119 639. 731. 740. 759. 765. 767. 769. 780.
757. 770. 808, 884, 888, ion JapanNationalTouristAssociation,London 902, p. 167
British-China Friendship Association: 236, 299. 303. 305. 308. 311 Royal Commission on Historical Monu-
241. 242. 243, 258, 259, 266. 273, 275, A. F. Kersting: 41, 67. 68. 406, 424, 468. ments (England): 761
280, 282, 283, 285, 287. 289. 290. 292 494. 516, 519, 525, 538. 540. 541, 542. Royal Institute of British Architects: 237
British Museum: 230, 231, 234, p. 81 593. 598, 599 600. 601. 609. 616, 617, Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory.
Miss Bromley: 288 618, 620. 622. 659, 661, 664, 667, 669, Tokyo: 294, 295, 298, 304. 310. 312.
Buffalo and Erie Historical Society: 983 671. 672. 673. 674, 679, 681. 684, 691, 314. 315. 317. 322. 326. 335. 336. p.
Camera Press: 210, 215, 216. 217, 218, 706, 777. 783. 785. 786, 787. 815. 827. 109
219, 220, 269. 286. 894, 895, 896, 897, 831, 834, 840, 845, 847, 858, 859, 875, Scala: 502
899. 922. 944 880. 883, 889, 891, 905. 910, 912, 916, Toni Schneiders - Photo Researchers:
Casa de Portugal: 755 917, 919. 933, 947, frontispiece; p. 24, p. 270, XL
J.3A7l4l,an45C3a,sh4:569,3,614200,,712221,, 112061,2,20p5., 2I0l7l,, IXIX.IHIII;: pp..7158,1.VIX;XpV.Il76;. pI.X.18X2;. pX.X1X64;, JSuolciiuestyShfuolrmaCnu:ltu1r0a2l2 Relations with the
XV; p. 339, XLIX p. 199. XXXII;p.200,XXXIII;p.217, U.S.S.R.: 506. 509
Chevojon - S.P.A.D.E.M.: 920 XXXIV; p. 218. XXXV; p. 235, StaatlicheMuseen. Berlin: 16. 31
Chicago Architectural Photo Company: XXXVI;p.236,XXXVII;p.288,XLIH; Vic Staccy: 1009
959.960.962,963,979,981.982 p. 321, XLFV Stad Antwerpen Dienst voor Toerisme:
Chicago Historical Society: 961 Keystone Press Agency: 816, 822, 1019 658. 949
ColourLibraryIntemarional:p. 288,XLII R. Lakshmi: 340. 348, 349. 354. 355. 3^8, Stato Maggiore Aeronaudca Militare
Combicr: 518, 560 383, 392.p. 129, XVni;p. 130.XX 153. 196. 871
Bernard Cox: 574 E. Lessing - Magnum: p. 287, XLI Dr Franz Stoedetner: 856, 903, 977. 978.
Eric de Mare: p. 269, XXXDC LichtbildwerksUtte 'Alpenland': 782. 968, 987, 988, 989
Department ofArchaeology, Government 969 Ezra Stoller Associates: 1025
ofIndia: 339 Mansell Collection: 76. 78,79,80, 91,92, Wim Swaan: 84, 211, 300. 302, 316, 333,
DepartmentofArchaeology, Pakistan:338 94, loi, 103, 104, 106, 107, 526, 647 334. 337. 357. 359, 3*9. 379. 385. 395.
DepartmentofPublicWorks,Amsterdam: A. Martin: 851, 924 396, 397,443,454,459,p. 127
774. 950 Maryland Historical Society: 906 Wim Swaan-CameraPress:p. 112.XVI,
Director General of Anriquities, Iraq: Mas: 971 XVII; p. 164, XXIV
17. 22, 23 Photo Maywald: 430 Tass Agency: 510, 511, 512, 513, 514
Director of Archaeology, Mysore: 378 Terence Mead: 762, 882 John Topham: 603, 967
R.E.Dixon:p.164.XXVI:p.181.XXVIH Federico Arborio Mella: 615 Trans-World Airlines, by Ezra Stoller:
JohnDonat: 27,28,29, 33,408,437, 1026 Albert Morancc, Paris: 1003. 1004 1016, 1017
Ronald Doyle: 155, 200 Mondadori: p. 58, V Turkish Ministry of Information and
John Ebstel: 1023 MustographAgency:221,543,885 Broadcasting: 441. 485. 486, 505
Egypt Exploration Society: 63 National Buildings Record, London: 595, United Arab RepubUc Tourist and Infor-
Finnish Travel Information Centre, Lon- 602, 604, 605, 606. 675, 680. 764, 842, mation Centre, London: 38, 48, 50,
don: p. 340, LIII 908, 911, 923, 938, 946, 948 55.56.65.412.413.415.418
OlgaFord: 181, 182, 183.187.434 William RockhUl Nelson GalleryofArt, United States Department of Defense,
Claude Francois-Portal: 563, 589 Kansas City: 233 Washington; 940
Fox Photos: 935 Selson's Atlas ofthe Classical World: 214 View Point Projects: 146, 147. I97. 198.
French Government Tourist Office, Lon- Netherlands Embassy. London: 835, 836, p. 75. vn, VIII
don: 651, 652, 1005 837. 838, 849, 854. 990, 991. 992, 9S>6, E. Wilford:448.498. 500,503
Gabinctto Fotografico Nazionale: 158, 997 Hed Wimmer; 209
175. 177. 179. 460, 481, 484, 697. 698, Da\id Netthcim: p. 164,XXV^; p. 339,L Professor Rudolf Wittkower: 800
699, 700. 712, 714, 716. 724. 732, 733, Newport (Rhode Island) Histoncal So- Yan: 152, 193, 194. 425, 426, 427, 428,
734» 736. 791. 804, 807, 809 ciety: 955 588, 590, 750. 756. 758. 872