Working Americans 1880-2003: Americans at War (Working Americans: Volume 5) (Working Americans 1880-1999) PDF
Preview Working Americans 1880-2003: Americans at War (Working Americans: Volume 5) (Working Americans 1880-1999)
W ORKING A MERICANS W A 1880–2003 ORKING MERICANS Volume V: Americans 1880–2003 At War A UNIVERSAL REFERENCE BOOK Volume V: Americans At War 185 Millerton Road, Millerton, NY 12546 A UNIVERSAL REFERENCE BOOK ISBN 1-59237-024-1 518-789-8700 • 800-562-2139 • FAX 518-789-0545 GREY HOUSE PUBLISHING www.greyhouse.com • e-mail: [email protected] 9781592370245 > WORKING AMERICANS 1880-2003 Volume V: Americans At War WORKING AMERICANS 1880-2003 Volume V: Americans At War By Scott Derks A UNIVERSAL REFERENCE BOOK PUBLISHER: Leslie Mackenzie EDITORIAL DIRECTOR: Laura Mars-Proietti EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Allison Import MARKETING DIRECTOR Jessica Moody AUTHOR: Scott Derks CONTRIBUTOR: Greg Flowers EDITORIAL ASSISTANT to the author: Sonia Montero COPYEDITOR and CONTRIBUOR: Elaine Alibrandi COMPOSITION & DESIGN: Atlis Graphics A Universal Reference Book Grey House Publishing, Inc. 185 Millerton Road Millerton, NY 12546 518.789.8700 800-562-2139 FAX 518.789.0545 www.greyhouse.com e-mail: books @greyhouse.com While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Grey House Publishing neither guarantees the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or discrepancies. Grey House accepts no payment for listing; inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Except by express prior written permission of the Copyright Proprietor no part of this work may be copied by any means of publication or communication now known or developed hereafter including, but not limited to, use in any directory or compilation or other print publication, in any information storage and retrieval system, in any other electronic device, or in any visual or audio-visual device or product. This publication is an original and creative work, copyrighted by Grey House Publishing, Inc. and is fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by laws covering misappropriation, trade secrets and unfair competition. Grey House has added value to the underlying factual material through one or more of the following efforts: unique and original selection; expression; arrangement; coordination; and classification. Grey House Publishing, Inc. will defend its rights in this publication. Copyright © 2003 Grey House Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved First edition published 2003 Printed in Canada Derks, Scott. Working Americans, 1880-1999/by Scott Derks. 610 v.27.5 cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The working class – v. 2. The middle class – v. 3. The upper class – v. 4. Their children. -- v. 5. At war. ISBN: 1-592-37024-1 (v.5) ISBN: 1-891-48281-5 (v.1) ISBN: 1-891-48272-6 (v.2) ISBN: 1-930-95638-X (v.3) 1. Working class--United States--History--19th century. 2. Working class--United States--History--20th century. 3. Labor-- United States--History--19th century. 4. Labor--United States--History--20th century. 5. Occupations--United States--History-- 19th century. 6. Occupations--United States--History--20th century. 7. Social classes--United States--History--19th century. 8. Social classes--United States--History--20th century. 9. United States--Economic conditions. I. Title HD8066.D47 305.5’0973’0904—dc21 ISBN 1-59237-024-1 hardcover T C ABLE OF ONTENTS 1880-1899 I NTRODUCTION ...................................................................1 1891 Profile: Second Lieutenant, Indian Wars....................................................................3 Life at Home............................................................................................................3 Life at Work.............................................................................................................5 Life in the Community: Fort Buford, North Dakota...............................................10 Historical Snapshot 1890-1891.......................................................................................12 1898 Profile: Civilian (Businessman), Spanish-American War: Tampa.................................17 Life at Home..........................................................................................................17 Life at Work...........................................................................................................19 Life in the Community: Tampa, Florida.................................................................27 Historical Snapshot 1898................................................................................................28 1898 Profile: Enlisted Seaman, Spanish-American War: Cuba............................................31 Life at Home..........................................................................................................31 Life at Work...........................................................................................................35 Emergence of the US Navy......................................................................................42 1899 News Feature.........................................................................................................45 1900-1909 I NTRODUCTION .................................................................53 1900 Profile: Marine First Sergeant, Boxer Rebellion........................................................55 Life at Home..........................................................................................................55 Life at Work...........................................................................................................57 Life in the Community: Peking, China....................................................................63 Historical Snapshot1900................................................................................................64 1901 Profile: Officer, Philippine Insurrection...................................................................67 Life at Home..........................................................................................................67 Life at Work...........................................................................................................70 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Life in the Community: Manila, The Philippines....................................................74 Historical Snapshot 1901................................................................................................76 1903 Profile: Civilian (Lawyer), Liberation of Panama.......................................................81 Life at Home..........................................................................................................81 Life at Work...........................................................................................................83 Life in the Community: Panama.............................................................................87 Historical Snapshot 1903................................................................................................90 1904 News Feature.........................................................................................................95 1910-1919 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................101 1916 Profile: Major, Mexican Wars................................................................................103 Life at Home........................................................................................................103 Life at Work.........................................................................................................105 Life in the Community: Mexico............................................................................111 Historical Snapshot 1916..............................................................................................114 1918 Profile: Civilian (Relief Effort Member), World War I: France....................................119 Life at Home........................................................................................................119 Life at Work.........................................................................................................124 American Involvement in World War I.................................................................127 Historical Snapshot 1918..............................................................................................128 1918 News Feature.......................................................................................................135 1919 Profile: Non-commissioned Officer, World War I: Russia..........................................139 Life at Home........................................................................................................139 Life at Work.........................................................................................................140 Life in the Community: Archangel, Russia...........................................................146 Historical Snapshot 1919..............................................................................................147 1920-1929 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................153 1923 Profile: Civilian (Telephone Engineer), Occupation of Haiti......................................155 Life at Home........................................................................................................155 Life at Work.........................................................................................................156 Life in the Community: Haiti...............................................................................160 Historical Snapshot 1923..............................................................................................164 1924 News Feature.......................................................................................................171 1925 Profile: Aviation Rigger, Crash of the Shenandoah..................................................175 Life at Home........................................................................................................175 Life at Work.........................................................................................................177 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS History of the Shenandoah...................................................................................182 Historical Snapshot 1925..............................................................................................185 1927 Profile: Second Lieutenant, Nicaragua...................................................................189 Life at Home........................................................................................................189 Life at Work.........................................................................................................191 Life in the Community: Nicaragua.......................................................................198 Historical Snapshot 1927..............................................................................................199 1930-1939 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................207 1930 Profile: Naval Executive Officer, China....................................................................209 Life at Home........................................................................................................209 Life at Work.........................................................................................................212 Life in the Community: China..............................................................................217 Historical Snapshot 1930..............................................................................................218 1932 Profile: First Sergeant, Bonus Army.......................................................................223 Life at Home........................................................................................................223 Life at Work.........................................................................................................225 Life in the Community: Washington, DC.............................................................230 Historical Snapshot 1932..............................................................................................231 1937 Profile: Civilian (Peace Advocate), Fighting for Peace..............................................237 Life at Home........................................................................................................237 Life at Work.........................................................................................................238 Life in the Community: New London, New Hampshire.......................................240 Historical Snapshot 1937..............................................................................................242 1939 News Feature.......................................................................................................247 1940-1949 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................255 1940 News Feature.......................................................................................................257 1944 Profile: Aerial Gunner, World War II.......................................................................261 Life at Home........................................................................................................261 Life at Work.........................................................................................................265 Life in the Community: 8th Air Force in Germany...............................................267 Historical Snapshot 1944..............................................................................................269 1944 Profile: First Lieutenant, Merrill’s Marauders.........................................................277 Life at Home........................................................................................................277 Life at Work..........................................................................................................281 Life in the Community: Hibbing, Minnesota........................................................285 Historical Snapshot 1944..............................................................................................286 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1947 Profile: Civilian (Women’s Rights Worker), Occupied Japan......................................291 Life at Home........................................................................................................291 Life at Work.........................................................................................................293 Life in the Community: Japan..............................................................................296 Historical Snapshot 1947..............................................................................................298 1940 News Feature.......................................................................................................305 1950-1959 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................309 1950 News Feature.......................................................................................................311 1951 Profile : Navy Crewman, Korean Minesweeper........................................................315 Life at Home........................................................................................................315 Life at Work.........................................................................................................316 Life in the Community: Korea..............................................................................321 Historical Snapshot 1951..............................................................................................323 1953 Profile: Second Lieutenant, Korean War.................................................................333 Life at Home........................................................................................................333 Life at Work.........................................................................................................335 Life in the Community: Pork Chop Hill, Korea....................................................339 Historical Snapshot 1953..............................................................................................341 1954 Profile: Civilian (Playwright), Battle of Guatemala..................................................351 Life at Home........................................................................................................351 Life at Work.........................................................................................................353 Life in the Community: Guatemala......................................................................356 Historical Snapshot 1954..............................................................................................358 1960-1969 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................369 1961 Profile: Air National Guard Pilot, Bay of Pigs, Cuba.................................................371 Life at Home........................................................................................................371 Life at Work.........................................................................................................374 Life in the Community: Cuba...............................................................................377 Historical Snapshot 1961..............................................................................................378 1966 Profile: Private, Vietnam.......................................................................................385 Life at Home........................................................................................................385 Life at Work.........................................................................................................387 Life in the Community: Vietnam..........................................................................390 Historical Snapshot 1966..............................................................................................394 1969 Profile: Civilians (Antiwar Advocates), Protesting Vietnam........................................405 Life at Home........................................................................................................405 Life at Work.........................................................................................................408 October 15 Vietnam Moratorium.........................................................................410 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Historical Snapshot 1969..............................................................................................412 1967 News Feature.......................................................................................................419 1970-1979 Introduction ............................................................423 1973 Profile: Navy Lieutenant Commander, North Vietnam Prison....................................425 Life at Home........................................................................................................425 Life at Work.........................................................................................................428 Life in the Community: Hanoi Hilton..................................................................430 Historical Snapshot 1973..............................................................................................432 1973 News Feature.......................................................................................................439 1975 News Feature.......................................................................................................443 1979 Profile: Marine, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.................................................................447 Life at Home........................................................................................................447 Life at Work.........................................................................................................448 Life in the Community: Guantanamo Bay, Cuba..................................................450 Historical Snapshot 1979..............................................................................................452 1980-1989 Introduction ............................................................461 1980 Profile: Sergeant First Class, Desert One Mission: Iran............................................463 Life at Home........................................................................................................463 Life at Work.........................................................................................................465 Life in the Community: Iran.................................................................................468 Historical Snapshot 1980..............................................................................................469 1983 Profile: Civilian (Medical Student), Invasion of Grenada..........................................477 Life at Home........................................................................................................477 Life at Work.........................................................................................................478 Life in the Community: Grenada..........................................................................482 Historical Snapshot 1983..............................................................................................483 1983 News Feature.......................................................................................................493 1989 Profile: Sergeant, Invasion of Panama...................................................................497 Life at Home........................................................................................................497 Life at Work.........................................................................................................498 Life in the Community: Washington, DC and Panama.........................................502 Historical Snapshot 1989..............................................................................................503 1990-1999 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................513 1990 Profile: Foreign Service Officer, Romania...............................................................515 Life at Home........................................................................................................515 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Life at Work.........................................................................................................516 Life in the Community: Romania.........................................................................519 Historical Snapshot 1990..............................................................................................521 1990 News Feature.......................................................................................................529 1991 Profile: Lance Corporal, Operation Desert Storm: Kuwait........................................535 Life at Home........................................................................................................535 Life at Work.........................................................................................................537 Modern Warfare in Desert Storm.........................................................................539 Historical Snapshot 1991..............................................................................................540 1995 Profile: Air Force Major, Operation Deliberate Force: Bosnia...................................553 Life at Home........................................................................................................553 Life at Work.........................................................................................................554 Life in the Community: Yugoslavia......................................................................556 Historical Snapshot 1995..............................................................................................559 2000-2003 I NTRODUCTION ...............................................................569 News Feature 2001.......................................................................................................571 2001 Profile: Sergeant, War in Afghanistan....................................................................575 Life at Home........................................................................................................575 Life at Work.........................................................................................................576 Life in the Community: Afghanistan.....................................................................581 Historical Snapshot 2001..............................................................................................583 2003 Profile: Lieutenant Colonel, War in Iraq.................................................................593 Life at Home........................................................................................................593 Life at Work.........................................................................................................593 300th Military Brigade.........................................................................................597 Historical Snapshot 2003..............................................................................................598 2003 News Feature.......................................................................................................609 Index..........................................................................................................................611 x
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