Work Out Modern World History GCSE

224 Pages·1990·39.618 MB·English

by  Jon Nichol, Sean Lang (auth.)

GOOD DESIGN
Text-the
TO HELP information and
facts that you
need in digestible
YOU ... form
__ _
Examination ·~_-..:...· _:. _---.~_,:.." _-._._._.t.__--( -.l,o,lo. -_-, . __.,.=_n_.-A - .,~ . ...I.. -.J-.-,..u. ~_.· __._~,..._.·.,. =.._ .-_- . ~.,_. .~-~ .,.. --.2.1 --_ 9n-.4.,...t2..t- _· -.W.5-.-.._. ..a. -..r.- ,a ._.g._. a___i_n_s_.t_. .G.._._..e. ... r...m ....... .. .a.. ...n y .; v\-/ \\-1·-
SceGahhucaoihdpw etees x rh acomowv ethrse ------lt~--:==:-::::::::::::~-~:.-::E::,x.:,:..a_~.mc·='-~";m'-~:n'~a.w~=l=.lo.u.=n:- :-:G-.:.:w..~. =t .d e·:-.: :n;-:~::;.:::-~::::"...:,;:.;,. :-~.--~___.-·:..,-'- ..:...".,......."-:. .-._..__.: :._..-.-:...,.:.=.. ..." -.._. :. ._.:.. _.:".": , _-. ._.".".._..· ._." .-.-. ".."_..,.. "__.:..- -. :__~ _·:--.-__:-__ -.....__.-,..._ .-.... , -... _.,·__ . .. _ ,-,....-.._..,. ...__..- ._.-... . . .<..!..~
group's syllabus T~H:ES M~~OoD ERN :i;:::::::- :·:--;=;··:::- -:~·:· .-.~ '.::-.:.·~-z.=.:... .f.\.1.~·.- ...·· .-..±·..-.:.-...-:.·.. -l.~ ...: -------~-·* €~"---'="·'"'-~-""' _·-_- -_-.·.,. .._ ._....._.,..... .,. -.____... .__.._ .,._-...· .-".".....' ._
--~---·-
=:-:..-.:.-. =-.~::.-.:....-.:..'..-:. :_~'._.:: _,.-v..-:;~ -
l\~Jl'I.U.I".'l.o· ._....~.,__.-.__, -_,. ..... ._....._....... ..;.,.r.~ ..l
~-<_:· J~_'lf o.... - . ! -
... we;_,...,.....,......, ___ . nw
-- -
.~.n.u.o ........ ...,...._.._.._...._....,... ,_""'tJI"-~ /~---aw..~~..............
- ~----.............l....a...l /
TopiC Gutde
Subheads break content _,---·:::~~-=.....::·
---- ..........._...i....lllrr.. .......................
into manageable units -· ~
"".". - ~...z...o.aJ..~ ........... ~
.,.."." ..'. ._....~..... ........ ......r.. ;..~. . ~• ....... ... ------.~~--~-.~...JJr,....~_...&..I..,..o .-~ ·
-,."O.J".•,,-.-_.-•,_-D-Io.l.t·"_-o'•- .- O....."&~.· .!-. 1 .. ~~.........w.---~
,-_ _' ,-_.",..'.,-,_' -
--~--·---k.4­.-..-... -·.-.
,._ .. ,~-·-
The Pattern of
Questions in the
Exam guidance
-~ -the skills to
~~--=......::::::.=~::.:~::
tackle them
-Targets: What
the questions
are aiming at
- Questions: How
to tackle them
- Activity: Real
exam questions
Source material just like you find in the exam
• • •
Success and Success Exam Coverage
Our book has two main purposes: The four main Examining Groups, LEAG (London),
MEG (Midland), NEA (Northern) and SEG (Southern)
• To help you understand many of the major events,
Modern World History syllabuses cover over 100
ideas and issues which affect you in your everyday
separate topics. I know, I worked carefully through all
lives
the syllabuses and counted them!
• To ensure success when you take the GCSE
Modern World History examination papers at the So we have picked out the key content common to all
end of your course four syllabuses. The chapters are arranged in a logical
order which reflects the pattern of Modern World
History is relevant to you History GCSE papers.
Chapter I shows how to analyse your own
Most of the people we have written about are dead
course, how to handle the kinds of
and buried, but what they did lives on today. Open a
questions which you will have to
newspaper or listen to the radio or television and you
answer, how to interpret sources
see the direct impact History has upon your life.
and how to organise your revision
An example of what we mean
programme.
If in 1914 you had asked History teachers about
communism, they would probably not have heard of Chapters 2-6 an outline course on International
the word. Today your History teacher will be dealing Relations 1919-1990
with communism for much of this course- commu
Chapters 7-ll the five major topics for study in
nists rule about half of the world's people. You can
depth
only understand what communism means by looking
at how it developed and changed in countries like The First World War Chapter 7
Russia and China in this century. Russia 1917-1953 Chapter 8
Germany 1919-1945 Chapter 9
America 1919-1941 Chapter 10
China 1919-1980 Chapter 11
In your own course you will probably have to cover
two or three of the topics contained in chapters 7-ll.
Hopefully the common core in this book will cover at
least 80% of what you need for the final examination.
BOARDS WANT • •.
WORKOUT MODERN MEG LEAG
WORLD HISTORY GCSE MIDLAND EXAM GROUP LONDON EXAM GROUP
2 International The Search for International Order E 1. The League of Nations and the
Relations between 1919 and 1929 United Nations (Paper 1)
1914-29 (Compulsory Element, Paper 1)
F 1. Fascism in Italy and
Germany (Paper 1)
3 International The Collapse of International Order in the E 1. The League of Nations and the
Relations 1930s United Nations (Paper 1)
1929-41 (Compulsory Element, Paper 1)
F 1. Fascism in Italy and
Germany (Paper 1)
4 TheSecond World War II is included as element in the 11. AsPects of the Second World
World War optional topic, Germany, 1919-45. War (Paper 1)
5 The Cold War Tension and Co-operation since 1945 12. Super-Power Relations,
1945-1962 (Compulsory Element, Paper 1) 1945-75 (Paper2)
c
1. Arab-Israeli Relations since
1948 (Paper 1)
8 TheModern Tension and Co-operation since 1945 12. Super-Power Relations,
World 1962-1990 (Compulsory Element, Paper 1) 1945-75 (Paper2)
C1. Arab-Israeli Relations since
1948 (Paper 1)
7 The First World The First World War J 1. The Impact of the First World War
War (Optional topic, Paper 2) on British Society (Paper 1)
8 Russia 1917-56 Russia, 1917-41 G1. The Russia,.. .. wolution and the
(Optional Topic, Paper 2) Establis . vf the Soviet State,
1917-41 (Paper 1)
9 Germany Germany,1919-45 F 1. Fascism in Italy and Germany,
1919-45 (Optional topic, Paper 2) 1919-39 (Paper 1)
BOARDS WANT • ••
10 The United States The United States of America, 1919-41 H2. Boom, Depression and New Deal in
of America, (Optional Topic, Paper 2) the United States,
1919-41 1919-41 (Paper2)
11 China 1919-80 Communism in China since 1949 A2. The Emergence of a Communist
(Optional Topic, Paper 2) State in China, 1920 to the death of
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse
Tung) (Paper 2)
NEA SEG
NORTHERN EXAM ASSOCIATION SOUTHERN EXAM GROUP
2 International Conflict and Conciliation, Compulsory Peace to World War, 1918-41
Relations theme (Paper 1) (Optional Theme, Paper 1)
1914-29
Peacemaking after the First World War
International Co-operation, Optional
theme (Paper 2)
- The League of Nations
3 International Conflict and Conciliation, Compulsory Peace to World War, 1918-41
Relations theme (Paper 1) (Optional Theme, Paper 1)
-
1929-41 Causes of the Second World War
International Co-operation, Optional
theme (Paper 2)
- The League of Nations
- The failure of Collective Security in the
1930s
4 The Second Conflict and Conciliation, Compulsory Military Events of the Second World War,
World War theme (Paper 1) 1939-45
-
Developing techniques of warfare in (Optional Topic, Paper 2)
the Second World War
- The Home Front in Britain
-
German conquest and occupation in
the Second World War
BOARDS WANT • .•
5 The Cold War Conflict and Conciliation, Compulsory The USA and the USSR as World
1945-1962 theme (Paper 1) Superpowers since 1945
- The Cold War (Compulsory Theme, Paper 1)
- The Nuclear Arms Race
The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1945-79
International Co-operation, Optional (Optional Topic, Paper 2)
theme (Paper2)
- The United Nations
- Post War Co-operation in Western
Europe
6 The Modern Conflict and Conciliation, Compulsory The USA and the USSR as World
World 1962-1990 theme (Paper 1) Superpowers since 1945
- Guerilla Warfare in Vietnam (Compulsory Theme, Paper 1)
International Co-operation, Optional The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1945-79
theme (Paper 2) (Optional Topic, Paper 2)
- The United Nations
- Post War Co-operation in Western
Europe
7 The First World Conflict and Conciliation, Compulsory Britain and the Western Front, 1914-18
War theme (Paper 1) (Optional Topic, Paper 2)
- The reasons why Sarajevo led to war
- The Western Front, 1914-18
- The Home Front in Britain
8 Russia 1917-56 The Russian Revolution: Lenin and Stalin Russia, 1917-41
(Optional Topic, Paper 2) (Optional Topic, Paper 2)
9 Germany Germany, 1918-39 Germany, 1919--39
1919-45 (Optional Topic, Paper 2) (Optional Topic, Paper 2)
10 The United States The USA in the 1920s and 1930s Internal Developments in the USA,
of America (Optional T epic, Paper 2) 1919-41
1919-41 (Optional Topic, Paper 2)
11 China 1919--80 Communist China China, 1934-68
(Optional Topic, Paper 2)
7
The First World War,
Course and Revision Planning 10
1914-18 133
2
International Relations,
Russia, 1917-56 146
1919-29 21
3
International Relations,
Germany, 1919-45 170
1929-41 41
4 1
The United States of America,
The Second World War 59
1919-41 184
5 1
The Cold War, c.l945-68 85 China, 1919-80 203
6
The Modern World,
1962-90 111
MODERN WORLD
HISTORY GCSE
Jon Nichol and Sean Lang
School of Education, University of Exeter
Jon Nichol wrote chapters 1-3 and 7-11,
Sean Lang wrote chapters 4-6
Acknowledgements ©Jon Nichol and Sean Lang I 990
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
The authors and publishers wish to thank the following for
of this publication may be made without written permission.
permission to use copyright material: London East Anglian Group,
Midland Examining Group, Northern Examining Association No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied
comprising Associated Lancashire Schools Examining Board, Joint or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
Matriculation Board, North Regional Examinations Board. North with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
West Regional Examinations Board and Yorkshire & Humberside or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
Regional Examinations Board, and Southern Examining Group for issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place,
questions from specimen and past examination papers; Solo London WCIE 7DP.
Syndication for five cartoons by David Low included in Years of
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to
Wrath, A Cartoon History 1932-1945 by David Low, Gollancz, 1986.
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
Other acknowledgements for use of figures and tables is as shown
civil claims for damages.
within the text.
First published 1990
The authors and publishers also wish to acknowledge the following
photograph sources: Bilderdienst Suddeutscher page 180; Camera Published by
Press pages 62, 103 bottom right, 125, 213, 218; Chinese National MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD
Army Museum page 99; Hulton Picture Company pages 14, 68, 144, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2l 2XS
187, 188; By kind permission ofthe Trustees ofthe Imperial War and London
Museum pages 70, 81 top, 87 top right. 144; Popperfoto pages 87 Companies and representatives throughout the world
top left, 87 bottom, Ill, 115, 118, 151. 15 3; Roger-Viollet pages 75,
Editorial. design and production
157; John Sadovy page 102; Syndication International Ltd page 103
by Hart McLeod, Cambridge
bottom left; Topham Picture Library pages 81 bottom, 103 top, 114,
126, 192; Ullstein Bilderdienst pages 173, 179, 181 right; UNRWA/ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
George Nehmeh page 117; US National Archives page 93; The Nichol. Jon
Wiener Library page 181 left. Workout modern world history GCSE.
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders but if I. World, 1990-
any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be I. Title II. Lang, Sean
pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity. 909.82
ISBN 978-0-333-46875-3 ISBN 978-1-349-10323-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10323-2
IO
1 The Nature of GCSE
In planning out your course and revision, you need to
know what GCSE Modern World History is about. The
guidelines for your course are laid down in the Examin
ing Group's syllabus, and details of what to do can be
worked out from old examination papers. What do the
GCSE examiners want from you? Each syllabus has an
almost identical set of Aims and Assessment Objec
tives. The Aims lay down in general terms what you
should get out of the course, while the Assessment
Objectives give a qetailed account of what you will be
tested upon. The Assessment Objectives are what the
examiners have been told to use when drawing up your
examination papers. The four Assessment Objectives
read:
I. To recall, evaluate and select knowledge relevant to
the context and to deploy it in a clear and coherent
form.
2. To make use of and understand the concepts of
cause and consequence, continuity and change,
COURSE AND similarity and difference.
3. To show an ability to look at events and issues from
the perspective of people in the past.
REVISION
4. To show the skills necessary to study a wide variety
of historical evidence, which should include both
primary and secondary written sources, statistical
PLANNING
and visual material, artefacts, textbooks and orally
transmitted information:
(i) By comprehending and extracting informa
tion from it.
(ii) By interpreting and evaluating it - distin
guishing between fact, opinion and judge
ment; pointing to deficiencies in the material
as evidence, such as gaps and inconsistencies;
detecting bias.
(iii) By comparing various types of historical evi
dence and reaching conclusions based on this
comparison.
(GCSE National Criteria for History - Assess
ment Objectives)
What do these words mean? They can be summed up
quite simply.
I. What you know and understand, the framework of
facts, ideas and linked information which you have
learned.
2. Concepts which give the subject its shape; for exam
ple, what causes things to happen and the nature of
the changes which occur.
3. Empathy, the ability to see things from the view
point of people who lived in the past.
4. Skills needed to handle historical sources.
2 Your Course - the GCSE
Syllabuses
The first thing to do is to find out what your course
covers. Your teacher or lecturer will tell you which
Examining Group is offering your Modern World History
paper. There are two main guides to your course: the
Your Course-The GCSE Syllabuses II
syllabus booklet, and the last three years' examination London and East Anglian Group (LEAG)
papers. Both of these you should obtain from the Exam
The LEAG syllabus is split up into twenty topics, divided
ining Group-they are essential reading.
into two lists of ten topics each. List 1 contains topics for
Paper 1, List 2 topics for Paper 2. The lists are organised in
alphabetical order (see Table 1.1). Paper 1 is in two parts,
Write to your Examining Group for the syllabus and each of which gets 20% of the marks (40% in total). The
examination papers, using the specimen letter below as a paper lasts for 2 hours. Paper 2 gets 30% of the marks
guide. and lasts for 1.5 hours. For Paper 1 you have to cover
THREE out of the TEN topics in List 1, Work Out Modern
(Your address) World History deals with four of these topics in great
To:TheHistorySection detail:
Dear Sir or Madam,
E1, The League of Nations and the United
Couldyoupleasesendmeyour
Nations
s¥11abus forGCSEModern World
F1, Fascism in Italy and Germany, I919-39
H1.story, and the Modern World History
questionpapersforthepastthree G1, The Russian Revolution and the Establish
yearsandspecimenpapers, if ment of the Soviet State, 1917-41
available. If I need to order the 11, Aspects ofthe Second World War
questionpapers,couldyoupleasesend
me an application form. It provides outline information for:
Yours faithfully, C 1, Arab-Israeli Relations since 1948
(Your name) Jl, The Impact of the First World War on
British Society
The Table on pages 3-5 contains a breakdown of the For Paper 2 you need to know TWO out of TEN topics in
main elements in the syllabuses of the four main Exam detail. We fully cover:
ining Groups, LEAG, MEG, SEG and NEA. The left-hand
column gives the title of Work Out Modern World History's A2, The Emergence of a Communist State in
chapters, the right-hand columns the main contents of China, 1920 to the death of Mao Zedong (Mao
TseTung)
each syllabus.
H2, Boom, Depression and New Deal in the
United States, 1919-41
12, Superpower Relations, 1945-75
Copy out the headings from the Table on pages 3-5 for
the topics you will be covering in your own syllabus.
Midland Examining Group (MEG)
Under each heading put in the details of the topics you
will have to study. To do this, use the syllabus the MEG has a simpler pattern. Again, the examination is
Examining Group sent you. The bulk of your course will split into two papers: Paper 1 ( 1% hours) and Paper 2
hopefully be dealt with in the Work Out Modern World (l'/2 hours). Paper I is for 40% of the marks, and you
fi.zstory chapters in the left-hand column. Don't be put off have to answer three structured questions out of six set.
by posh and complex-sounding titles using long, vague Paper 2 gains 30% of the marks, and is in a single part.
words. There are two structured questions on each of three
elements in a core course on International Relations
since the First World War, although rather oddly it
leaves out the Second World War! Table 1.1 gives details.
What will you have to cover for the final examination in Paper 2 is made up of nine optional topics; you have to
terms of content? We have already looked at the syllabus answer questions on two of them. We cover five of them
areas of the four Examining Groups, and seen how this in detail:
book covers them. Each syllabus is usually made up of
1. The First World War
two parts: a compulsory element, and topics from which
2. Russia, 1917-41
you can choose, as below. All the Examining Groups
3. Germany, 1919-45
split their examinations up into two written papers,
4. The United States of America, 1919-41
Paper I and Paper 2. Only read the information below
5. Communism in China since 1949
which applies to the Examining Group whose syllabus
you are following.
Northern Examining Association (NEA)
Figure 1.1 Examining Groups: papers and times The NEA has a more complex pattern, with five themes,
Examining the first three of which are taught for the final exam
Group Paper1 Paper2
ination:
Time %of Time %of Total%
1. Conflict and Conciliation
hours marks hours marks
LEAG 2 40 1.5 30 70 2. Governments in Action
MEG 1.75 40 1.5 30 70 3. International Co-operation
NEA 1.5 30 2 40 70 4. Colonialism (for coursework)
SEG 1.75 40 1.5 30 70 5. Human Rights (for coursework)
Each group allocates 30% to coursework Work Out Modern World History covers a large amount of