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Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace, 4th Edition PDF

745 Pages·2004·21.53 MB·english
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Preview Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace, 4th Edition

fourth edition "Compulsory initial reading for students on introductory courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The fourth edition establishes itself as the benchmark introductory textbook for students of occupational psychology. It’s accessible, scientifically-based and well grounded in theory and practice without ever becoming dry. The case study examples throughout are Work Psychology particularly useful." Dr Neil Anderson, Professor of Organisational Psychology, www.booksites.net University of Amsterdam Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace "This is the benchmark text in occupational psychology. Everyone considering a career in this field W simply has to read this book prior to starting their course." Dr Andreas Liefooghe, Lecturer in Organisational Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London o r John Arnold k The fourth edition of this market-leading textbook examines how work psychology helps with our understanding and management of the world of work today. Covering a broad range of Joanne Silvester P core topics, this book is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students in business, Fiona Patterson management and psychology as well as those studying for professional qualifications. s Ivan Robertson y KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS Cary Cooper ■ Each chapter has an opening and closing case study with related exercises to help c Bernard Burnes apply the theory presented in that chapter. h ■ Full colour design helps navigation and enlivens the text. ■ Coverage of cross-cultural issues reflects the increasingly global context of work. o ■ Learning outcomes, long and short self-test questions, annotated further reading l and weblinks help students structure their learning within and beyond the textbook. o ■ A comprehensive glossary helps students revise key terms. ■ A companion website offers extra material for lecturers and students at g www.booksites.net/arnold_workpsych ■ More material on performance appraisals, emotional intelligence, diversity and y competencies reflects the evolution of courses and the workplace. ABOUT THE AUTHORS John Arnold is Professor of Organisational Behaviour at the Business School, Loughborough University, UK. Joanne Silvester is Professor of Organisational Psychology at Goldsmith's College, London, UK. Fiona Patterson is Professor of Psychology at City A University, London, UK. Ivan Robertson is Managing Director of the Business Psychology r company Robertson Cooper Ltd. Cary Cooper is Professor of Organisational Psychology and n Health at Lancaster University, UK. Bernard Burnes is Professor of Organisational Change at the o , UK. l d Cover image © Getty Images Additional student supportat www.pearson-books.com fourth edition An imprint of www.booksites.net/arnold_workpsych Additional student supportat www.booksites.net/arnold_workpsych WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page i Work Psychology Visit the Work Psychology, fourth edition, Companion Website at www.booksites.net/arnold_workpsych to find valuable student learning material including: (cid:1) Multiple choice questions to help test your learning (cid:1) Links to relevant sites on the web (cid:1) Online glossary to explain key terms WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page ii We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in business, bringing cutting- edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Financial Times Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our pub- lishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page iii fourth edition Work Psychology Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace John Arnold with Joanne Silvester, Fiona Patterson, Ivan Robertson, Cary Cooper & Bernard Burnes WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page iv Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 1991 Second edition 1995 Third edition 1998 Fourth edition 2005 © Financial Times Professional Limited 1998 © Pearson Education Limited 1991, 1995, 2005 The rights of John Arnold, Jo Silvester, Fiona Patterson, Ivan Robertson, Cary Cooper and Bernard Burnes to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. ISBN-10: 0-273-65544-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-273-65544-2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cat aloging-in-Publication Data Work psychology : understanding human behaviour in the workplace / John Arnold ... [et al.].–4th ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Work psychology / John Arnold. 3rd ed. 1998. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–273–65544–2 (pbk.) 1. Psychology, Industrial. 2. Work–Psychological aspects. I. Arnold, John, 1958- II. Arnold, John, 1958- Work psychology. HF5548.8.A78 2004 158.7–dc22 2004046992 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 09 08 07 06 05 Typeset in 9.5/12pt Stone Serif by 3 Printed and bound by Mateu Cromo, Spain The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page v CO N T E N TS List of Tables ix List of Figures xi List of Case Studies xiii List of Exercises xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxii 1 Work psychology: an initial orientation 2 Introduction • Basic psychology and work psychology • Five traditions in psychology • The origins of work psychology • Work psychology today • The changing world of work • Work psychology and changes in workplace technology • Work psychology and workplace diversity • Work psychology and specific groups in the workplace • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 2 Theory, research and practice in work psychology 50 Introduction • The nature of theory in work psychology • Theory and practice in work psychology • Research methods in work psychology • Research designs • Key principles in hypothesis testing using quantitative data • Some common statistical tests • Other phenomena in statistical testing • Analysing qualitative data • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading• Appendix: psychological associations in various countries WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page vi vi Work Psychology 3 Individual differences 98 Introduction • Traditional models of cognitive ability • More recent models of intelligence • Emotional intelligence • Trait views of personality • Socio- cognitive approaches to individual differences • Summary • Test your learning • Suggested further reading 4 The foundations of personnel selection: analysing jobs, competencies and selection effectiveness 132 Introduction • The design and validation process • Job analysis • Competencies and competency analysis • Job analysis data • Using job analysis information • Validation processes • Reliability • Financial utility • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 5 Personnel selection and assessment methods: what works? 168 Introduction • Overview of personnel selection methods • How well do selection methods work? • Interviews • Psychometric tests • Assessment centres • Other methods • The impact of selection procedures on applicants • The use of technology in selection • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 6 Assessing people at work 202 Introduction • Judging people • How can we improve the assessment process? • Assessing performance • Assessment in practice • Debates in practice • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 7 Attitudes at work 238 Introduction • What is an attitude? • How are attitudes measured? • Attitude change through persuasion • Attitudes and behaviour • Job satisfaction • Organisational commitment • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page vii Contents vii 8 The analysis and modification of work behaviour 276 Introduction • Conditioning and behaviour • Fundamentals of conditioning: contiguity and contingency • Organisational behaviour modification • Putting more thought into OB Mod • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 9 Approaches to work motivation and job design 306 Introduction • Overview of motivation • ‘Common-sense’ approaches to motivation • Need theories • Expectancy theory: what’s in it for me? • Justice and citizenship theories: am I being fairly treated? • Goal-setting theory: how can I achieve my aims? • Goals and self-regulation • Self-concept and individual differences in motivation • Pay and motivation • Motivation through job redesign • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 10 Training 354 Introduction • The training cycle • Training needs analysis • Training design • Training evaluation • Transfer of learning • Training and the learning organisation • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 11 Stress in the workplace 386 Introduction • What is stress? • The costs of stress • What are the most common sources of stress at work? • Factors intrinsic to the job • Role in the organisation • Relationships at work • Career development • Organisational culture and climate • Home–work interface • The stress of being unemployed • Critiques of stress • Stress management • Dealing with workplace stress: a problem-solving framework • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 12 Decisions, groups and teams at work 426 Introduction • Decision-making by individuals • Group decision-making • Relations between groups at work • Teams in the twenty-first century workplace • The wider organisational context • Negotiation and conflict at work • Employee relations • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page viii viii Work Psychology 13 Leadership 478 Introduction • Some important questions about leadership • The early leader- focused approaches to leadership • Transformational leadership and charisma • Contingency theories of leadership • Perceiving leadership • Global leadership • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 14 Careers and career management 516 Introduction • The context of careers • Career forms • Career success • The psychological contract • Career choice • All change: approaches to lifelong career development • Gender and careers • Career management in organisations • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading 15 Understanding organisational change and culture 572 Introduction • The importance of change management • Changing organisational culture • The Planned Approach to organisational change • The Emergent Approach to organisational change • Organisational change: approaches and choices • Summary • Test your learning• Suggested further reading Glossary of terms 613 References 635 Index 701 Companion Website resources Visit the Companion Website at www.booksites.net/arnold_workpsych For students Multiple choice questions to help test your learning Links to relevant sites on the web Online glossary to explain key terms For lecturers Complete, downloadable Instructor’s Manual Sets of PowerPoint slides of for each chapter in the book to help with lecture preparation Also:This website has a Syllabus and Profile Manager, online help, search functions, and email results functions. WORK_A01.QXP 1/6/06 10:44 AM Page ix L I ST O F TA B L E S 1.1 Key characteristics of five theoretical traditions in psychology 7 1.2 World of work changes and their implications for work psychology 30 1.3 Three ways of introducing new technology into work organisations 32 2.1 An excerpt from a research interview 83 2.2 Example of content analysis categories 84 3.1 Some questions from an intelligence test 103 3.2 Practical thought and intelligence testing 104 3.3 Correlations between some intellectual tests 105 3.4 Sizes of correlations in a correlation matrix 105 3.5 The results of a factor analysis 106 3.6 Personality questionnaires 122 3.7 The personality traits assessed by the 16PF with examples of famous individuals exemplifying the traits 123 3.8 Competency frameworks 125 4.1 Three competencies from a competency model for general practitioners 143 4.2 A checklist of considerations for conducting a job analysis 148 5.1 Personnel selection methods 172 5.2 Major evaluative standards for personnel selection procedures 174 5.3 Major sources of distortion in validation studies 175 5.4 The impact of different reliabilities on an estimated true score 176 5.5 A summary of studies on the validity of selection procedures 179 5.6 Example situational interview question and response anchors to assess initiative 181 5.7 Tips for best practice structured interview design 182 7.1 Values, attitudes and moods 243 7.2 Stereotyped attitudes towards male versus female managers 246 7.3 A job satisfaction measure 259

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