World Agroforestry into the Future

213 Pages·2006·4.27 MB·English

World Agroforestry
into the Future

World Agroforestry into the Future
Editors
Dennis Garrity, Antonia Okono,
Michelle Grayson and Sue Parrott
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2006
Citation
Garrity, D., A. Okono, M. Grayson and S. Parrott, eds. 2006. World Agroforestry into the Future.
Nairobi: World Agroforesty Centre.
ISBN 92 9059 184 6
© 2006 World Agroforesty Centre
Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged.
No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes.
All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without
written permission of the source.
Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the World Agroforestry Centre.
The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory,
city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Contents
Preface v
Opening vii

Agroforestry and the Future
Chapter 1. Science-based agroforestry and the achievement 3
of the Millennium Development Goals
Dennis Garrity
Trees and Markets
Chapter 2. Trees and markets for agroforestry tree products: Targeting 11
poverty reduction and enhanced livelihoods
Roger Leakey, Zac Tchoundjeu, Kate Schreckenberg, Tony Simons,
Sheona Shackleton, Myles Mander, Rachel Wynberg, Charlie
Shackleton and Caroline Sullivan
Chapter 3. The future of perennial tree crops: What role for agroforestry? 23
Hubert Omont, Dominique Nicolas and Diane Russell
Chapter 4. Trees and Markets: Working Group Report 37
Land and People
Chapter 5. Confronting land degradation in Africa: Challenges for 43
the next decade
M.J. Swift, Ann Stroud, Keith Shepherd, Alain Albrecht,
André Bationo, Paramu Mafongoya, Frank Place, Thomas P. Tomich,
Bernard Vanlauwe, Louis V. Verchot and Markus Walsh
Chapter 6. Agroforestry innovations for soil fertility management in 53
sub-Saharan Africa: Prospects and challenges ahead
Bashir Jama, Freddie Kwesiga and Amadou Niang
Chapter 7. Scaling up the impact of agroforestry: Lessons from three sites 61
in Africa and Asia
S. Franzel, G.L. Denning, J-P. Lillesø-Barnekow and A.R. Mercado Jr
Chapter 8. Policies for improved land management in smallholder 71
agriculture: The role for research in agroforestry and natural
resource management
Frank Place and Yves-Coffi Prudencio
Chapter 9. Land and People: Working Group Report 79
Enhancing Environmental Services
Chapter 10. Agroforestry and environmental governance 85
Brent Swallow, Diane Russell and Chip Fay
Chapter 11. The potential for agroforestry to contribute to the conservation 95
and enhancement of landscape biodiversity
Brent Swallow, Jean-Marc Boffa and Sara J. Scherr
Chapter 12. Watershed functions in productive agricultural landscapes 103
with trees
Meine van Noordwijk, Farida, Pornwilai Saipothong, Fahmudin Agus,
Kurniatun Hairiah, Didik Suprayogo and Bruno Verbist
Chapter 13. Opportunities for linking climate change adaptation 113
and mitigation through agroforestry systems
Serigne T. Kandji, Louis V. Verchot, Jens Mackensen, Anja Boye,
Meine van Noordwijk, Thomas P. Tomich, Chin Ong, Alain Albrecht
and Cheryl Palm
Chapter 14. Environmental Services: Working Group Report 123
Strengthening Institutions
Chapter 15. Sustainable agriculture and rural development – a response 129
to the realities of rural Africa
Tony Dolan
Chapter 16. Capacity building in agroforestry in Africa and Southeast Asia 135
O.A. Chivinge
Chapter 17. Institutional collaboration in agroforestry: Networking 141
and knowledge management
Per Rudebjer, Nguyen Van So and John R.S. Kaboggoza
Chapter 18. Building capacity for research in agroforestry 147
Jemimah Njuki, Issiaka Zoungrana, August Temu and Janet Awimbo
Chapter 19. Can e-learning support agricultural development 155
in developing countries?
Albert Dean Atkinson, Jan Beniest and Sheila Rao
Chapter 20. Strengthening Institutions: Working Group Report 163
Agroforestry and Major Cross-cutting Issues
Chapter 21. Trees outside forests: Facing smallholder challenges 169
Syaka Sadio and Patricia Negreros-Castillo
Chapter 22. Women, land and trees 173
Ruth Meinzen-Dick
Chapter 23. The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? 181
Marcela Villarreal, Christine Holding Anyonge, Brent Swallow
and Freddie Kwesiga

Author Contacts 193
Acronyms and Abbreviations 195
Preface
Standing where we are today, it is increasingly hard to believe that not so long ago agrofor-
estry was not a familiar word, let alone a recognized concept. It is a tribute to the vision of
many thousands of professionals during the past quarter century that agroforestry has now
achieved such wide recognition as an integrative science and practice with enormous poten-
tial to transform lives and landscapes in today’s and tomorrow’s world. Their hard work and
dedication has meant that millions of people around the world now not only know about
agroforestry but are also directly benefiting from it.
Before the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) was launched in 1978, agriculture and forestry
were commonly treated as mutually exclusive endeavours in research and in practice. But
tropical small-scale farmers eventually taught us that the integration of trees in agricultural
landscapes has enormous untapped potential to benefit people and the environment. What
remained was to deploy the power of science to accelerate the knowledge generation and
productivity increases that would effectively exploit this potential.
From the outset, ICRAF scientists collaborated with rural people to learn how agroforestry
systems are evolved, and to find ways to better adapt and scale up the most successful
science-based agroforestry innovations. They were pioneers of an integrated research model
that works to blend different disciplines in order to tackle complex land management chal-
lenges and opportunities.
Upon reaching the Silver Anniversary mark, The World Agroforestry Centre convened an
international conference to reflect on the accomplishments of agroforestry research, and to
conduct a forward-looking assessment of the role of agroforestry science in addressing the
key global and regional challenges in the future. Distinguished speakers were invited to share
their analysis and views on a wide range of topical issues. These were presented in sessions
that were organized around the four global themes of the Centre’s work: Trees and Markets,
Land and People, Environmental Services, and Strengthening Institutions.
This volume contains a selection of those presentations that were subsequently written up and
peer-reviewed. It represents a snapshot of current thinking on the science of agroforestry and
exciting future opportunities for its application. We want to thank all those that participated
in and contributed to the conference and to this volume. And I want to offer particular thanks
to the Canadian International Development Research Centre for their financial contribution
to the completion of this publication, and to all of the donor institutions that have invested in
the Centre over the years.
vi World Agroforestry into the Future
This 25th Anniversary Conference was a chance to mark the occasion of our birthday by
examining the impact that ICRAF and agroforestry have made and can make. While our
quarter-century may seem to be a watershed year, when we can look back on our achieve-
ments and forward to our future, in fact we are doing this all the time. We have created a
culture of science within the Centre and do not like to stand still or rest on our laurels. Most
recently we restructured our focus so that we concentrate on the four global themes men-
tioned above. This allows us to better appreciate the interconnectedness of the environment
and try to retain – or recapture – the natural balance. We recognize that, far from being
destructive, change is important. If I can predict anything, it is that as different as the needs
of 2003 were from 1978, those of 2028 will be different again.
Dennis Garrity
Director General
World Agroforestry Centre
May 2006
Opening
Opening the conference on a personal note, the Honourable Kipruto arap Kirwa, Kenya’s
Minister for Agriculture gave Kenya’s perspective on agroforestry. He noted that schools and
young people should be more involved in tending to trees. This would nurture a responsibil-
ity for the global environment, land care and sustainable development in the next genera-
tion. “We look at forests and agroforestry as lessening the pressure on land and providing a
source of cash… The more we invest in agroforestry, the better our future,” he observed. “So
the challenge is how to inculcate our people so they understand that the more you invest in
agroforestry, the better and brighter your life and that of your children.”
In his welcoming remarks, Dr Eugene Terry, Chair of the Centre’s Board of Trustees, noted
that the Centre’s accomplishments have transformed lives and landscapes; not to mention the
Centre itself. He added that the development of the Centre started from the inside out, as it
transformed itself into a truly global enterprise tackling global issues. That change continues
today with the Centre’s recently launched theme-based structure that supersedes its previous
focus on individual programmes. “This conference will help us get valuable feedback
on these new ideas from our partners and stakeholders,” he added.
Thanking all investors, particularly Kenya, which hosts the World Agroforestry Centre’s global
headquarters, Dr Terry stated, “Only by working together in the future, as we have in the past,
can we realize the potential of agroforestry and sustainable development. Each one of us
should rededicate our effort as we move into the next phase of this institution’s existence.”
Managing the landscape
Observing that about a quarter of the world’s poor depend to some degree on forests, Mr Ian
Johnson, Chair of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
and Vice-President of the World Bank, noted, “ICRAF has shown us that forests are more
than trees, and that farming is closely connected to landscape management. The Centre has
understood both the local and the global dimensions of this connection. The World Bank will
increase its commitment to forests, which are a survival base for the poor.”
According to Mr Syaka Sadio of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO), land degradation is the most serious environmental issue in Africa. He added that the
world food situation has never been so worrying, especially in the face of rising populations,
declining yields and the decreasing quality of land resources. “At the current rate, we will
achieve our Millennium Development Goals 140 years later than planned,” he lamented.
But there is a glimmer of hope in this bleak picture: “Agroforestry seems to have promising
potential to reduce the decline in soil fertility and to increase income. Agroforestry should be
respected as a tool for integrating many different sciences. Trees outside of forests, including
viii World Agroforestry into the Future
all forms of forestry in urban areas and rural gardens, are a practical approach to increasing
incomes and enhancing soil fertility. Over the last 25 years, ICRAF has accumulated a major
knowledge base that is essential to the advancement of these efforts.”
Mr Bakary Kante, Director of the Division of Policy Development and Law at the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), reaffirmed the Centre’s important accomplish-
ments: “Twenty-five years of passionate research in agroforestry is a major achievement, not
just for the World Agroforestry Centre, but also for the millions of farmers who benefit from
the work of the Centre… Because of the wonderful work that is undertaken here, we are
successfully integrating agroforestry into the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Agro-
forestry integrates environmental concerns and poverty eradication. In arid lands, trees like
shea and baobab are helping the poor to survive, and guaranteeing children three meals
a day.”
Towards the future
“Today’s needs are very different from those of 25 years ago. I am convinced that the Centre’s
current staff, Board and management will carry the Centre confidently into the next 25 years,”
predicted Ms Eva Ohlsson of the Swedish Agency for International Development Coopera-
tion (Sida), who spent six years conducting research with ICRAF in Western Kenya in the
1990s. Sida is a leading donor and supporter of the Centre’s early work on sesbania fallows in
Zambia. These tree fallows and other fertilizer tree systems are now widely practised across
southern Africa.
Other prestigious partners added their voice. “We continue to derive encouragement from our
affiliation with the World Agroforestry Centre,” affirmed Ms Maureen O’Neil, President of the
International Development Research Centre (IDRC). She explained that “the Centre that IDRC
helped establish is a continuing source of pride for us. Integrated interdisciplinary participa-
tory research is one of the founding principles of both IDRC and the Centre. Only through
partnerships can all the resources needed to solve a problem be harnessed.”
Dr Bjorn Lundgren, the Centre’s Director General through the 1980s, remarked that network-
ing and partnership were the Centre’s way of doing business long before they became popular
elsewhere. “We were one of the first interdisciplinary institutions. It was also in the 1980s that
we laid the foundation of agroforestry as a science,” he recalled.
Lundgern’s observations were echoed by Dr Pedro Sanchez, the Centre’s Director General
during the 1990s and winner of the World Food Prize in 2002. He commented that the
Centre’s impact at its foundation extended further than networking, “We began to talk science
and not just hope.” He then took a look into the future, and declared that. “ICRAF is at the
forefront in the global science of watersheds, and in using light to predict soil properties.
Using technologies such as these, we can simultaneously address the needs of the poor and
conduct cutting-edge research.”
Further reflections on the Centre’s past came from Dr M.S. Swaminathan, who also articu-
lated a vision for the Centre’s future. As the first Vice-Chair of ICRAF’s Board of Trustees,